Anderson-Butcher, D., Iachini, A. L., & Amorose, A. J. (2008). Initial reliability and validity of the Perceived Social Competence Scale. Research on Social Work Practice, 18(1), 47–54. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049731507304364
Arnett, J. J. (2004). Emerging adulthood: The winding road from the late teens through the twenties. Oxford University Press.
Arnett, J. J. (2014). Presidential Address: The emergence of emerging adulthood: A personal history. Emerging Adulthood, 2(3), 155–162. https://doi.org/10.1177/2167696814541096
Averill, J. R., & Sundararajan, L. (2014). Experiences of solitude: Issues of assessment, theory, and culture. In R. J. Coplan & J. C. Bowker (Eds.), The handbook of solitude: Psychological perspectives on social isolation, social withdrawal, and being alone (p. 90–108). Wiley Blackwell.
Barreto, M., Victor, C., Hammond, C., Eccles, A., Richins, M. T., & Qualter, P. (2021). Loneliness around the world: Age, gender, and cultural differences in loneliness. Personality and Individual Differences, 169, 110066. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2020.110066
Beck, A. T., Ward, C. H., Mendelson, M., Mock, J., & Erbaugh, J. (1961). An inventory for measuring depression. Archives of General Psychiatry, 4, 561–571. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.1961.01710120031004
Birmaher, B., Ryan, N. D., Williamson, D. E., Brent, D. A., Kaufman, J., Dahl, R. E., ... & Nelson, B. (1996). Childhood and adolescent depression: a review of the past 10 years. Part I. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 35(11), 1427-1439. doi. 10.1097/00004583-199611000-0001
Burger, J. M. (1995). Individual differences in preference for solitude. Journal of Research in Personality, 29(1), 85–108. https://doi.org/10.1006/jrpe.1995.1005
Cacioppo, S., Grippo, A. J., London, S., Goossens, L., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2015). Loneliness: Clinical import and interventions. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 10(2), 238-249. doi: 10.1177/1745691615570616
Chang, E. C., Muyan, M., & Hirsch, J. K. (2015). Loneliness, positive life events, and psychological maladjustment: When good things happen, even lonely people feel better! Personality and Individual Differences, 86, 150–155. doi.10.1016/j.paid.2015.06.016
Cheng, H., & Furnham, A. (2003). Attributional style and self-esteem as predictors of psychological well being. Counselling Psychology Quarterly, 16(2), 121-130. doi:10.1080/0951507031000151516
Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1996). Creativity: Flow and the psychology of discovery and invention. New York: Harper Collins.
Corsano, P., Majorano, M., & Champretavy, L. (2006). Psychological well-being in adolescence: The contribution of interpersonal relations and experience of being alone. Adolescence, 41(162), 341–353.
Dahlberg, L., McKee, K. J., Frank, A., & Naseer, M. (2021). A systematic review of longitudinal risk factors for loneliness in older adults. Aging & Mental Health, 1-25. doi:10.1080/13607863.2021.1876638
Danneel, S., Maes, M., Bijttebier, P., Rotsaert, M., Delhaye, M., Berenbaum, T., & Goossens, L. (2018). Loneliness and attitudes toward aloneness in Belgian adolescents: Measurement invariance across language, age, and gender groups. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 40(4), 678-690. doi.10.1007/s10862-018-9671-9
Doğan, T. (2011). İki boyutlu benlik saygısı: Kendini Sevme/Özyeterlik Ölçeği’nin Türkçe Uyarlaması, Geçerlik ve Güvenirlik Çalışması. Eğitim ve Bilim, [S.l.], v. 36, n. 162, ISSN 1300-1337. Retrieved from: http://egitimvebilim.ted.org.tr/index.php/EB/article/view/625/315
Doğan, T., Çötok, N. A. ve Tekin, E. G. (2011). Reliability and validity of the Turkish version of the UCLA Loneliness Scale (ULS-8) among university students. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 15, 2058-2062. doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2011.04.053
Domagała-Krecioch, A. & Majerek, B. (2013). The issue of loneliness in the period of emerging adulthood. European Scientific Journal, 2 (534-541). Retrieved from: https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/236408634.pdf
Elmer, T., Geschwind, N., Peeters, F., Wichers, M., & Bringmann, L. (2020). Getting stuck in social isolation: Solitude inertia and depressive symptoms. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 129(7), 713-723. doi. 10.1037/abn0000588
Erpay, T. ve Atik, G. (2019). Tek Başına Olmayı Tercih Etme Ölçeği: Türkçe formunun geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Kastamonu Education Journal, 27(6), 2493-2500. doi:10.24106/kefdergi.3371
Erzen, E., & Çikrikci, Ö. (2018). The effect of loneliness on depression: A meta-analysis. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 64(5), 427-435. doi. 10.1177/0020764018776349
Eysenck, H.J. & Wilson, G. (1998). Kişiliğinizi tanıyın (3. Basım). E. Erduran (Çev). İstanbul: Remzi Kitabevi.
Fontaine, R. G., Yang, C., Burks, V. S., Dodge, K. A., Price, J. M., Pettit, G. S., & Bates, J. E. (2009). Loneliness as a partial mediator of the relation between low social preference in childhood and anxious/depressed symptoms in adolescence. Development and Psychopathology, 21(2), 479–491. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579409000261
Fraenkel, J.R., Wallen, N.E., & Hyun, H.H. (2012). How to design and evaluate research in education (Eight Edition). New York: McGraw-Hill.
