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Aflatoxin M1 Levels in Milk Samples Produced in the Northern Part of Cyprus

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 21 Sayı: 2, 132 - 140, 29.08.2023
https://doi.org/10.24323/akademik-gida.1350944

Öz

Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) is the hydroxylated metabolite of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), which is formed in the liver by cytochrome P450 enzymes and can be secreted into the urine, feces, and milk of mammals. AFM1 is a carcinogenic, cytotoxic, teratogenic, mutagenic and genotoxic agent that poses a significant health risk to both humans and animals. This study was conducted to determine the presence of AFM1 in both raw and ultra-high temperature (UHT) cow’s milk samples produced in the northern part of Cyprus, and to determine whether it poses a risk to public health. In this survey, a total of 20 UHT cow’s milk samples from 2 different milk brands produced in the northern part of Cyprus, and 22 raw cow’s milk samples collected from the different dairies were analyzed for the presence of AFM1 by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with fluorescence detector after immunoaffinity cleanup. AFM1 could not be detected in any of the analyzed raw and UHT cow milk samples. The LOD and LOQ values of the HPLC-FLD method were 1.038 μg/kg and 3.145 μg/kg, respectively. The mean recovery and repeatability values of the method were 95.6% and 4.9%, respectively. Although the presence of AFM1 in milk samples produced in the northern part of Cyprus poses no major risk to public health, more milk samples and animal feed must be monitored on a regular basis to decrease potential consumer exposure.

Teşekkür

We thank Prof. Dr. Muberra Kosar for her support and assistance in the usage of the HPLC-system.

