Araştırma Makalesi
BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

Safety of Polycarbonate Water Carboys for Residual and Migration Levels of Bisphenol-A

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 18 Sayı: 4, 411 - 420, 31.12.2020
https://doi.org/10.24323/akademik-gida.850930

Öz

Polycarbonate (PC) materials are widely used for the packaging of drinkable water. The use of PC materials as food packaging raises some concerns for the migration of Bisphenol A (BPA), which is the monomer of PC. Therefore, in this research, it was aimed to determine the quality of new and old (life time ended) PC water carboys in terms of residual BPA and BPA migration levels with respect to storage conditions. For this purpose, BPA migration was determined by storing at three different temperatures (5, 20 and 40C) for seven different storage times (1., 5., 10., 20., 30., 45. and 60 days.) Residual and migrated BPA levels were determined by High Performance Liquid Chromatography with Fluorescence Detector. As a result, PC water carboys contained low levels of residual of BPA, and lower or higher residual BPA levels were detected in old materials compared to new materials. The BPA migration level increased by temperature and time, and storage under sunlight increased the level of BPA migration. BPA migration levels under all storage conditions were below the specific migration limit for BPA. In order to reach the tolerable daily intake of BPA even under the worst storage condition of PC water carboys, daily water consumption was calculated as 16 liters for a person with a body weight of 60 kg. On the other hand, this daily water consumption might not be rational for a person. Therefore, it was concluded that PC water carboys possessed no risk in terms of BPA migration levels under the conditions studied.

Destekleyen Kurum

Ege University Scientific Research Projects Commission

Proje Numarası

2015-MUH-019

Teşekkür

The authors would like to thank the Ege University Scientific Research Projects Commission (2015-MUH-019) for financial support.

