BOŞANMA ÇERÇEVESİNDE OSMANLI AİLE HUKUKU (HUKUK-İ AİLE KARARNAMESİ) İLE NİJERYA’DAKİ İSLAM AİLE HUKUKU’NUN MUKYESESİ

Öz

İslam Aile Hukuku, İslam Hukuku’nun en çok uygulanan sahasıdır. İslam'ın ilk kaynağı olan Kur'an-ı Kerim bu hukuk alanını vurgulamaktadır. Osmanlı İmparatorluğu döneminde Hukuk-i Aile Kararnamesi 'nin (HAK) yayınlanması, İslam Hukuku'ndaki kanunlaştırma hareketinin son adımı olmuştur. Ayrıca, Nijerya'nın Kuzey bölgesi, çeşitli düzeylerde şeriat mahkemeleri aracılığıyla İslami aile hukukunu uygulamaktadır. En sık karşılaşılan davalardan biri boşanma ile ilgili olanlardır. Bu çalışma, HAK ile Nijerya'da İslami Aile Hukuku arasındaki farklılıklar ve benzerlikleri ortaya koymak için boşanmaya ilişkin hükümleri incelemeyi amaçlamaktadır. Yasal hükümlerin niteliksel karşılaştırmalı bir analizini oluşturmak için farklı kaynaklara erişildi. HAK'ta Hanefi mezhebinin yanı sıra diğer fıkıh mezheplerinin görüşlerinin de benimsenmesi, Nijerya'da İslami boşanma hukukunda benimsenen Maliki ekolü ile bağlantılar ve benzerlikler yaratmıştır. Tahkime izin verilmesi ortak bir zemin olmakla birlikte, HAK hakemlere gerekli gördüğü takdirde evliliği kesin olarak sona erdirme yetkisi vermiştir. Ayrıca, Nijerya'da kanunlaştırılmış İslami Aile Hukukunun bulunmaması, HAK prototibiyle düzeltilmesi gereken çırkın bir taraf olmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Hukuk-i Aile Kararnamesi
• Şeriat Mahkemeleri
• Boşanma
• Tahkim
• Nijerya

COMPARISON OF OTTOMAN FAMILY LAW DECREE (HAK) AND ISLAMIC FAMILY LAW IN NIGERIA IN THE FRAMEWORK OF DIVORCE.

Öz

Islamic Family Law is the most applied aspect of Islamic Law. The glorious Quran which the first source of Islam underscores this space of law. During the reign of Ottoman empire, the promulgation of Family Law Decree (HAK) was the final step in the codification processes of Islamic Law. Also, Muslim dominated Northern Nigeria implements Islamic family law through various levels of sharia courts. One of the most frequent cases are divorce related ones. This work aims to analyse the provisions on divorce to divulge the points of differences and similarities between HAK and Islamic Family Law in Nigeria. Different resources were accessed to form a qualitative comparative analysis of the legal provisions. The adoption of views of other schools of fiqih along with Hanafi views in HAK created links and similarities with Maliki school that is embraced in Islamic divorce law in Nigeria. Although, the authorization of arbitration is a common ground, however HAK sanctioned the arbitrators to conclusively terminate the marriage if it is deemed necessary. Absence of codified Islamic Family Law in Nigeria remains an appalling side which has to be fixed with the blueprint of HAK.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Family Law Decree
• Sharia Courts
• Divorce
• Arbitration
• Nigeria