Kaynakça

  • [1] Hussein, H., Brasel, J. (2001). Toxicity, metabolism, and impact of mycotoxins on humans and animals. Toxicology, 167(2), 101-134.
  • [2] Mehenktaş, C. (2019). Süt ve süt ürünlerinde aflatoksin M1. Akademik Gıda, 17, 439-443.
  • [3] International Agency for Research on Cancer. (2002). International agency for research on cancer ıarc monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans. Iarc Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humansarc Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 82, 1-556.
  • [4] Sweeney, M., Dobson, A. (1998). Mycotoxin production by aspergillus, fusarium and penicillium species. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 43(3), 141-158.
  • [5] Yentür, G., Er, B. (2012). The evaluation of the aflatoxin presence in foods. Turk Hijyen ve Deneysel Biyoloji Dergisi, 69(1), 41-52.
  • [6] Neme, K., Mohammed, A. (2017). Mycotoxin occurrence in grains and the role of postharvest management as a mitigation strategies - A review. Food Control, 78, 412-425. [7] Ismail, A., Gonçalves, B.L., de Neeff, D.V., Ponzilacqua, B., Coppa, C.F.S.C., Hintzsche, H., Sajid, M., Cruz, A.G., Corassin, C.H., Oliveira, C.A.F. (2018). Aflatoxin in foodstuffs: Occurrence and recent advances in decontamination. Food Research International, 113, 74-85.
  • [8] Luo, Y., Liu, X., Li, J. (2018). Updating techniques on controlling mycotoxins - A review. Food Control, 89, 123-132.
  • [9] Benkerroum, N. (2020). Chronic and acute toxicities of aflatoxins: Mechanisms of action. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(2), 1-28.
  • [10] Soni, K.B., Lahiri, M., Chackradeo, P., Bhide, S.V., Kuttan, R. (1997). Protective effect of food additives on aflatoxin-induced mutagenicity and hepatocarcinogenicity. Cancer Letters, 115(2), 129-133.
  • [11] Rawal, S., Kim, J.E., Coulombe, R. (2010). Aflatoxin B1 in poultry: Toxicology, metabolism and prevention. Research in Veterinary Science, 89(3), 325-331.
  • [12] Bognanno, M., Fauci, L.L., Ritieni, A., Tafuri, A., De Lorenzo, A., Micari, P., Renzo, L. Di, Ciappellano, S., Sarullo, V., Galvano, F. (2006). Survey of the occurrence of aflatoxin m1 in ovine milk by HPLC and its confirmation by MS. Molecular Nutrition and Food Research, 50(3), 300-305.
  • [13] Santini, A., Ritieni, A. (2013). Aflatoxins: Risk, exposure and remediation. Aflatoxins - Recent Advances and Future Prospects. INTECH Open Access Publisher, 343p.
  • [14] Iqbal, S., Jinap, S., Pirouz, A., Faizal, A. (2015). Aflatoxin m1 in milk and dairy products, occurrence and recent challenges: A review. Trends in Food Science & Technology, 46(1), 110-119.
  • [15] Duarte, S.C., Almeida, A.M., Teixeira, A.S., Pereira, A.L., Falcão, A.C., Pena, A., Lino, C.M. (2013). Aflatoxin m1 in marketed milk in Portugal: Assessment of human and animal exposure. Food Control, 30(2), 411-417.
  • [16] Giovati, L., Magliani, W., Ciociola, T., Santinoli, C., Conti, S., Polonelli, L. (2015). AFM1 in milk: Physical, biological, and prophylactic methods to mitigate contamination. Toxins, 7(10), 4330-4349.
  • [17] The Commission of the European Communities. (2010). Commission Regulation (EU) No 165/2010 of 26 February 2010 amending Regulation (EC) No 1881/2006 setting maximum levels for certain contaminants in foodstuffs as regards aflatoxins. Official Journal of the European Union, 50(2009), 8-12.
  • [18] Türk Gıda Kodeksi. (2011). Türk gıda kodeksi bulaşanlar yönetmeliği mikotoksinler (Ek1). Resmi Gazete Tarih: 29, 12.
  • [19] Santini, A., Raiola, A., Ferrantelli, V., Giangrosso, G., Macaluso, A., Bognanno, M., Galvano, F., Ritieni, A. (2013). Aflatoxin m1 in raw, UHT milk and dairy products in Sicily (Italy). Food Additives and Contaminants: Part B, 6(3), 181-186.
  • [20] Matabaro, E., Ishimwe, N., Uwimbabazi, E., Lee, B. (2017). Current immunoassay methods for the rapid detection of aflatoxin in milk and dairy products. Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety, 16(5), 808-820.
  • [21] Choudhary, A.K., Kumari, P. (2010). Management of mycotoxin contamination in preharvest and post harvest crops: Present status and future prospects. Journal of Phytology, 2(7), 37-52.
  • [22] Rodríguez Velasco, M., Calonge Delso, M., Ordónez Escudero, D. (2003). ELISA and HPLC determination of the occurrence of aflatoxin m1 in raw cow’s milk. Food Additives and Contaminants, 20(3), 276-280.
  • [23] Öztürk, B., Çelik, F., Çelik, Y., Kabaran, S., Ziver, T. (2014). To determine the occurence of aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) in samples of cyprus traditional cheese (halloumi): A cross-sectional study. Kafkas Universitesi Veteriner Fakultesi Dergisi, 20(5), 773-778.