Kaynakça

  • [1] Maia, J., Cruz, J.M., Sendón, R., Bustos, J., Sanchez, J.J., Paseiro, P. (2009). Effect of detergents in the release of bisphenol A from polycarbonate baby bottles. Food Research International, 42(10), 1410–1414.
  • [2] Kızılırmak Esmer, Ö., Üçüncü, M., Saygılıer, E. (2010), Ambalajlardan gıdalara geçen bisfenol-A’ya ilişkin risk değerlendirmeleri, VI. International Packaging Congress, İstanbul.
  • [3] Le, H.H., Carlson, E.M., Chua, J.P., Belcher, S.M. (2008). Bisphenol A is released from polycarbonate drinking bottles and mimics the neurotoxic actions of estrogen in developing cerebellar neurons. Toxicology Letters, 176(2), 149–156.
  • [4] Itoh, H., Iwasaki, M., Hanaoka, T., Sasaki, H., Tanaka, T., Tsugane, S. (2007). Urinary Bisphenol-A Concentration in Infertile Japanese Women and Its Association with Endometriosis: A Cross-Sectional Study. Environmental Health and Preventive Medicine, 12(6), 258–264.
  • [5] Kang, J.-H., Katayama, Y., Kondo, F. (2006). Biodegradation or metabolism of bisphenol A: from microorganisms to mammals. Toxicology, 217(2), 81–90.
  • [6] EFSA (European Food Safety Authority). (2015).Scientific Opinion on the risks to public health related to the presence of bisphenol A (BPA) in foodstuffs: Executive summary. EFSA panel on food contact materials, enzymes, flavourings and processing aids.
  • [7] Commission Regulation. No 10/2011. (2011). Plastic materials and articles intended to come into contact with food. Official Journal of the European Communities, L 12/1.
  • [8] Kawamura, Y., Koyano, Y., Takeda, Y., Yamada, T. (1998). Migration of Bisphenol A from Polycarbonate Products. Food Hygiene and Safety Science (Shokuhin Eiseigaku Zasshi), 39(3), 206-212_1.
  • [9] Maragou, N.C., Makri, A., Lampi, E.N., Thomaidis, N.S., Koupparis, M.A. (2008). Migration of bisphenol A from polycarbonate baby bottles under real use conditions. Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A, 25(3), 373–383.
  • [10] Brede, C., Fjeldal, P., Skjevrak, I., Herikstad, H. (2003). Increased migration levels of bisphenol A from polycarbonate baby bottles after dishwashing, boiling and brushing. Food Additives & Contaminants, 20(7), 684–689.
  • [11] Biles, J.E., McNeal, T.P., Begley, T.H., Hollifield, H.C. (1997). Determination of Bisphenol-A in Reusable Polycarbonate Food-Contact Plastics and Migration to Food-Simulating Liquids. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 45(9), 3541–3544.
  • [12] Pedersen, D.A., Hvilsted, S., Petersen, J.H. (2015). Migration of bisphenol-A from polycarbonate plastic of different qualities, Environmental project No. 1710. http://orbit.dtu.dk/files/110762088/BPA_MST_project_No_1710_2015.pdf
  • [13] Nam, S.-H., Seo, Y.-M., Kim, M.-G. (2010). Bisphenol A migration from polycarbonate baby bottle with repeated use. Chemosphere, 79(9), 949–952.
  • [14] De Coensel, N., David, F., Sandra, P. (2009). Study on the migration of bisphenol-A from baby bottles by stir bar sorptive extraction-thermal desorption-capillary GC-MS. Journal of Separation Science, 32(21), 3829–3836.
  • [15] Kubwabo, C., Kosarac, I., Stewart, B., Gauthier, B.R., Lalonde, K., Lalonde, P.J. (2009). Migration of bisphenol A from plastic baby bottles, baby bottle liners and reusable polycarbonate drinking bottles. Food Additives and Contaminants - Part A Chemistry, Analysis, Control, Exposure and Risk Assessment, 26(6), 928–937.
  • [16] Hu, L.-C., Oku, A., Yamada, E. (1998). Alkali-catalyzed methanolysis of polycarbonate. A study on recycling of bisphenol A and dimethyl carbonate. Polymer, 39(16), 3841–3845.
  • [17] Anonymous, "Baby’s toxic bottle- Bisphenol-A leaching from popular baby bottles, A report prepared by Work Group for Safe Markets," 2020 May 2008. [Online]. Available: https://www.cleanwateraction.org/files/publications/national/babystoxicbottle-final.pdf /.
  • [18] Castle, L. (2007). Chemical migration into food: an overview. In K.A. Barnes, C.R. Sinclair & D.H. Watson (Eds.) Chemical migration and food contact (p. 1-12). Woodhead Publishing Limited, Abington Hall, Abington Cambridge CB21 6AH, England . ISBN-13: 978-1-84569-029-8
  • [19] Vom Bruck, C.G., Bieber, W.D., Figge, K. (1986). Interaction between food and packaging materials and its consequence on migration. Food Packaging and Preservation. Theory and Practice (ed. M. Mathlouti), Elsevier Applied Science, London, 39-66.
  • [20] Kızılırmak Esmer, Ö, Çağındı, Ö., Şahin, B. (2017). Does the realistic contact and daily use conditions limit the use of polycarbonate baby bottles for migration and residue level of Bisphenol-A. Journal of Food and Health Science, 3(4), 150-160.