Gable, S. L., & Shean, G. D. (2000). Perceived social competence and depression. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 17(1), 139-150.doi:10.1177/0265407500171007
Galanaki, E. (2004). Are children able to distinguish among the concepts of aloneness, loneliness, and solitude? International Journal of Behavioral Development, 28(5), 435–443. https://doi.org/10.1080/01650250444000153
Goossens, L. (2013). Affinity for aloneness in adolescence and preference forsolitude in childhood: Linking two research traditions. In R. J. Coplan & J. C.Bowker (Eds.), The handbook of solitude: Psychological perspectives on social isolation, social withdrawal, and being alone (pp. 150-166). NewYork, NY: Wiley-Blackwell
Hair, J. F., Anderson R. E., Tahtam, R. L., & Black, W. C. (1998). Multivariate data analysis. New Jersey: Pearson Education.
Hawkley, L. C., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2010). Loneliness matters: A theoretical and empirical review of consequences and mechanisms. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 40(2), 218-227.doi:10.1007/s12160-010-9210-8
Hawley, P. H., Little, T. D., & Pasupathi, M. (2002). Winning friends and influencing peers: Strategies of peer influence in late childhood. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 26(5), 466-474. doi:10.1080/01650250143000427
Hisli, N. (1989). Beck Depresyon Envanterinin üniversite öğrencileri için geçerliği, güvenirliği. Psikoloji Dergisi, 7(23), 3-13. Retrieved from: https://toad.halileksi.net/sites/default/files/pdf/beck-depresyon-envanteri-toad.pdf
Holt-Lunstad, J., Smith, T. B., Baker, M., Harris, T., & Stephenson, D. (2015). Loneliness and social isolation as risk factors for mortality: A meta-analytic review. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 10(2), 227-237. doi:10.1177/1745691614568352
Holvast, F., Burger, H., de Waal, M. M., van Marwijk, H. W., Comijs, H. C., & Verhaak, P. F. (2015). Loneliness is associated with poor prognosis in late-life depression: Longitudinal analysis of the Netherlands study of depression in older persons. Journal of Affective Disorders, 185, 1–7. doi. 10.1016/j.jad.2015.06.036
Ionna T. & Maria M.L. (1998) Differences in loneliness among low, moderate and high self-esteem young and older adults. World Federation of Occupational Therapists Bulletin, 37:1, 30-37, DOI: 10.1080/20566077.1998.11800243
Iranmanesh, M., Foroughi, B., Nikbin, D., & Hyun, S. S. (2019). Shyness, self-esteem, and loneliness as causes of FA: The moderating effect of low self-control. Current Psychology, 1-12. doi.10.1007/s12144-019-00465-w
Ishaq, G., Solomon, V., & Khan, O. (2017). Relationship between self-esteem and loneliness among university students living in hostels. International Journal of Research, 6(2), 21-27. doi. 10.5861/ijrsp.2017.1735
Jeffrey, K., Abdallah, S., & Michaelson, J. (2017). The cost of loneliness to UK Employers. London, UK: New Economics Foundation.
Jenkins, S. R., Goodness, K., & Buhrmester, D. (2002). Gender differences in early adolescents’ relationship qualities, self-efficacy, and depression symptoms. The Journal of Early Adolescence, 22(3), 277-309.Doi: 10.1177/02731602022003003
Jones, W. H., Sansone, C., & Helm, B. (1983). Loneliness and interpersonal judgments. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 9(3), 437–441. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167283093014
Jo Cox Commission (2017). Combating loneliness one conversation at a time: A call to action Jones, W. H., Sansone, C., & Helm, B. (1983). Loneliness and interpersonal judgments. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 9(3), 437-441.doi:10.1177/0146167283093014
Kline, R.B.(2011). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. Guilford Press.
Knafo, D. (2012). Alone together: Solitude and the creative encounter in art and psychoanalysis. Psychoanalytic Dialogues, 22(1), 54–71. doi:10.1080/10481885.2012.646605
Korpela K., Staats H. (2014). “The restorative qualities of being alone with nature,” in The handbook of solitude: Psychological perspectives on social isolation, social withdrawal, and being alone, eds Coplan R., Bowker J. (West Sussex: John Wiley & Sons; ), 351–367.