  • [24] R-Biopharm Rhone. (2017). Rp70n easi extract aflatoxin milk and milk powder V11-2017-09.
  • [25] European Commission (EC). (2002). Commission decision of 12 August 2002 implementing Council Directive 96/23/EC concerning the performance of analytical methods and the interpretation of results. Official Journal of the European Communities, 221, 8-36.
  • [26] Cammilleri, G., Graci, S., Collura, R., Buscemi, M., Vella, A., Macaluso, A., Giaccone, V., Giangrosso, G., Cicero, Antonello., Maria Lo Dico, G., Pulvirenti, A., Cicero, N., Ferrantelli, V. (2019). Aflatoxin m1 in cow, sheep, and donkey milk produced in Sicily, Southern Italy. Mycotoxin Research, 35(1), 47-53.
  • [27] European Commission (EC). (2006). Commission Regulation (EC) No 118/2006 of 19 December 2006 setting maximum levels for certain contaminants in foodstuffs. Official Journal of the European Union, (364), 5-24.
  • [28] Kutlubay, Z., Sökmen, B. (2016). Investigation of aflatoxin M1 in milks in the Giresun region. Giresun Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, 1-67.
  • [29] Bellio, A., Bianchi, D.M., Gramaglia, M., Loria, A., Nucera, D., Gallina, S., Gili, M., Decastelli, L. (2016). Aflatoxin M1 in cow’s milk: Method validation for milk sampled in northern Italy. Toxins (Basel), 8(3), 57.
  • [30] Piva, G., Pietri, A., Galazzi, L., Curto, O. (1988). Aflatoxin M1 occurrence in dairy products marketed in Italy. Food Additives & Contaminants, 5(2), 133-139.
  • [31] Behfar, A., Khorasgani, Z.N., Alemzadeh, Z., Goudarzi, M., Ebrahimi, R., Tarhani, N. (2012). Determination of aflatoxin M1 levels in produced pasteurized milk in Ahvaz city by using HPLC. Jundishapur Journal of Natural Pharmaceutical Products, 7(2), 80-84.
  • [32] Kim, H.J., Lee, J.E., Kwak, B.M., Ahn, J.H., Jeong, S.H. (2010). Occurrence of aflatoxin M1 in raw milk from South Korea winter seasons using an immunoaffinity column and high performance liquid chromatography. Journal of Food Safety, 30(4), 804-813.
  • [33] Çiğdem, A., Arif, A. (2004). Ankara’da işlenen sütlerde aflatoksin M1 varlığının ve düzeylerinin HPLC ile araştırılması. Ankara Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi, 51(3), 175-179.
  • [34] İşleyici, Ö., Morul, F., Sancak, Y.C. (2012). Van’da tüketime sunulan UHT sterilize inek sütlerinde aflatoksin M1 düzeyinin araştırılması. Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi, 23(2), 65-69.
  • [35] Tunail, N. (2000). Mikrobiyal enfeksiyonlar ve intoksikasyonlar -Gıda mikrobiyolojisi ve uygulamaları. Ankara Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Gıda Mühendisliği Bölümü Yayını, 82-88.
  • [36] Muscarella, M., Lo, S., Palermo, C., Centonze, D. (2007). Validation according to European Commission Decision 2002 / 657 / EC of a confirmatory method for aflatoxin m1 in milk based on immunoaffinity columns and high performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. Analytica Chimica Acta, 594, 257-264.
  • [37] Kabak, B., Ozbey, F. (2012). Aflatoxin m1 in UHT milk consumed in Turkey and first assessment of its bioaccessibility using an in vitro digestion model. Food Control, 28(2), 338-344.
  • [38] de Oliveira, P.C., de Fátima Ferreira Soares, N., de Oliveira, T.V., Baffa Júnior, J.C., da Silva, W.A. (2013). Aflatoxin M1 occurrence in ultra high temperature ( UHT ) treated fluid milk from Minas Gerais/Brazil. Food Control, 30(1), 90-92.
  • [39] Iha, M.H., Barbosa, C.B., Okada, I.A., Trucksess, M.W. (2013). Aflatoxin M1 in milk and distribution and stability of aflatoxin M1 during production and storage of yoghurt and cheese. Food Control, 1(29), 1–6.
  • [40] Iqbal, S.Z., Asi, M.R., Selamat, J. (2014). Aflatoxin M1 in milk from urban and rural farmhouses of Punjab , Pakistan. Food Additives & Contaminants: Part B, 7(1), 17-20.
  • [41] Emea, Chmp, Ewp. (2011). Guideline on bioanalytical method validation. European Medicines Agency Science Medicines Health, 1-23.
  • [42] Kuraklık Analizi - K.K.T.C. Meteoroloji Dairesi. (2020). Retrieved November 20, 2020, from http://kktcmeteor.org/verianaliz/kuraklik-analizi
  • [43] Sıcaklık Analizi - K.K.T.C. Meteoroloji Dairesi. (2020). Retrieved November 20, 2020, from http://kktcmeteor.org/verianaliz/Analyze-sic
  • [44] Alimentarius, C. (2001). Comments submitted on the draft maximum level for aflatoxin M1 in milk. Codex Committee on Food Additives and Contaminants 33rd Session, Hague, The Netherlands Commission Regulation (EC), 25, 1-6.