Kaynakça

1. ADEBOYE, J. (n.d.). Divorce Process in Nigeria: Steps to take if you want end your marriage. Africa Parent. Retrieved 9 November 2022, from www.africaparent.com/divorce-process-in-nigeria
2. ADELAKUN, (2018) “Effect of Triple Talaq Invocation on Development of Women’s Rights in Nigeria”, Educor Multidisciplinary Journal, 1(1), 2017.
3. ADELAKUN, Olanike & SHAEEB, Olajumoke (2018), “Effect of Triple Talaq Inocation on Development of Women’s Rights in Nigeria”, Educor Multidisciplinary Journal, 1(1), 192–207.
4. AHMAD, Furqan (2018), “Understanding The Islamic Law Of Divorce”, Journal of the Indian Law Institute, 45(3/4), 484–508. https://www.jstor.org/stable/43951877
5. AHMAN, H. S. (2006). Sarauniya Law Reports: Selected Shari`ah Cases.
6. AKYOL, Taha (2017), “Turkey’s Draft Law Allowing Muftis to Conduct Marriages”, Daily News. https://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/opinion/taha-akyol/turkeys-draft-law-allowing-muftis-to-conduct-marriages-121085#
7. AL-HUJJAJ, M. N. (2000). Ikhtilaful Fukaha (M. T. Hakimy (Ed.); 1st ed.). Adwaus-Salaf. AMBALI, M. A. (2014). The Practice of Muslim Family Law in Nigeria (3rd ed.). Princeton Publishign Company.
8. AN-NA’IM, Abdullahi A. (Ed.). (2002), Islamic Family Law in Changing World: A Global Resource Book. Zed Books.