Ladd, G. W., & Ettekal, I. (2013). Peer-related loneliness across early to late adolescence: Normative trends, intra-individual trajectories, and links with depressive symptoms. Journal of Adolescence, 36(6), 1269-1282. Doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2013.05.004
Larson, R. W. (1990). The solitary side of life: An examination of the time people spend alone from childhood to old age. Developmental Review, 10(2), 155–183. https://doi.org/10.1016/0273-2297(90)90008-R
Lee, J. Y., Ko, D. W., & Lee, H. (2019). Loneliness, regulatory focus, inter-personal competence, and online game addiction. Internet Research. 29/2, 381-394. doi. 10.1108/IntR-01-2018-0020
Lin, M. P., Wu, J. Y. W., You, J., Chang, K. M., Hu, W. H., & Xu, S. (2018). Association between online and offline social support and internet addiction in a representative sample of senior high school students in Taiwan: the mediating role of self-esteem. Computers in Human Behavior, 84, 1-7. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2018.02.007
Long, C. R., Seburn, M., Averill, J. R., & More, T. A. (2003). Solitude experiences: Varieties, settings, and individual differences. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 29(5), 578–583. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167203029005003
Matthews, T., Danese, A., Wertz, J., Odgers, C. L., Ambler, A., Moffitt, T. E., & Arseneault, L. (2016). Social isolation, loneliness and depression in young adulthood: a behavioural genetic analysis. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 51(3), 339-348. doi. 10.1007/s00127-016-1178-7
Moeller, R. W., & Seehuus, M. (2019). Loneliness as a mediator for college students’ social skills and experiences of depression and anxiety. Journal of Adolescence, 73, 1–13. doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2019.03.006
Most, T., Ingber, S., & Heled-Ariam, E. (2012). Social competence, sense of loneliness, and speech intelligibility of young children with hearing loss in individual inclusion and group inclusion. Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education, 17(2), 259-272. doi:10.1093/deafed/enr049
Muris, P. (2002). Relationships between self-efficacy and symptoms of anxiety disorders and depression in a normal adolescent sample. Personality and Individual Differences, 32(2), 337-348. doi:10.1016/S0191-8869(01)00027-7
Neziek, J. B. (2001). Causal relationships between perceived social skills and day-to-day social interaction: Extending the sociometer hypothesis. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 18(3), 386-403. doi:10.1177/0265407501183005
Ouellet, R., & Joshi, P. (1986). Loneliness in relation to depression and self-esteem. Psychological Reports, 58(3), 821-822. doi:10.2466/pr0.1986.58.3.821
Orth, U., & Robins, R. W. (2013). Understanding the link between low self-esteem and depression. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 22(6), 455-460. doi. 10.1177/0963721413492763
Uba, I., Siti Nor, Y., Rumaya, J., & Mansor, A. T. (2012). Does self-esteem mediate the relationship between loneliness and depression among Malaysian teenagers? Pertanika Journal of Social Science & Humanities, 20(1), 179-188. Retrieved from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/236136086_Does_Self-
Esteem_Mediate_the_Relationship_between_Loneliness_and_Depression_among_Malaysian_Teenagers
Parker, J. G., & Asher, S. R. (1993). Friendship and friendship quality in middle childhood: Links with peer group acceptance and feelings of loneliness and social dissatisfaction. Developmental Psychology, 29(4), 611. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.29.4.611
Peplau, L. A., & Perlman, D. (1982). Perspective on loneliness. In L. A. Peplau & D. Perlman (Eds.), Loneliness: A sourcebook of current theory, research and therapy (pp. 1-18). New York: John Wiley and Sons.
Preacher, K. J., & Hayes, A. F. (2004). SPSS and SAS procedures for estimating indirect effects in simple mediation models. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers, 36(4), 717-731. Retrieved from https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.3758/BF03206553.pdf
Preacher, K. J., & Hayes, A. F. (2008). Assessing mediation in communication research. London: The Sage
Pituch, K. A., & Stevens, J. P. (2016). Applied multivariate statistics for the social sciences: Analysis with SAS And IBM’s SPSS (6th Edition). New York: Taylor and Francis.
Russell, D., Peplau, L. A., & Ferguson, M. L. (1978). Developing a measure of loneliness. Journal of Personality Assessment, 42(3), 290–294. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa4203_11
Salmela-Aro, K., & Nurmi, J. E. (1996). Uncertainty and confidence in interpersonal projects: Consequences for social relationships and well-being. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 13(1), 109-122. doi:10.1177/0265407596131006
Sarıçam, H., Akın, A., Akın, Ü., Çardak, M., (2013). Algılanan Sosyal Yetkinlik Ölçeğinin Türkçeye Uyarlanması: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. International Journal of Social Science, 6( 3), 591-600.
Tabachnick, B. G, Fidel, L. S. (2007). Using mulivariate statistics. MA: Allyn&Bacon, Inc.
Tafarodi, R.W., & Swann, W.B. (2001). Two-dimensional self-esteem: Theory and measurement. Personality and Individual Differences, 31(5), 653–673. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869(00)00169-0
Toyoshima, A., & Sato, S. (2015). Examination of the relationship between preference for solitude and emotional well-being after controlling for the effect of loneliness. Shinrigaku Kenkyu: The Japanese Journal of Psychology, 86(2), 142-149. doi. 10.4992/jjpsy.86.13234
Tzonichaki, L., & Kleftaras, G. (2002). Paraplegia from spinal cord injury: Self-esteem, loneliness, and life satisfaction. OTJR: Occupation, Participation and Health, 22(3), 96-103. doi:10.1177/153944920202200302
Tzonichaki, I., & Malikiosi-Loizos, M. (1998). Differences in loneliness among low, moderate and high self-esteem young and older adults. World Federation of Occupational Therapists Bulletin, 37(1), 30-37. doi:10.1080/20566077.1998.11800243
Qualter, P., Brown, S. L., Munn, P., & Rotenberg, K. J. (2010). Childhood loneliness as a predictor of adolescent depressive symptoms: an 8-year longitudinal study. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 19(6), 493-501. doi: 10.1007/s00787-009-0059-y
Qualter, P., Vanhalst, J., Harris, R., Van Roekel, E., Lodder, G., Bangee, M., ... & Verhagen, M. (2015). Loneliness across the life span. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 10(2), 250-264. doi:10.1177/1745691615568999
Palgi, Y., Segel-Karpas, D., Mor, S. O., Hoffman, Y., Shrira, A., & Bodner, E. (2021). Positive Solitude Scale: Theoretical background, development and validation. Journal of Happiness Studies, 1-28. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-021-00367-4
Park, N. S., Jang, Y., Lee, B. S., Haley, W. E., & Chiriboga, D. A. (2013). The mediating role of loneliness in the relation between social engagement and depressive symptoms among older Korean Americans: do men and women differ?. The Journals of Gerontology. Series B, Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 68(2), 193–201. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbs062
Rockhill, C. M., Vander Stoep, A., McCauley, E., and Katon, W. J. (2009). Social competence and social support as mediators between comorbid depressive and conduct problems and functional outcomes in middle school children. Journal of Adolescence, 32, 535–553. doi: 10.1016/j.adolescence.2008.06.011
Rotenberg, K. J., & Hymel, S. (Eds.). (1999). Loneliness in childhood and adolescence. Cambridge University Press.