Kıbrıs’ın Kuzeyinde Üretilen Süt Örneklerinde Aflatoksin M1 Düzeyleri

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 21 Sayı: 2, 132 - 140, 29.08.2023
https://doi.org/10.24323/akademik-gida.1350944

Öz

Aflatoksin M1 (AFM1), sitokrom P450 enzimleri tarafından karaciğerde oluşan ve memelilerin idrar, dışkı ve sütüne salgılanabilen, aflatoksin B1 (AFB1)’in hidroksillenmiş metabolitidir. AFM1 karsinojenik, sitotoksik, teratojenik, mutajenik ve genotoksik bir ajan olduğundan hem insanlar hem de hayvanlar üzerinde önemli sağlık riskleri teşkil etmektedir. Bu çalışma, Kıbrıs’ın kuzeyinde üretilen çiğ ve ultra yüksek ısı (UHT) inek sütü örneklerinde AFM1 varlığını tespit etmek ve halk sağlığı açısından risk oluşturup oluşturmadığını belirlemek amacıyla yapılmıştır. Çalışmada, Kıbrıs’ın kuzeyinde üretilen 2 süt markasından toplam 20 UHT inek sütü ve farklı mandıralardan toplanmış 22 adet çiğ inek sütü örneği, immünoaffinite kolon temizlemesinden sonra floresans dedektörlü yüksek performanslı sıvı kromatografisi (HPLC) ile AFM1 varlığı yönünden analiz edilmiştir. Analiz edilen çiğ ve UHT inek sütü örneklerinin hiçbirinde AFM1 tespit edilebilecek düzeyde bulunamamıştır. HPLC-FLD yönteminin LOD ve LOQ değerleri sırasıyla 1.038 μg/kg ve 3.145 μg/kg idi. Yöntemin ortalama geri kazanım ve tekrarlanabilirlik değerleri sırasıyla, %95.6 ve %4.9 olarak bulunmuştur. Kıbrıs’ın kuzeyinde üretilen süt örneklerindeki AFM1 içeriği, halk sağlığı açısından önemli bir risk teşkil etmese de daha fazla sayıda süt örneğinin ve hayvan yeminin sürekli takibi, olası tüketici maruziyetini azaltmak için gereklidir.