9. AWDAT, H. (2008). al-Mawsu`atul Fikihiyatul Muyassarah Fi Fıkıhıl Kitabi wa Sunnatul Mutahharah (1st ed.). Al-maktabatull-Islamiyyat.
10. AYDIN, Mehmet A. (1985), “İslâm-Osmanlı Âile Hukuku”, Marmara University Faculty of Theology Publications.
11. AYDIN, Mehmet A. (2014), Osmanlı Devleti’nde Hukuk ve Adalet. Klasik Publications.
12. CİN, Halil (1988), Eski Hukukumuzda Boşanma, (7th ed.). Selçuk Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi.
13. Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria 1999. (1999). https://www.idea.int/sites/default/files/publications/what-is-a-constitution-primer.pdf
14. ÇEKER, Orhan (1999), Osmanlı Hukûk-ı Âile Kararnâmesi, Konya: Mehir Vakfı Yayınları.
15. DANNIES, Kate, & HOCK, Stefan (2020), A Prolonged Abrogation? The Capitulations, the 1917 Law of Family Rights, and the Ottoman Quest for Sovereignty during World War 1. International Journal of Middle East Studies (2020), 52(May), 245–260. https://doi.org/10.1017/S002074382000001X
16. DURMUŞ, Ensar, & YARGI, Mehmet A. (2019), “Criticisms Directed to the Ottoman Family Law Decree in 1917”, Journal of Divinity Faculty of Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, 15, 312–363.
17. FAKI, Asma’u I., HALIDU, Mustapha, KOFA, Yusufu D., LAWAL, Sani, UMAR, Fadimatu H., AHMED, Zalikhau B., & IMAM, Ayesha (n.d.). Divorce- The Dissolution of a Marriage in Muslim Personal Laws in Nigeria (No.2).
18. GBULIE, Chinedu C. (2017), Islamic Family Law Project in North Western Nigeria (IFL),. WRAPA. https://wrapanigeria.org/project/islamic-family-law-project-north-western-nigeria-ifl-phase-three/
19. GURIN, Aminu M. (2014). Islamic Family Law (2nd ed.). Malthouse Press Limited.
20. Islamabad, L. (n.d.). Dissolution of Marriage (Divorce) under Islamic Law – Sheraz Khan Advocate. Legal Reseachers. Retrieved 24 October 2022, from https://legal-researchers.com/dissolution-marriage-divorce-islamic-law/#:~:text=The basis of divorce under Islamic law is,several modes of divorce under the Muslim law.
21. JEGEDE, Olusola J. (2020), Nigeria: Divorce Laws And Process Of Divorce In Nigeria. Mondaq. www.mondaq.com/nigeria/divorce/958994/divorce-laws-and-process-of-divorce-in-nigeria
22. KILINÇ, Ahmet (2019) “slam Hukukunun Evrensellii Balamında Hukuk-ı Aile Kararnamesi ile Malezya slam Aile Hukuku Kanunu 1984’ün Mukayesesi”, Erciyes Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, V: 14, I: 2, pp. 623-662.
23. KUMO, Suliman. (1988). The Application of Islamic Law in Northern Nigeria: Problems and Prospects. In K. Rashid (Ed.), Islamic Law in Nigeria (pp. 42–49). Islamic Publications Bureau.
24. Kwara Law Review (1999), Denying the Neighbour’s Right of Pre-Emption (Shufah): A Proper Interpretation of Islamic Law? Alkamawa V Bello and Anor"
25. KÜÇÜKTIRYKI, Ahmet Y. (2014), “Osmanlı Devletinde Tanzimat Sonrası Aile Hukuku Alanindaki Gelişmeler Ve Hukuk-ı Aile Kararnamesi”. Hitit Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi, 13(26), 177–201.
26. Kwara State Shariah Court of Appeal. (2012). 2010 Annual Report.
27. Kwara State Shariah Court of Appeal. (2016). 2015 Annual Report.
28. MARTYKÁNOVÁ, Darina (2009), “Matching Sharia and ‘Governmentality’: Muslim Marriage Legislation in the Late Ottoman Empire”. In A. Gémes, F. Peyrou, & I. Xydopoulos (Eds.), Institutional Change and Stability: Conflicts, Transitions and Social Values, (pp. 153–175) Pisa University Press.
29. MASHHOUR, Amira (2017), “Islamic law and gender equality could there be a common ground?: A study of divorce and polygamy in sharia law and contemporary legislation in Tunisia and Egypt”, Islamic Law in Practice, 3(2), 253–287. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315251738
30. MUSA, A., Muhammad, A., & Ibrahim, M. (2011). Al-Fiqhul Muyassar. Madarul-Watan. OBA, Abdulmumini A. (2013), “Judicial Practice in Islamic Family Law and Its Relation to ʿUrf (Custom) in Northern Nigeria”, Islamic Law and Society, 20(3), 272–318. https://doi.org/10.1163/15685195-0011a0004
31. OBA, Abdulmumini A. (2002), “Islamic Law as Customary Law : The Changing Perspective in Nigeria”, The International and Comparative Law, 51(4), 817–850.
32. OSTIEN, Philip, & DEKKER, Albert (2010), Sharia and National Law in Nigeria. In J. M. Otto (Ed.), Sharia Incorporated A Comparative Overview of the Legal Systems of Twelve Muslim Countries in Past and Present (pp. 554–612). Leiden University Press.
33. SALMAN, Daud (2022), “Joseph Schacht ` s Role In Changing The Status of Islamic Law In Nigeria”, Journal of Mediterranean Basin and African Civilizations, 4(1), 89–101. https://doi.org/10.54132/akaf.1109550
34. SARITEPE, Erdoğan, & AYDEMİR, Ramazan (2020), “Hukuk-İ Aile Kararnamesi’nde Hanefîler Dişindaki Mezheplerin Görüşlerine Dayanan Maddelerin Değerlendirilmesi”, Fırat Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Degisi 25:1, 25(1), 30–64.
35. SODIQ, Yushau (1992), “A History Of Islamic Law In Nigeria : Past And Present”, Islamic Studies, 31(1), 85–108.
36. STRUENSEE, Vanessa M. G. VON. (2005), “Codification of Islamic Family Law - The Case for Codification on Marriage and Divorce in Nigeria”, SSRN. http://www.worldlii.org/int/journals/lsn/abstracts/609662.html
37. WIGWE, Chris (2009), “Sharia and the 1999 Nigerian Constitution”, The Journal of Jurisprudence & Contemporary Issues, 5, 109–121.
38. VATANSEVER ÖZTÜRK, Müge (2018), “An Evaluation on the Nizemiye Courts”, Bahçeşehir Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, 13(171–172), 155–171. https://jurix.com.tr/article/18353
39. YURTSEVEN, Yılmaz (2003), “1917 Tarihli Hukuk-I Aile Kararnamesi Ve Osmanlı Aile Hukukuna Getirdiği Yenilikler”, Selçuk Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, 11(1–2), 199–250.