Salmela-Aro, K., & Nurmi, J.-E. (1996). Depressive symptoms and personal project appraisals: A cross-lagged longitudinal study. Personality and Individual Differences, 21(3), 373–381. https://doi.org/10.1016/0191-8869(96)00078-5
Shi, X., Wang, J., & Zou, H. (2017). Family functioning and Internet addiction among Chinese adolescents: The mediating roles of self-esteem and loneliness. Computers in Human Behavior, 76, 201-210. doi. 10.1016/j.chb.2017.07.028
Sowislo, J. F., & Orth, U. (2013). Does low self-esteem predict depression and anxiety? A meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. Psychological Bulletin, 139(1), 213-240. doi. 10.1037/a0028931
Wang, J. M., Rubin, K. H., Laursen, B., Booth-LaForce, C., & Rose-Krasnor, L. (2013). Preference-for-solitude and adjustment difficulties in early and late adolescence. Journal of Clinical Child And Adolescent Psychology: The Official Journal for The Society of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, American Psychological Association, Division 53, 42(6), 834–842. https://doi.org/10.1080/15374416.2013.794700
Watson, J., & Nesdale, D. (2012). Rejection sensitivity, social withdrawal, and loneliness in young adults. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 42(8), 1984-2005. doi. 10.1111/j.1559-1816.2012.00927.x
Weeks, D. G., Michela, J. L., Peplau, L. A., & Bragg, M. E. (1980). Relation between loneliness and depression: A structural equation analysis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 39(6), 1238. doi:10.1037/h0077709
Weiss, R. S. (1973). Loneliness: The experience of emotional and social isolation. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
Whitton, S. W., Larson, J. J., & Hauser, S. T. (2008). Depressive symptoms and bias in perceived social competence among young adults. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 64(7), 791-805. doi. 10.1002/jclp.20488
Williams, K. L., & Galliher, R. V. (2006). Predicting depression and self–esteem from social connectedness, support, and competence. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 25(8), 855-874. doi:10.1521/jscp.2006.25.8.855
Van Dulmen, M. H., & Goossens, L. (2013). Loneliness trajectories. Journal of Adolescence,36, 1247-1250. doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2013.08.001
Van Winkel, M., Wichers, M., Collip, D., Jacobs, N., Derom, C., Thiery, E., ... & Peeters, F. (2017). Unraveling the role of loneliness in depression: the relationship between daily life experience and behavior. Psychiatry, 80(2), 104-117. doi. 10.1080/00332747.2016.1256143
Varghese, M. E., & Pistole, M. C. (2017). College student cyberbullying: Self‐esteem, depression, loneliness, and attachment. Journal of College Counseling, 20(1), 7-21. doi. 10.1002/jocc.12055
Vanhalst, J., Soenens, B., Luyckx, K., Van Petegem, S., Weeks, M. S., & Asher, S. R. (2015). Why do the lonely stay lonely? Chronically lonely adolescents’ attributions and emotions in situations of social inclusion and exclusion. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 109(5), 932–948. doi.10.1037/pspp0000051
Yadegarfard, M., Ho, R., & Bahramabadian, F. (2013). Influences on loneliness, depression, sexual-risk behaviour and suicidal ideation among Thai transgender youth. Culture, Health & Sexuality, 15, 726–737. doi. 10.1080/13691058.2013.784362
Yao, M. Z., & Zhong, Z. J. (2014). Loneliness, social contacts and Internet addiction: A cross-lagged panel study. Computers in Human Behavior, 30, 164-170. Doi:10.1016/j.chb.2013.08.007
Zarnaghash, M., & Gholamrezaıe, S., & Sadeghi, M. (2018). The effect of Self efficacy, Self esteem, Spiritual well-being, Depression in regard to loneliness as a mediator on life satisfaction. Journal Of Psychologıcal Models And Methods, 9 (33), 87-106.
Zhang, F., You, Z., Fan, C., Gao, C., Cohen, R., Hsueh, Y., & Zhou, Z. (2014). Friendship quality, social preference, proximity prestige, and self-perceived social competence: Interactive influences on children's loneliness. Journal of School Psychology, 52(5), 511-526. doi. 10.1016/j.jsp.2014.06.001
Zhou, Y., & Liu, J. S. (2016). Preference-for-solitude and depression during middle childhood: Moderating effect of friendship. Chinese Journal of Clinical Psychology. 24(3), 491–494.
Zigler, E., & Phillips, L. (1961). Social competence and outcome in psychiatric disorder. The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 63(2), 264.doi: 10.1037/h0046232
The Mediating Role of Loneliness in the Relation Between Preference for Solitude, Social Competence, Self-Esteem and Depression in Emerging Adults
This study aims at testing the relation between emerging adults’ preference for solitude, social competence, self-esteem on one side and depression on the other side with the mediating role of loneliness. The study group is composed of students that were studying at various faculties at state universities in Turkey in 2019-2020 Academic Year and determined by the easily convenience sampling. 508 students, 279 of whom were female and 229 of whom were male, participated in the study. Data collections tools used in the study are Beck Depression Scale, UCLA Loneliness Scale Short Form, Preference for Solitude Scale, Two-Dimensional Self-Esteem Scale and Perceived Social Competence Scale. The findings of the current study indicate that there is a positive association between depression and loneliness, whereas a negative relationship between loneliness and a tendency for solitude as well as between self-esteem and social competence. Furthermore, the current findings show that loneliness predicts the relation between emerging adults’ preference for solitude, social competence, self-esteem and depression at a statistically significant level.