Kaynakça

  • [1] Hussein, H., Brasel, J. (2001). Toxicity, metabolism, and impact of mycotoxins on humans and animals. Toxicology, 167(2), 101-134.
  • [2] Mehenktaş, C. (2019). Süt ve süt ürünlerinde aflatoksin M1. Akademik Gıda, 17, 439-443.
  • [3] International Agency for Research on Cancer. (2002). International agency for research on cancer ıarc monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans. Iarc Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humansarc Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 82, 1-556.
  • [4] Sweeney, M., Dobson, A. (1998). Mycotoxin production by aspergillus, fusarium and penicillium species. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 43(3), 141-158.
  • [5] Yentür, G., Er, B. (2012). The evaluation of the aflatoxin presence in foods. Turk Hijyen ve Deneysel Biyoloji Dergisi, 69(1), 41-52.
  • [6] Neme, K., Mohammed, A. (2017). Mycotoxin occurrence in grains and the role of postharvest management as a mitigation strategies - A review. Food Control, 78, 412-425. [7] Ismail, A., Gonçalves, B.L., de Neeff, D.V., Ponzilacqua, B., Coppa, C.F.S.C., Hintzsche, H., Sajid, M., Cruz, A.G., Corassin, C.H., Oliveira, C.A.F. (2018). Aflatoxin in foodstuffs: Occurrence and recent advances in decontamination. Food Research International, 113, 74-85.
  • [8] Luo, Y., Liu, X., Li, J. (2018). Updating techniques on controlling mycotoxins - A review. Food Control, 89, 123-132.
  • [9] Benkerroum, N. (2020). Chronic and acute toxicities of aflatoxins: Mechanisms of action. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(2), 1-28.
  • [10] Soni, K.B., Lahiri, M., Chackradeo, P., Bhide, S.V., Kuttan, R. (1997). Protective effect of food additives on aflatoxin-induced mutagenicity and hepatocarcinogenicity. Cancer Letters, 115(2), 129-133.
  • [11] Rawal, S., Kim, J.E., Coulombe, R. (2010). Aflatoxin B1 in poultry: Toxicology, metabolism and prevention. Research in Veterinary Science, 89(3), 325-331.
  • [12] Bognanno, M., Fauci, L.L., Ritieni, A., Tafuri, A., De Lorenzo, A., Micari, P., Renzo, L. Di, Ciappellano, S., Sarullo, V., Galvano, F. (2006). Survey of the occurrence of aflatoxin m1 in ovine milk by HPLC and its confirmation by MS. Molecular Nutrition and Food Research, 50(3), 300-305.
  • [13] Santini, A., Ritieni, A. (2013). Aflatoxins: Risk, exposure and remediation. Aflatoxins - Recent Advances and Future Prospects. INTECH Open Access Publisher, 343p.
  • [14] Iqbal, S., Jinap, S., Pirouz, A., Faizal, A. (2015). Aflatoxin m1 in milk and dairy products, occurrence and recent challenges: A review. Trends in Food Science & Technology, 46(1), 110-119.
  • [15] Duarte, S.C., Almeida, A.M., Teixeira, A.S., Pereira, A.L., Falcão, A.C., Pena, A., Lino, C.M. (2013). Aflatoxin m1 in marketed milk in Portugal: Assessment of human and animal exposure. Food Control, 30(2), 411-417.
  • [16] Giovati, L., Magliani, W., Ciociola, T., Santinoli, C., Conti, S., Polonelli, L. (2015). AFM1 in milk: Physical, biological, and prophylactic methods to mitigate contamination. Toxins, 7(10), 4330-4349.
  • [17] The Commission of the European Communities. (2010). Commission Regulation (EU) No 165/2010 of 26 February 2010 amending Regulation (EC) No 1881/2006 setting maximum levels for certain contaminants in foodstuffs as regards aflatoxins. Official Journal of the European Union, 50(2009), 8-12.
  • [18] Türk Gıda Kodeksi. (2011). Türk gıda kodeksi bulaşanlar yönetmeliği mikotoksinler (Ek1). Resmi Gazete Tarih: 29, 12.
  • [19] Santini, A., Raiola, A., Ferrantelli, V., Giangrosso, G., Macaluso, A., Bognanno, M., Galvano, F., Ritieni, A. (2013). Aflatoxin m1 in raw, UHT milk and dairy products in Sicily (Italy). Food Additives and Contaminants: Part B, 6(3), 181-186.
  • [20] Matabaro, E., Ishimwe, N., Uwimbabazi, E., Lee, B. (2017). Current immunoassay methods for the rapid detection of aflatoxin in milk and dairy products. Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety, 16(5), 808-820.
  • [21] Choudhary, A.K., Kumari, P. (2010). Management of mycotoxin contamination in preharvest and post harvest crops: Present status and future prospects. Journal of Phytology, 2(7), 37-52.
  • [22] Rodríguez Velasco, M., Calonge Delso, M., Ordónez Escudero, D. (2003). ELISA and HPLC determination of the occurrence of aflatoxin m1 in raw cow’s milk. Food Additives and Contaminants, 20(3), 276-280.
  • [23] Öztürk, B., Çelik, F., Çelik, Y., Kabaran, S., Ziver, T. (2014). To determine the occurence of aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) in samples of cyprus traditional cheese (halloumi): A cross-sectional study. Kafkas Universitesi Veteriner Fakultesi Dergisi, 20(5), 773-778.
