NİJERYA'DA İSLAM HUKUKUNUN STATÜSÜNÜ DEĞİŞTİRMEDEKİ JOSEPH SCHACHT'İN ROLÜ

Öz

Bu çalışma, Schacht'ın İslam hukukunun kökenine ilişkin teorileri ile Nijerya'daki statüsü ve sıfatının dönüşümü arasındaki tarihsel ve ampirik bağlantıları incelemektedir. On dokuzuncu yüzyılın sonları ve yirminci yüzyılın başları, her düzeyde çağdaş paradigmanın özünü şekillendiren kapsamlı sömürge faaliyetlerine tanık oldu. İslam hukuku bir istisna değildir. İngiliz sömürgeciliği, bir İslam hukuku yargıcı olan Alkali tarafından yönetilen çok yönlü Şeriat mahkemeleri sistemi gibi Nijerya'nın Kuzey Eyaletlerinde bazı yerleşik kurumlar gördü. Başlangıçta, yerleşik hukuk kurumu değiştirilmemiş, ülkenin kuzey kesiminde “dolaylı yönetim” sistemi getirilmiştir. Ayrıca bu dönem, Joseph Schacht gibi İslam fıkhının doğuşu ve gelişimi üzerinde canla başla çalışan oryantalistlerin yoğun faaliyetlerine sahne olmuştur. Schacht, diğerleri arasında "yaşayan gelenek", "popüler uygulama" gibi bazı teoriler ortaya attı. İslam hukukunun doğrudan Kur'an'dan kaynaklanmadığı, Emeviler dönemindeki popüler ve idari uygulamalardan geliştiği sonucuna vardı. Bununla İslam hukuku ile onun temel kaynakları olan Kuran ve Hadis arasındaki bağı kesmeye çalıştı. Bu teoriler, sömürge otoritelerine iyi bir şekilde iletilmiş olup İslam hukukunun değerlendirilmesi için temel vezin oluşturdu. Bu noktadan hareketle; İslam hukukunun statüsü, dini hukuktan örfi hukuka doğru değiştirilmiştir. Schacht'ın teorilerinin Nijerya anayasasında İslam hukukunun statüsünü kalıcı olarak etkilediği sonucuna varılmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Schacht
• Nijerya
• yaşayan uygulama
• Alkali Mahkemeleri.

JOSEPH SCHACHT`S ROLE IN CHANGING THE STATUS OF ISLAMIC LAW IN NIGERIA

Öz

This work looks into the historical and empirical links between Schacht`s theories of the origin of Islamic law and the transformation of its status and epithet in Nigeria. The end of the nineteenth and the dawn of the twentieth centuries witnessed extensive activities of colonialism that shaped the quintessence of the contemporary paradigm at all levels. Islamic law is no exception. British colonialism met some established institutions in the Northern States of Nigeria such as a multifaceted system of Sharia courts which was being manned and administered by an Alkali, an Islamic law judge. At the inception, nothing was done to alter the established law institution. This was accompanied by the introduction of “indirect rule” in the northern part of the country. This period also witnessed intensive activities of orientalists such as Joseph Schacht who worked vigorously on the provenance and development of Islamic jurisprudence. He came up with some theories such as the "living tradition", "popular practice” among others. He concluded that Islamic law did not stem directly from Al-Quran but developed out of popular and administrative practice under the Umaiyads. By that, he tried to cut the link between Islamic law and its primary sources namely Al-Quran and Hadith. These theories were well communicated to colonial authorities who took them as the basis for the assessment and evaluation of Islamic law. It is from this point; the status of Islamic law was out rightly changed from that of religious law to customary law. It is concluded that Schacht`s theories permanently influenced the status of Islamic law in the constitution of Nigeria.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Schacht`s theories
• Islamic law in Nigeria
• living practice
• Alkali Courts

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