Anderson-Butcher, D., Iachini, A. L., & Amorose, A. J. (2008). Initial reliability and validity of the Perceived Social Competence Scale. Research on Social Work Practice, 18(1), 47–54. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049731507304364
Arnett, J. J. (2004). Emerging adulthood: The winding road from the late teens through the twenties. Oxford University Press.
Arnett, J. J. (2014). Presidential Address: The emergence of emerging adulthood: A personal history. Emerging Adulthood, 2(3), 155–162. https://doi.org/10.1177/2167696814541096
Averill, J. R., & Sundararajan, L. (2014). Experiences of solitude: Issues of assessment, theory, and culture. In R. J. Coplan & J. C. Bowker (Eds.), The handbook of solitude: Psychological perspectives on social isolation, social withdrawal, and being alone (p. 90–108). Wiley Blackwell.
Barreto, M., Victor, C., Hammond, C., Eccles, A., Richins, M. T., & Qualter, P. (2021). Loneliness around the world: Age, gender, and cultural differences in loneliness. Personality and Individual Differences, 169, 110066. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2020.110066
Beck, A. T., Ward, C. H., Mendelson, M., Mock, J., & Erbaugh, J. (1961). An inventory for measuring depression. Archives of General Psychiatry, 4, 561–571. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.1961.01710120031004
Birmaher, B., Ryan, N. D., Williamson, D. E., Brent, D. A., Kaufman, J., Dahl, R. E., ... & Nelson, B. (1996). Childhood and adolescent depression: a review of the past 10 years. Part I. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 35(11), 1427-1439. doi. 10.1097/00004583-199611000-0001
Burger, J. M. (1995). Individual differences in preference for solitude. Journal of Research in Personality, 29(1), 85–108. https://doi.org/10.1006/jrpe.1995.1005
Cacioppo, S., Grippo, A. J., London, S., Goossens, L., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2015). Loneliness: Clinical import and interventions. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 10(2), 238-249. doi: 10.1177/1745691615570616
Chang, E. C., Muyan, M., & Hirsch, J. K. (2015). Loneliness, positive life events, and psychological maladjustment: When good things happen, even lonely people feel better! Personality and Individual Differences, 86, 150–155. doi.10.1016/j.paid.2015.06.016
Cheng, H., & Furnham, A. (2003). Attributional style and self-esteem as predictors of psychological well being. Counselling Psychology Quarterly, 16(2), 121-130. doi:10.1080/0951507031000151516
Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1996). Creativity: Flow and the psychology of discovery and invention. New York: Harper Collins.
Corsano, P., Majorano, M., & Champretavy, L. (2006). Psychological well-being in adolescence: The contribution of interpersonal relations and experience of being alone. Adolescence, 41(162), 341–353.
Dahlberg, L., McKee, K. J., Frank, A., & Naseer, M. (2021). A systematic review of longitudinal risk factors for loneliness in older adults. Aging & Mental Health, 1-25. doi:10.1080/13607863.2021.1876638
Danneel, S., Maes, M., Bijttebier, P., Rotsaert, M., Delhaye, M., Berenbaum, T., & Goossens, L. (2018). Loneliness and attitudes toward aloneness in Belgian adolescents: Measurement invariance across language, age, and gender groups. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 40(4), 678-690. doi.10.1007/s10862-018-9671-9
Doğan, T. (2011). İki boyutlu benlik saygısı: Kendini Sevme/Özyeterlik Ölçeği’nin Türkçe Uyarlaması, Geçerlik ve Güvenirlik Çalışması. Eğitim ve Bilim, [S.l.], v. 36, n. 162, ISSN 1300-1337. Retrieved from: http://egitimvebilim.ted.org.tr/index.php/EB/article/view/625/315
Doğan, T., Çötok, N. A. ve Tekin, E. G. (2011). Reliability and validity of the Turkish version of the UCLA Loneliness Scale (ULS-8) among university students. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 15, 2058-2062. doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2011.04.053
Domagała-Krecioch, A. & Majerek, B. (2013). The issue of loneliness in the period of emerging adulthood. European Scientific Journal, 2 (534-541). Retrieved from: https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/236408634.pdf
Elmer, T., Geschwind, N., Peeters, F., Wichers, M., & Bringmann, L. (2020). Getting stuck in social isolation: Solitude inertia and depressive symptoms. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 129(7), 713-723. doi. 10.1037/abn0000588
Erpay, T. ve Atik, G. (2019). Tek Başına Olmayı Tercih Etme Ölçeği: Türkçe formunun geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Kastamonu Education Journal, 27(6), 2493-2500. doi:10.24106/kefdergi.3371
Erzen, E., & Çikrikci, Ö. (2018). The effect of loneliness on depression: A meta-analysis. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 64(5), 427-435. doi. 10.1177/0020764018776349
Eysenck, H.J. & Wilson, G. (1998). Kişiliğinizi tanıyın (3. Basım). E. Erduran (Çev). İstanbul: Remzi Kitabevi.
Fontaine, R. G., Yang, C., Burks, V. S., Dodge, K. A., Price, J. M., Pettit, G. S., & Bates, J. E. (2009). Loneliness as a partial mediator of the relation between low social preference in childhood and anxious/depressed symptoms in adolescence. Development and Psychopathology, 21(2), 479–491. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579409000261
Fraenkel, J.R., Wallen, N.E., & Hyun, H.H. (2012). How to design and evaluate research in education (Eight Edition). New York: McGraw-Hill.