  • [21] Biedermann-Brem, S., Grob, K. (2009). Release of bisphenol A from polycarbonate baby bottles: Water hardness as the most relevant factor. European Food Research and Technology, 228(5), 679–684.
  • [22] Biedermann-Brem, S., Grob, K., Fjeldal, P. (2008). Release of bisphenol A from polycarbonate baby bottles: Mechanisms of formation and investigation of worst case scenarios. European Food Research and Technology, 227(4), 1053–1060.
  • [23] Howdeshell, K.L., Peterman, P.H., Judy, B.M., Taylor, J.A., Orazio, C.E., Ruhlen, R.L., vom Saal, S.F., Welshons, W.V. (2003). Bisphenol A is released from used polycarbonate animal cages into water at room temperature. Environmental Health Perspectives, 111(9), 1180–1187.
  • [24] IBM Corp. (2013). IBM SPSS Statistics for windows, Version 22.0. Armonk, NY: IBM Corp.
  • [25] Takao, Y., Lee, H.C., Ishibashi, Y., Kohra, S., Tominaga, N., Arizono, K. (1999). Fast screening method for Bisphenol A in environmental water and in food by solid-phase microextraction (SPME). Journal Of Health Science, 45(1), P39-39.
  • [26] Arvanitoyannis, L., Bosnea, L. (2004) Migration of substances from food packaging materials to foods. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 44 (2), 63-76.
  • [27] Mercea, P. (2009). Physicochemical processes involved in migration of bisphenol A from polycarbonate. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 112(2), 579–593.
  • [28] Diepens, M., Gijsman, P. (2010). Photodegradation of bisphenol A polycarbonate with different types of stabilizers. Polymer Degradation and Stability, 95(5), 811–817.
  • [29] Diepens, M., Gijsman, P. (2009). Photostabilizing of bisphenol A polycarbonate by using UV-absorbers and self protective block copolymers based on resorcinol polyarylate blocks. Polymer Degradation and Stability, 94(10), 1808–1813.
  • [30] Diepens, M., Gijsman, P. (2007). Photodegradation of bisphenol A polycarbonate. Polymer Degradation and Stability, 92(3), 397–406.
  • [31] Cao, X.-L., Corriveau, J. (2008). Migration of Bisphenol A from Polycarbonate Baby and Water Bottles into Water under Severe Conditions. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 56(15), 6378–6381.
  • [32] Corrales, J., Kristofco, L.A., Baylor Steele, W., Yates, B.S., Breed, C.S., Spencer Williams, E., & Brooks, B.W. (2015). Global assessment of bisphenol a in the environment: Review and analysis of its occurrence and bioaccumulation. Dose-Response, 13(3), 1–29.
  • [33] Özdal, T., Yeşilcubuk, N.Ş. (2014). Toxicity of Bisphenol-A: Effects on Health and Regulations. International Journal of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, 8(6), 553–557.
  • [34] Bhunia, K., Sablani, S.S., Tang, J., Rasco, B. (2013). Migration of chemical compounds from packaging polymers during microwave, conventional heat treatment, and storage. Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety, 12(5), 523–545.
  • [35] Piringer, O.G., Baner, A.L. (2008). Plastic packaging, (2nd ed.).Weinheim,: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA.
  • [36] Ehlert, K.A., Beumer, C.W.E., Groot, M.C.E.(2008). Migration of bisphenol-A into water from polycarbonate baby bottles during microwave heating. Food Additives and Contaminants, Part A, 25 (7), 904-910.
  • [37] Wong, K.O., Leo, L.W. & Seah, H.L. (2005). Dietary exposure assessment of infants to bisphenol A from the use of polycarbonate baby milk bottles. Food Additives and Contaminants Part A , 22(3), 280-288.
  • [38] Yamamoto, T., Yasuhara, A. (1999). Chlorination of bisphenol A in aqueous media: formation of chlorinated bisphenol A congeners and degradation to chlorinated phenolic compounds. Chemosphere 46, 1215–1223.
  • [39] Mountfort, K.A., Kelly, J., Jickells, S.M., Castle, L. (1997). Investigations in to the potential degradation of polycarbonate baby bottles during sterilization with consequent release of Bisphenol A. Food Additives and Contaminants, 14 (6-7), 737-740.
  • [40] Hacıoğlu, F. (2017).Degradation of polycarbonate, bentonite, barite, carbon fiber and glass fiber filled polycarbonate via gamma irradiation and possible use of polycarbonate in radioactive waste management. PhD Thesis of the Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences of Middle East Technical University, Ankara.
  • [41] Parshin, A.M., Gunyakov, V.A., Zyryanov, V.Y., Shabanov, V.F. (2013). Domain structures in nematic liquid crystals on a polycarbonate surface. International Journal of Molecular Sciences,14, 16303-16320.
  • [42] Commission Regulation. (2018). The use of bisphenol A in varnishes and coatings intended to come into contact with food and amending Regulation (EU) No 10/2011 as regards the use of that substance in plastic food contact materials Official Journal of the European Communities, L41, 6-12.