  • [24] R-Biopharm Rhone. (2017). Rp70n easi extract aflatoxin milk and milk powder V11-2017-09.
  • [25] European Commission (EC). (2002). Commission decision of 12 August 2002 implementing Council Directive 96/23/EC concerning the performance of analytical methods and the interpretation of results. Official Journal of the European Communities, 221, 8-36.
  • [26] Cammilleri, G., Graci, S., Collura, R., Buscemi, M., Vella, A., Macaluso, A., Giaccone, V., Giangrosso, G., Cicero, Antonello., Maria Lo Dico, G., Pulvirenti, A., Cicero, N., Ferrantelli, V. (2019). Aflatoxin m1 in cow, sheep, and donkey milk produced in Sicily, Southern Italy. Mycotoxin Research, 35(1), 47-53.
  • [27] European Commission (EC). (2006). Commission Regulation (EC) No 118/2006 of 19 December 2006 setting maximum levels for certain contaminants in foodstuffs. Official Journal of the European Union, (364), 5-24.
  • [28] Kutlubay, Z., Sökmen, B. (2016). Investigation of aflatoxin M1 in milks in the Giresun region. Giresun Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, 1-67.
  • [29] Bellio, A., Bianchi, D.M., Gramaglia, M., Loria, A., Nucera, D., Gallina, S., Gili, M., Decastelli, L. (2016). Aflatoxin M1 in cow’s milk: Method validation for milk sampled in northern Italy. Toxins (Basel), 8(3), 57.
  • [30] Piva, G., Pietri, A., Galazzi, L., Curto, O. (1988). Aflatoxin M1 occurrence in dairy products marketed in Italy. Food Additives & Contaminants, 5(2), 133-139.
  • [31] Behfar, A., Khorasgani, Z.N., Alemzadeh, Z., Goudarzi, M., Ebrahimi, R., Tarhani, N. (2012). Determination of aflatoxin M1 levels in produced pasteurized milk in Ahvaz city by using HPLC. Jundishapur Journal of Natural Pharmaceutical Products, 7(2), 80-84.
  • [32] Kim, H.J., Lee, J.E., Kwak, B.M., Ahn, J.H., Jeong, S.H. (2010). Occurrence of aflatoxin M1 in raw milk from South Korea winter seasons using an immunoaffinity column and high performance liquid chromatography. Journal of Food Safety, 30(4), 804-813.
  • [33] Çiğdem, A., Arif, A. (2004). Ankara’da işlenen sütlerde aflatoksin M1 varlığının ve düzeylerinin HPLC ile araştırılması. Ankara Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi, 51(3), 175-179.
  • [34] İşleyici, Ö., Morul, F., Sancak, Y.C. (2012). Van’da tüketime sunulan UHT sterilize inek sütlerinde aflatoksin M1 düzeyinin araştırılması. Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi, 23(2), 65-69.
  • [35] Tunail, N. (2000). Mikrobiyal enfeksiyonlar ve intoksikasyonlar -Gıda mikrobiyolojisi ve uygulamaları. Ankara Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Gıda Mühendisliği Bölümü Yayını, 82-88.
  • [36] Muscarella, M., Lo, S., Palermo, C., Centonze, D. (2007). Validation according to European Commission Decision 2002 / 657 / EC of a confirmatory method for aflatoxin m1 in milk based on immunoaffinity columns and high performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. Analytica Chimica Acta, 594, 257-264.
  • [37] Kabak, B., Ozbey, F. (2012). Aflatoxin m1 in UHT milk consumed in Turkey and first assessment of its bioaccessibility using an in vitro digestion model. Food Control, 28(2), 338-344.
  • [38] de Oliveira, P.C., de Fátima Ferreira Soares, N., de Oliveira, T.V., Baffa Júnior, J.C., da Silva, W.A. (2013). Aflatoxin M1 occurrence in ultra high temperature ( UHT ) treated fluid milk from Minas Gerais/Brazil. Food Control, 30(1), 90-92.
  • [39] Iha, M.H., Barbosa, C.B., Okada, I.A., Trucksess, M.W. (2013). Aflatoxin M1 in milk and distribution and stability of aflatoxin M1 during production and storage of yoghurt and cheese. Food Control, 1(29), 1–6.
  • [40] Iqbal, S.Z., Asi, M.R., Selamat, J. (2014). Aflatoxin M1 in milk from urban and rural farmhouses of Punjab , Pakistan. Food Additives & Contaminants: Part B, 7(1), 17-20.
  • [41] Emea, Chmp, Ewp. (2011). Guideline on bioanalytical method validation. European Medicines Agency Science Medicines Health, 1-23.
  • [42] Kuraklık Analizi - K.K.T.C. Meteoroloji Dairesi. (2020). Retrieved November 20, 2020, from http://kktcmeteor.org/verianaliz/kuraklik-analizi
  • [43] Sıcaklık Analizi - K.K.T.C. Meteoroloji Dairesi. (2020). Retrieved November 20, 2020, from http://kktcmeteor.org/verianaliz/Analyze-sic
  • [44] Alimentarius, C. (2001). Comments submitted on the draft maximum level for aflatoxin M1 in milk. Codex Committee on Food Additives and Contaminants 33rd Session, Hague, The Netherlands Commission Regulation (EC), 25, 1-6.
Toplam 43 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Gıda Mühendisliği
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Cengiz Bereket Bu kişi benim 0000-0001-6617-6824