Gable, S. L., & Shean, G. D. (2000). Perceived social competence and depression. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 17(1), 139-150.doi:10.1177/0265407500171007
Galanaki, E. (2004). Are children able to distinguish among the concepts of aloneness, loneliness, and solitude? International Journal of Behavioral Development, 28(5), 435–443. https://doi.org/10.1080/01650250444000153
Goossens, L. (2013). Affinity for aloneness in adolescence and preference forsolitude in childhood: Linking two research traditions. In R. J. Coplan & J. C.Bowker (Eds.), The handbook of solitude: Psychological perspectives on social isolation, social withdrawal, and being alone (pp. 150-166). NewYork, NY: Wiley-Blackwell
Hair, J. F., Anderson R. E., Tahtam, R. L., & Black, W. C. (1998). Multivariate data analysis. New Jersey: Pearson Education.
Hawkley, L. C., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2010). Loneliness matters: A theoretical and empirical review of consequences and mechanisms. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 40(2), 218-227.doi:10.1007/s12160-010-9210-8
Hawley, P. H., Little, T. D., & Pasupathi, M. (2002). Winning friends and influencing peers: Strategies of peer influence in late childhood. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 26(5), 466-474. doi:10.1080/01650250143000427
Hisli, N. (1989). Beck Depresyon Envanterinin üniversite öğrencileri için geçerliği, güvenirliği. Psikoloji Dergisi, 7(23), 3-13. Retrieved from: https://toad.halileksi.net/sites/default/files/pdf/beck-depresyon-envanteri-toad.pdf
Holt-Lunstad, J., Smith, T. B., Baker, M., Harris, T., & Stephenson, D. (2015). Loneliness and social isolation as risk factors for mortality: A meta-analytic review. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 10(2), 227-237. doi:10.1177/1745691614568352
Holvast, F., Burger, H., de Waal, M. M., van Marwijk, H. W., Comijs, H. C., & Verhaak, P. F. (2015). Loneliness is associated with poor prognosis in late-life depression: Longitudinal analysis of the Netherlands study of depression in older persons. Journal of Affective Disorders, 185, 1–7. doi. 10.1016/j.jad.2015.06.036
Ionna T. & Maria M.L. (1998) Differences in loneliness among low, moderate and high self-esteem young and older adults. World Federation of Occupational Therapists Bulletin, 37:1, 30-37, DOI: 10.1080/20566077.1998.11800243
Iranmanesh, M., Foroughi, B., Nikbin, D., & Hyun, S. S. (2019). Shyness, self-esteem, and loneliness as causes of FA: The moderating effect of low self-control. Current Psychology, 1-12. doi.10.1007/s12144-019-00465-w
Ishaq, G., Solomon, V., & Khan, O. (2017). Relationship between self-esteem and loneliness among university students living in hostels. International Journal of Research, 6(2), 21-27. doi. 10.5861/ijrsp.2017.1735
Jeffrey, K., Abdallah, S., & Michaelson, J. (2017). The cost of loneliness to UK Employers. London, UK: New Economics Foundation.
Jenkins, S. R., Goodness, K., & Buhrmester, D. (2002). Gender differences in early adolescents’ relationship qualities, self-efficacy, and depression symptoms. The Journal of Early Adolescence, 22(3), 277-309.Doi: 10.1177/02731602022003003
Jones, W. H., Sansone, C., & Helm, B. (1983). Loneliness and interpersonal judgments. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 9(3), 437–441. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167283093014
Jo Cox Commission (2017). Combating loneliness one conversation at a time: A call to action Jones, W. H., Sansone, C., & Helm, B. (1983). Loneliness and interpersonal judgments. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 9(3), 437-441.doi:10.1177/0146167283093014
Kline, R.B.(2011). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. Guilford Press.
Knafo, D. (2012). Alone together: Solitude and the creative encounter in art and psychoanalysis. Psychoanalytic Dialogues, 22(1), 54–71. doi:10.1080/10481885.2012.646605
Korpela K., Staats H. (2014). “The restorative qualities of being alone with nature,” in The handbook of solitude: Psychological perspectives on social isolation, social withdrawal, and being alone, eds Coplan R., Bowker J. (West Sussex: John Wiley & Sons; ), 351–367.