Polikarbonat Su Damacanalarının Bisfenol-A Kalıntı Miktar ve Migrasyonu Açısından Güvenliği

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 18 Sayı: 4, 411 - 420, 31.12.2020
https://doi.org/10.24323/akademik-gida.850930

Öz

Polikarbonat (PC) malzemeler, sahip olduğu özellikleri itibariyle içme sularının ambalajlanmasında oldukça yaygın olarak kullanılan malzemelerdir. PC malzeme; monomeri olan Bisfenol-A (BPA)’dan dolayı gıda ambalajı olarak kullanımına dair BPA migrasyonu açısından bazı endişeler yaratmaktadır. Bu nedenle bu araştırmada yeni (hiç kullanılmamış) ve eski (kullanım ömrünü tamamlamış) PC su damacanalarının kalıntı BPA miktarları açısından kalitelerinin değerlendirilmesi; depolama sıcaklığı ve depolama süresinin BPA migrasyonu üzerine etkisinin belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. BPA kalıntı analizi ve BPA migrasyon analizi Floresans Dedektörlü Yüksek Basınç Sıvı Kromatografisi kullanılarak gerçekleştirilmiştir. Bu amaçla, üç farklı temas sıcaklığı (5, 20 ve 40ºC) ve yedi farklı depolama süresinde (1., 5., 10., 20., 30., 45. ve 60. gün) depolama yapılarak BPA migrasyon miktarları belirlenmiştir. Çalışma sonucunda PC damacana örneklerinin BPA kalıntı miktarlarının düşük olduğu ve damacanaların eski olması durumunda yeni damacanalara göre daha düşük ya da daha yüksek kalıntı BPA miktarlarına sahip olabileceği tespit edilmiştir. BPA migrasyon miktarlarının ise sıcaklığa ve süreye bağlı olarak artış gösterdiği ve damacanaları güneş ışığı altında depolamanın BPA migrasyon miktarlarını artırdığı tespit edilmiştir. Tüm depolama koşullarında tespit edilen BPA migrasyon miktarlarının, BPA için belirtilen spesifik migrasyon limitinin oldukça altında olduğu belirlenmiştir. 60 kilogram ağırlığındaki bir kişinin BPA’nın tolere edilebilir günlük alım miktarına (4 mikrogram/ 60kg vücut ağırlığı-gün) ulaşmak için, en kötü depolama koşulunda (40ºC/60 gün) bir günde 16 litre su tüketmesi gerektiği hesaplanmıştır. Ancak günlük koşullar dikkate alındığında bu miktarda su içilmesi olası değildir. Bu nedenlerle, gerçekleştirilen bu çalışma sonucunda, belirtilen koşullar altında kullanıldığında polikarbonat su damacanalarının BPA migrasyonu açısından bir risk teşkil etmediği belirlenmiştir.