Gözde Girgin 0000-0002-7051-0490

Gönül Şahin Bu kişi benim 0000-0003-3742-6841

Yayımlanma Tarihi 29 Ağustos 2023
Gönderilme Tarihi 27 Ağustos 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Cilt: 21 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Bereket, C., Girgin, G., & Şahin, G. (2023). Aflatoxin M1 Levels in Milk Samples Produced in the Northern Part of Cyprus. Akademik Gıda, 21(2), 132-140. https://doi.org/10.24323/akademik-gida.1350944
AMA Bereket C, Girgin G, Şahin G. Aflatoxin M1 Levels in Milk Samples Produced in the Northern Part of Cyprus. Akademik Gıda. Ağustos 2023;21(2):132-140. doi:10.24323/akademik-gida.1350944
Chicago Bereket, Cengiz, Gözde Girgin, ve Gönül Şahin. “Aflatoxin M1 Levels in Milk Samples Produced in the Northern Part of Cyprus”. Akademik Gıda 21, sy. 2 (Ağustos 2023): 132-40. https://doi.org/10.24323/akademik-gida.1350944.
EndNote Bereket C, Girgin G, Şahin G (01 Ağustos 2023) Aflatoxin M1 Levels in Milk Samples Produced in the Northern Part of Cyprus. Akademik Gıda 21 2 132–140.
IEEE C. Bereket, G. Girgin, ve G. Şahin, “Aflatoxin M1 Levels in Milk Samples Produced in the Northern Part of Cyprus”, Akademik Gıda, c. 21, sy. 2, ss. 132–140, 2023, doi: 10.24323/akademik-gida.1350944.
ISNAD Bereket, Cengiz vd. “Aflatoxin M1 Levels in Milk Samples Produced in the Northern Part of Cyprus”. Akademik Gıda 21/2 (Ağustos 2023), 132-140. https://doi.org/10.24323/akademik-gida.1350944.
JAMA Bereket C, Girgin G, Şahin G. Aflatoxin M1 Levels in Milk Samples Produced in the Northern Part of Cyprus. Akademik Gıda. 2023;21:132–140.
MLA Bereket, Cengiz vd. “Aflatoxin M1 Levels in Milk Samples Produced in the Northern Part of Cyprus”. Akademik Gıda, c. 21, sy. 2, 2023, ss. 132-40, doi:10.24323/akademik-gida.1350944.
Vancouver Bereket C, Girgin G, Şahin G. Aflatoxin M1 Levels in Milk Samples Produced in the Northern Part of Cyprus. Akademik Gıda. 2023;21(2):132-40.

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