Ladd, G. W., & Ettekal, I. (2013). Peer-related loneliness across early to late adolescence: Normative trends, intra-individual trajectories, and links with depressive symptoms. Journal of Adolescence, 36(6), 1269-1282. Doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2013.05.004
Larson, R. W. (1990). The solitary side of life: An examination of the time people spend alone from childhood to old age. Developmental Review, 10(2), 155–183. https://doi.org/10.1016/0273-2297(90)90008-R
Lee, J. Y., Ko, D. W., & Lee, H. (2019). Loneliness, regulatory focus, inter-personal competence, and online game addiction. Internet Research. 29/2, 381-394. doi. 10.1108/IntR-01-2018-0020
Lin, M. P., Wu, J. Y. W., You, J., Chang, K. M., Hu, W. H., & Xu, S. (2018). Association between online and offline social support and internet addiction in a representative sample of senior high school students in Taiwan: the mediating role of self-esteem. Computers in Human Behavior, 84, 1-7. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2018.02.007
Long, C. R., Seburn, M., Averill, J. R., & More, T. A. (2003). Solitude experiences: Varieties, settings, and individual differences. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 29(5), 578–583. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167203029005003
Matthews, T., Danese, A., Wertz, J., Odgers, C. L., Ambler, A., Moffitt, T. E., & Arseneault, L. (2016). Social isolation, loneliness and depression in young adulthood: a behavioural genetic analysis. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 51(3), 339-348. doi. 10.1007/s00127-016-1178-7
Moeller, R. W., & Seehuus, M. (2019). Loneliness as a mediator for college students’ social skills and experiences of depression and anxiety. Journal of Adolescence, 73, 1–13. doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2019.03.006
Most, T., Ingber, S., & Heled-Ariam, E. (2012). Social competence, sense of loneliness, and speech intelligibility of young children with hearing loss in individual inclusion and group inclusion. Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education, 17(2), 259-272. doi:10.1093/deafed/enr049
Muris, P. (2002). Relationships between self-efficacy and symptoms of anxiety disorders and depression in a normal adolescent sample. Personality and Individual Differences, 32(2), 337-348. doi:10.1016/S0191-8869(01)00027-7
Neziek, J. B. (2001). Causal relationships between perceived social skills and day-to-day social interaction: Extending the sociometer hypothesis. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 18(3), 386-403. doi:10.1177/0265407501183005
Ouellet, R., & Joshi, P. (1986). Loneliness in relation to depression and self-esteem. Psychological Reports, 58(3), 821-822. doi:10.2466/pr0.1986.58.3.821
Orth, U., & Robins, R. W. (2013). Understanding the link between low self-esteem and depression. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 22(6), 455-460. doi. 10.1177/0963721413492763
Uba, I., Siti Nor, Y., Rumaya, J., & Mansor, A. T. (2012). Does self-esteem mediate the relationship between loneliness and depression among Malaysian teenagers? Pertanika Journal of Social Science & Humanities, 20(1), 179-188. Retrieved from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/236136086_Does_Self-
Esteem_Mediate_the_Relationship_between_Loneliness_and_Depression_among_Malaysian_Teenagers
Parker, J. G., & Asher, S. R. (1993). Friendship and friendship quality in middle childhood: Links with peer group acceptance and feelings of loneliness and social dissatisfaction. Developmental Psychology, 29(4), 611. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.29.4.611
Peplau, L. A., & Perlman, D. (1982). Perspective on loneliness. In L. A. Peplau & D. Perlman (Eds.), Loneliness: A sourcebook of current theory, research and therapy (pp. 1-18). New York: John Wiley and Sons.
Preacher, K. J., & Hayes, A. F. (2004). SPSS and SAS procedures for estimating indirect effects in simple mediation models. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers, 36(4), 717-731. Retrieved from https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.3758/BF03206553.pdf
Preacher, K. J., & Hayes, A. F. (2008). Assessing mediation in communication research. London: The Sage
Pituch, K. A., & Stevens, J. P. (2016). Applied multivariate statistics for the social sciences: Analysis with SAS And IBM’s SPSS (6th Edition). New York: Taylor and Francis.
Russell, D., Peplau, L. A., & Ferguson, M. L. (1978). Developing a measure of loneliness. Journal of Personality Assessment, 42(3), 290–294. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa4203_11
Salmela-Aro, K., & Nurmi, J. E. (1996). Uncertainty and confidence in interpersonal projects: Consequences for social relationships and well-being. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 13(1), 109-122. doi:10.1177/0265407596131006
Sarıçam, H., Akın, A., Akın, Ü., Çardak, M., (2013). Algılanan Sosyal Yetkinlik Ölçeğinin Türkçeye Uyarlanması: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. International Journal of Social Science, 6( 3), 591-600.
Tabachnick, B. G, Fidel, L. S. (2007). Using mulivariate statistics. MA: Allyn&Bacon, Inc.
Tafarodi, R.W., & Swann, W.B. (2001). Two-dimensional self-esteem: Theory and measurement. Personality and Individual Differences, 31(5), 653–673. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869(00)00169-0
Toyoshima, A., & Sato, S. (2015). Examination of the relationship between preference for solitude and emotional well-being after controlling for the effect of loneliness. Shinrigaku Kenkyu: The Japanese Journal of Psychology, 86(2), 142-149. doi. 10.4992/jjpsy.86.13234
Tzonichaki, L., & Kleftaras, G. (2002). Paraplegia from spinal cord injury: Self-esteem, loneliness, and life satisfaction. OTJR: Occupation, Participation and Health, 22(3), 96-103. doi:10.1177/153944920202200302
Tzonichaki, I., & Malikiosi-Loizos, M. (1998). Differences in loneliness among low, moderate and high self-esteem young and older adults. World Federation of Occupational Therapists Bulletin, 37(1), 30-37. doi:10.1080/20566077.1998.11800243
Qualter, P., Brown, S. L., Munn, P., & Rotenberg, K. J. (2010). Childhood loneliness as a predictor of adolescent depressive symptoms: an 8-year longitudinal study. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 19(6), 493-501. doi: 10.1007/s00787-009-0059-y
Qualter, P., Vanhalst, J., Harris, R., Van Roekel, E., Lodder, G., Bangee, M., ... & Verhagen, M. (2015). Loneliness across the life span. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 10(2), 250-264. doi:10.1177/1745691615568999
Palgi, Y., Segel-Karpas, D., Mor, S. O., Hoffman, Y., Shrira, A., & Bodner, E. (2021). Positive Solitude Scale: Theoretical background, development and validation. Journal of Happiness Studies, 1-28. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-021-00367-4
Park, N. S., Jang, Y., Lee, B. S., Haley, W. E., & Chiriboga, D. A. (2013). The mediating role of loneliness in the relation between social engagement and depressive symptoms among older Korean Americans: do men and women differ?. The Journals of Gerontology. Series B, Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 68(2), 193–201. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbs062
Rockhill, C. M., Vander Stoep, A., McCauley, E., and Katon, W. J. (2009). Social competence and social support as mediators between comorbid depressive and conduct problems and functional outcomes in middle school children. Journal of Adolescence, 32, 535–553. doi: 10.1016/j.adolescence.2008.06.011
Rotenberg, K. J., & Hymel, S. (Eds.). (1999). Loneliness in childhood and adolescence. Cambridge University Press.