Proje Numarası

2015-MUH-019

Kaynakça

  • [1] Maia, J., Cruz, J.M., Sendón, R., Bustos, J., Sanchez, J.J., Paseiro, P. (2009). Effect of detergents in the release of bisphenol A from polycarbonate baby bottles. Food Research International, 42(10), 1410–1414.
  • [2] Kızılırmak Esmer, Ö., Üçüncü, M., Saygılıer, E. (2010), Ambalajlardan gıdalara geçen bisfenol-A’ya ilişkin risk değerlendirmeleri, VI. International Packaging Congress, İstanbul.
  • [3] Le, H.H., Carlson, E.M., Chua, J.P., Belcher, S.M. (2008). Bisphenol A is released from polycarbonate drinking bottles and mimics the neurotoxic actions of estrogen in developing cerebellar neurons. Toxicology Letters, 176(2), 149–156.
  • [4] Itoh, H., Iwasaki, M., Hanaoka, T., Sasaki, H., Tanaka, T., Tsugane, S. (2007). Urinary Bisphenol-A Concentration in Infertile Japanese Women and Its Association with Endometriosis: A Cross-Sectional Study. Environmental Health and Preventive Medicine, 12(6), 258–264.
  • [5] Kang, J.-H., Katayama, Y., Kondo, F. (2006). Biodegradation or metabolism of bisphenol A: from microorganisms to mammals. Toxicology, 217(2), 81–90.
  • [6] EFSA (European Food Safety Authority). (2015).Scientific Opinion on the risks to public health related to the presence of bisphenol A (BPA) in foodstuffs: Executive summary. EFSA panel on food contact materials, enzymes, flavourings and processing aids.
  • [7] Commission Regulation. No 10/2011. (2011). Plastic materials and articles intended to come into contact with food. Official Journal of the European Communities, L 12/1.
  • [8] Kawamura, Y., Koyano, Y., Takeda, Y., Yamada, T. (1998). Migration of Bisphenol A from Polycarbonate Products. Food Hygiene and Safety Science (Shokuhin Eiseigaku Zasshi), 39(3), 206-212_1.
  • [9] Maragou, N.C., Makri, A., Lampi, E.N., Thomaidis, N.S., Koupparis, M.A. (2008). Migration of bisphenol A from polycarbonate baby bottles under real use conditions. Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A, 25(3), 373–383.
  • [10] Brede, C., Fjeldal, P., Skjevrak, I., Herikstad, H. (2003). Increased migration levels of bisphenol A from polycarbonate baby bottles after dishwashing, boiling and brushing. Food Additives & Contaminants, 20(7), 684–689.
  • [11] Biles, J.E., McNeal, T.P., Begley, T.H., Hollifield, H.C. (1997). Determination of Bisphenol-A in Reusable Polycarbonate Food-Contact Plastics and Migration to Food-Simulating Liquids. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 45(9), 3541–3544.
  • [12] Pedersen, D.A., Hvilsted, S., Petersen, J.H. (2015). Migration of bisphenol-A from polycarbonate plastic of different qualities, Environmental project No. 1710. http://orbit.dtu.dk/files/110762088/BPA_MST_project_No_1710_2015.pdf
  • [13] Nam, S.-H., Seo, Y.-M., Kim, M.-G. (2010). Bisphenol A migration from polycarbonate baby bottle with repeated use. Chemosphere, 79(9), 949–952.
  • [14] De Coensel, N., David, F., Sandra, P. (2009). Study on the migration of bisphenol-A from baby bottles by stir bar sorptive extraction-thermal desorption-capillary GC-MS. Journal of Separation Science, 32(21), 3829–3836.
  • [15] Kubwabo, C., Kosarac, I., Stewart, B., Gauthier, B.R., Lalonde, K., Lalonde, P.J. (2009). Migration of bisphenol A from plastic baby bottles, baby bottle liners and reusable polycarbonate drinking bottles. Food Additives and Contaminants - Part A Chemistry, Analysis, Control, Exposure and Risk Assessment, 26(6), 928–937.
  • [16] Hu, L.-C., Oku, A., Yamada, E. (1998). Alkali-catalyzed methanolysis of polycarbonate. A study on recycling of bisphenol A and dimethyl carbonate. Polymer, 39(16), 3841–3845.
  • [17] Anonymous, "Baby’s toxic bottle- Bisphenol-A leaching from popular baby bottles, A report prepared by Work Group for Safe Markets," 2020 May 2008. [Online]. Available: https://www.cleanwateraction.org/files/publications/national/babystoxicbottle-final.pdf /.
  • [18] Castle, L. (2007). Chemical migration into food: an overview. In K.A. Barnes, C.R. Sinclair & D.H. Watson (Eds.) Chemical migration and food contact (p. 1-12). Woodhead Publishing Limited, Abington Hall, Abington Cambridge CB21 6AH, England . ISBN-13: 978-1-84569-029-8
  • [19] Vom Bruck, C.G., Bieber, W.D., Figge, K. (1986). Interaction between food and packaging materials and its consequence on migration. Food Packaging and Preservation. Theory and Practice (ed. M. Mathlouti), Elsevier Applied Science, London, 39-66.
  • [20] Kızılırmak Esmer, Ö, Çağındı, Ö., Şahin, B. (2017). Does the realistic contact and daily use conditions limit the use of polycarbonate baby bottles for migration and residue level of Bisphenol-A. Journal of Food and Health Science, 3(4), 150-160.
  • [21] Biedermann-Brem, S., Grob, K. (2009). Release of bisphenol A from polycarbonate baby bottles: Water hardness as the most relevant factor. European Food Research and Technology, 228(5), 679–684.