Salmela-Aro, K., & Nurmi, J.-E. (1996). Depressive symptoms and personal project appraisals: A cross-lagged longitudinal study. Personality and Individual Differences, 21(3), 373–381. https://doi.org/10.1016/0191-8869(96)00078-5
Shi, X., Wang, J., & Zou, H. (2017). Family functioning and Internet addiction among Chinese adolescents: The mediating roles of self-esteem and loneliness. Computers in Human Behavior, 76, 201-210. doi. 10.1016/j.chb.2017.07.028
Sowislo, J. F., & Orth, U. (2013). Does low self-esteem predict depression and anxiety? A meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. Psychological Bulletin, 139(1), 213-240. doi. 10.1037/a0028931
Wang, J. M., Rubin, K. H., Laursen, B., Booth-LaForce, C., & Rose-Krasnor, L. (2013). Preference-for-solitude and adjustment difficulties in early and late adolescence. Journal of Clinical Child And Adolescent Psychology: The Official Journal for The Society of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, American Psychological Association, Division 53, 42(6), 834–842. https://doi.org/10.1080/15374416.2013.794700
Watson, J., & Nesdale, D. (2012). Rejection sensitivity, social withdrawal, and loneliness in young adults. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 42(8), 1984-2005. doi. 10.1111/j.1559-1816.2012.00927.x
Weeks, D. G., Michela, J. L., Peplau, L. A., & Bragg, M. E. (1980). Relation between loneliness and depression: A structural equation analysis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 39(6), 1238. doi:10.1037/h0077709
Weiss, R. S. (1973). Loneliness: The experience of emotional and social isolation. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
Whitton, S. W., Larson, J. J., & Hauser, S. T. (2008). Depressive symptoms and bias in perceived social competence among young adults. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 64(7), 791-805. doi. 10.1002/jclp.20488
Williams, K. L., & Galliher, R. V. (2006). Predicting depression and self–esteem from social connectedness, support, and competence. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 25(8), 855-874. doi:10.1521/jscp.2006.25.8.855
Van Dulmen, M. H., & Goossens, L. (2013). Loneliness trajectories. Journal of Adolescence,36, 1247-1250. doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2013.08.001
Van Winkel, M., Wichers, M., Collip, D., Jacobs, N., Derom, C., Thiery, E., ... & Peeters, F. (2017). Unraveling the role of loneliness in depression: the relationship between daily life experience and behavior. Psychiatry, 80(2), 104-117. doi. 10.1080/00332747.2016.1256143
Varghese, M. E., & Pistole, M. C. (2017). College student cyberbullying: Self‐esteem, depression, loneliness, and attachment. Journal of College Counseling, 20(1), 7-21. doi. 10.1002/jocc.12055
Vanhalst, J., Soenens, B., Luyckx, K., Van Petegem, S., Weeks, M. S., & Asher, S. R. (2015). Why do the lonely stay lonely? Chronically lonely adolescents’ attributions and emotions in situations of social inclusion and exclusion. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 109(5), 932–948. doi.10.1037/pspp0000051
Yadegarfard, M., Ho, R., & Bahramabadian, F. (2013). Influences on loneliness, depression, sexual-risk behaviour and suicidal ideation among Thai transgender youth. Culture, Health & Sexuality, 15, 726–737. doi. 10.1080/13691058.2013.784362
Yao, M. Z., & Zhong, Z. J. (2014). Loneliness, social contacts and Internet addiction: A cross-lagged panel study. Computers in Human Behavior, 30, 164-170. Doi:10.1016/j.chb.2013.08.007
Zarnaghash, M., & Gholamrezaıe, S., & Sadeghi, M. (2018). The effect of Self efficacy, Self esteem, Spiritual well-being, Depression in regard to loneliness as a mediator on life satisfaction. Journal Of Psychologıcal Models And Methods, 9 (33), 87-106.
Zhang, F., You, Z., Fan, C., Gao, C., Cohen, R., Hsueh, Y., & Zhou, Z. (2014). Friendship quality, social preference, proximity prestige, and self-perceived social competence: Interactive influences on children's loneliness. Journal of School Psychology, 52(5), 511-526. doi. 10.1016/j.jsp.2014.06.001
Zhou, Y., & Liu, J. S. (2016). Preference-for-solitude and depression during middle childhood: Moderating effect of friendship. Chinese Journal of Clinical Psychology. 24(3), 491–494.
Zigler, E., & Phillips, L. (1961). Social competence and outcome in psychiatric disorder. The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 63(2), 264.doi: 10.1037/h0046232
Özdoğan, A. Ç., Yalçın, R. Ü., Haspolat, N. K., Çelik, O. (2023). The Mediating Role of Loneliness in the Relation Between Preference for Solitude, Social Competence, Self-Esteem and Depression in Emerging Adults. Ahmet Keleşoğlu Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 5(1), 29-48. https://doi.org/10.38151/akef.2023.43