  • [22] Biedermann-Brem, S., Grob, K., Fjeldal, P. (2008). Release of bisphenol A from polycarbonate baby bottles: Mechanisms of formation and investigation of worst case scenarios. European Food Research and Technology, 227(4), 1053–1060.
  • [23] Howdeshell, K.L., Peterman, P.H., Judy, B.M., Taylor, J.A., Orazio, C.E., Ruhlen, R.L., vom Saal, S.F., Welshons, W.V. (2003). Bisphenol A is released from used polycarbonate animal cages into water at room temperature. Environmental Health Perspectives, 111(9), 1180–1187.
  • [24] IBM Corp. (2013). IBM SPSS Statistics for windows, Version 22.0. Armonk, NY: IBM Corp.
  • [25] Takao, Y., Lee, H.C., Ishibashi, Y., Kohra, S., Tominaga, N., Arizono, K. (1999). Fast screening method for Bisphenol A in environmental water and in food by solid-phase microextraction (SPME). Journal Of Health Science, 45(1), P39-39.
  • [26] Arvanitoyannis, L., Bosnea, L. (2004) Migration of substances from food packaging materials to foods. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 44 (2), 63-76.
  • [27] Mercea, P. (2009). Physicochemical processes involved in migration of bisphenol A from polycarbonate. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 112(2), 579–593.
  • [28] Diepens, M., Gijsman, P. (2010). Photodegradation of bisphenol A polycarbonate with different types of stabilizers. Polymer Degradation and Stability, 95(5), 811–817.
  • [29] Diepens, M., Gijsman, P. (2009). Photostabilizing of bisphenol A polycarbonate by using UV-absorbers and self protective block copolymers based on resorcinol polyarylate blocks. Polymer Degradation and Stability, 94(10), 1808–1813.
  • [30] Diepens, M., Gijsman, P. (2007). Photodegradation of bisphenol A polycarbonate. Polymer Degradation and Stability, 92(3), 397–406.
  • [31] Cao, X.-L., Corriveau, J. (2008). Migration of Bisphenol A from Polycarbonate Baby and Water Bottles into Water under Severe Conditions. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 56(15), 6378–6381.
  • [32] Corrales, J., Kristofco, L.A., Baylor Steele, W., Yates, B.S., Breed, C.S., Spencer Williams, E., & Brooks, B.W. (2015). Global assessment of bisphenol a in the environment: Review and analysis of its occurrence and bioaccumulation. Dose-Response, 13(3), 1–29.
  • [33] Özdal, T., Yeşilcubuk, N.Ş. (2014). Toxicity of Bisphenol-A: Effects on Health and Regulations. International Journal of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, 8(6), 553–557.
  • [34] Bhunia, K., Sablani, S.S., Tang, J., Rasco, B. (2013). Migration of chemical compounds from packaging polymers during microwave, conventional heat treatment, and storage. Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety, 12(5), 523–545.
  • [35] Piringer, O.G., Baner, A.L. (2008). Plastic packaging, (2nd ed.).Weinheim,: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA.
  • [36] Ehlert, K.A., Beumer, C.W.E., Groot, M.C.E.(2008). Migration of bisphenol-A into water from polycarbonate baby bottles during microwave heating. Food Additives and Contaminants, Part A, 25 (7), 904-910.
  • [37] Wong, K.O., Leo, L.W. & Seah, H.L. (2005). Dietary exposure assessment of infants to bisphenol A from the use of polycarbonate baby milk bottles. Food Additives and Contaminants Part A , 22(3), 280-288.
  • [38] Yamamoto, T., Yasuhara, A. (1999). Chlorination of bisphenol A in aqueous media: formation of chlorinated bisphenol A congeners and degradation to chlorinated phenolic compounds. Chemosphere 46, 1215–1223.
  • [39] Mountfort, K.A., Kelly, J., Jickells, S.M., Castle, L. (1997). Investigations in to the potential degradation of polycarbonate baby bottles during sterilization with consequent release of Bisphenol A. Food Additives and Contaminants, 14 (6-7), 737-740.
  • [40] Hacıoğlu, F. (2017).Degradation of polycarbonate, bentonite, barite, carbon fiber and glass fiber filled polycarbonate via gamma irradiation and possible use of polycarbonate in radioactive waste management. PhD Thesis of the Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences of Middle East Technical University, Ankara.
  • [41] Parshin, A.M., Gunyakov, V.A., Zyryanov, V.Y., Shabanov, V.F. (2013). Domain structures in nematic liquid crystals on a polycarbonate surface. International Journal of Molecular Sciences,14, 16303-16320.
  • [42] Commission Regulation. (2018). The use of bisphenol A in varnishes and coatings intended to come into contact with food and amending Regulation (EU) No 10/2011 as regards the use of that substance in plastic food contact materials Official Journal of the European Communities, L41, 6-12.
Toplam 42 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Gıda Mühendisliği
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Özlem Kızılırmak Esmer Bu kişi benim 0000-0003-4652-0514

Özlem Çağındı Bu kişi benim 0000-0002-6436-9208

Proje Numarası 2015-MUH-019
Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Aralık 2020
Gönderilme Tarihi 16 Aralık 2020
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2020 Cilt: 18 Sayı: 4

Kaynak Göster

APA Kızılırmak Esmer, Ö., & Çağındı, Ö. (2020). Safety of Polycarbonate Water Carboys for Residual and Migration Levels of Bisphenol-A. Akademik Gıda, 18(4), 411-420. https://doi.org/10.24323/akademik-gida.850930
AMA Kızılırmak Esmer Ö, Çağındı Ö. Safety of Polycarbonate Water Carboys for Residual and Migration Levels of Bisphenol-A. Akademik Gıda. Aralık 2020;18(4):411-420. doi:10.24323/akademik-gida.850930
Chicago Kızılırmak Esmer, Özlem, ve Özlem Çağındı. “Safety of Polycarbonate Water Carboys for Residual and Migration Levels of Bisphenol-A”. Akademik Gıda 18, sy. 4 (Aralık 2020): 411-20. https://doi.org/10.24323/akademik-gida.850930.
EndNote Kızılırmak Esmer Ö, Çağındı Ö (01 Aralık 2020) Safety of Polycarbonate Water Carboys for Residual and Migration Levels of Bisphenol-A. Akademik Gıda 18 4 411–420.
IEEE Ö. Kızılırmak Esmer ve Ö. Çağındı, “Safety of Polycarbonate Water Carboys for Residual and Migration Levels of Bisphenol-A”, Akademik Gıda, c. 18, sy. 4, ss. 411–420, 2020, doi: 10.24323/akademik-gida.850930.
ISNAD Kızılırmak Esmer, Özlem - Çağındı, Özlem. “Safety of Polycarbonate Water Carboys for Residual and Migration Levels of Bisphenol-A”. Akademik Gıda 18/4 (Aralık 2020), 411-420. https://doi.org/10.24323/akademik-gida.850930.
JAMA Kızılırmak Esmer Ö, Çağındı Ö. Safety of Polycarbonate Water Carboys for Residual and Migration Levels of Bisphenol-A. Akademik Gıda. 2020;18:411–420.
MLA Kızılırmak Esmer, Özlem ve Özlem Çağındı. “Safety of Polycarbonate Water Carboys for Residual and Migration Levels of Bisphenol-A”. Akademik Gıda, c. 18, sy. 4, 2020, ss. 411-20, doi:10.24323/akademik-gida.850930.
Vancouver Kızılırmak Esmer Ö, Çağındı Ö. Safety of Polycarbonate Water Carboys for Residual and Migration Levels of Bisphenol-A. Akademik Gıda. 2020;18(4):411-20.

25964   25965    25966      25968   25967


88x31.png

Bu eser Creative Commons Atıf-GayriTicari 4.0 (CC BY-NC 4.0) Uluslararası Lisansı ile lisanslanmıştır.

Akademik Gıda (Academic Food Journal) is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0).