Örgüt kültürünün sıkılık/esneklik boyutunda sektörel farklılıklar: İmalat ve hizmet sektörü örneği

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 24 Sayı: 1, 21 - 32, 01.06.2022

Filiz Bozagaç Mert Aktaş

https://doi.org/10.33707/akuiibfd.986968

Öz

Sıkılık ve esneklik sosyal psikolojide göreli olarak daha yakın ele alınmış bir kavram olarak öne çıkmaktadır. Kültürel sıkılık/esneklik boyutu toplulukları normların gücü ve normlara uymayanlara uygulanan yaptırımlar yönünden ayırmaktadır (Gelfand vd., 2011). Normlara dayalı bir yaklaşım, bireylerin sosyal çevrelerindeki paylaşılan beklentilerin yaratıcı davranışlarını ve performanslarını nasıl şekillendirdiğine odaklanır (Chua, 2014). Bu araştırmada sıkılık ve esneklik kültürel değerleri örgüt kültürünü irdelemek için kullanılmış ve Borsa İstanbul’a kote imalat ile hizmet şirketlerinde sıkılık/esnekliğin nasıl farklılaştığı incelenmiştir. Sonuçlar, müşteri ile doğrudan iletişim halinde olunan hizmet sektöründe disiplinin yani kuralların daha öne çıktığı (Singh, 1988), bu işletmelerin daha sıkı kültürlere sahip olduğu (Mattila ve Patterson, 2004a, 2004b ), imalat işletmelerinde ise sıkılığın daha düşük olduğu yönünde bulgulanmıştır

Anahtar Kelimeler

Kültür, Örgütsel Kültür, Örgütsel Sıkılık- Esneklik.

Destekleyen Kurum

Bu makale çalışması Toros Üniversitesi Lisansüstü Eğitim Enstitüsünden Filiz Bozagaç’ ın Doktora tezi için Toros Üniversitesi Bilimsel Araştırma Projeleri (BAP) Komisyonunca kabul edilen 2020-LEE-MA-1 no.lu proje kapsamında desteklenmiştir.

Proje Numarası

2020-LEE-MA-1

Sectoral differences in tightness/looseness dimension of the organizational culture: Manufacturing and service sector example

Öz

Tightness and looseness stand out as a relatively closer concept in social psychology. The dimension cultural tightness/looseness separates communities in terms of the strength of norms and the sanctions imposed on those who do not conform (Gelfand et al., 2011). A norms-based approach focuses on how individuals' shared expectations in their social environment shape their creative behavior and performance (Chua, 2014). In this study, cultural values of Tightness and looseness were used to examine organizational culture. How firmness / flexibility differs in manufacturing and service companies is examined. The results show that the discipline, it has been found that is the rules, is more prominent in the service sector, where direct communication with the customer (Singh, 1988), that these businesses have tighter cultures (Mattila ve Patterson, 2004a, 2004b ), that the tightness is lower in manufacturing enterprises.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Culture, Organizational Culture, Organizational Tightness- Looseness

Proje Numarası

2020-LEE-MA-1

Kaynakça

• Agrawal, S. (1993). Influence of formalization on role stress, organizational commitment, and work alienation of salespersons: A cross-national comparative study. Journal of International Business Studies, 24(4), 715-39. Ahluwalia, R. (2008). How Far Can a Brand Stretch? Understanding the Role of Self-Construal. Journal of Marketing Research, 45(3), 337-350.
• Arbuckle, J. L. (1996). Full information estimation in the presence of incomplete data. In G. A. Marcoulides, & R. E. Schumacher (Eds.), Advanced structural equation modeling: Issues and Techniques, Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
• Berry, J. W. (1967). Independence and conformity in subsistence-level societies. Journal of personality and social psychology, 7(4p1), 415.
• Bies, R. J. & Shapiro, D. L. (1988). Voice and Justification: Their Influence on Procedural Fairness Judgments. Academy of Management Journal, 31, 676-85.
• Boldt, E. D. (1978b). Structural tightness and cross-cultural research. J. of Cross-Cultural Research 9: 151-165.
• Boldt, E. D. (1978a). Structural tightness, autonomy, and observability: an analysis of Hutterite conformity and orderliness. Canadian J. of Sociology 3: 349-363.
• Burns, T. & Stalker, G. M. (1961). The management of innovation. London: Tavistock.
• Cameron, K. S. & Quinn, R. E. (1999). Diagnosing and Changing Organizational Culture: Based On The Competing Values Framework, Addison-Wesley, Reading: MA.
• Chan, D. K. S., Gelfand, M. J., Triandis, H. C. & Tzeng, 0. ( 1996). Tightness-looseness revisited: Some preliminary analyses in Japan and United States. International Joumal of Psychology, 13( I), 1-12.
• Chua, R.Y.J., Roth, Y. ve Lemoine, J.F. (2014). The Impact of Culture on Creativity: How Cultural Tightness and Cultural Distance Affect Global Innovation Crowdsourcing Work, Administrative Science Quarterly XX (X)1–39, Johnson Cornell University.
• Cui, V. M., Schlegelmilch, B. B., & Cornwell, B. (2005). Measuring consumers' ethical position in Austria, Britain, Brunei, Hong Kong, and USA. Journal of Business Ethics, 62, 57-71.
• Deal, T.E. & Kennedy, A.A. (1982). Corporate Cultures, Reading MA, Addison- Wesley.
• Denison, D. R. & Mishra, A K. (1995). Towards A Theory of Organizational Culture and Effectiveness, Organization Science, Vol. 6, Num. 2, pp. 204-223.
• Dickson, M. W., Den Hartog, D. N. & Mitchelson, J. K. (2003). Research on leadership in a cross-cultural context: Making progress, and raising new questions. Leadership Quarterly, 14, 729-768.
• Fiş, A. M. & Wasti, S. A. (2009). Örgüt kültürü ve girişimcilik yönelimi ilişkisi. METU Studies In Development (Muhan Soysal Special Issue), 35, 127-164.
• Fiş, A. M. (2009). Unlocking the relationship between corporate entrepreneurship and performance (Yayımlanmamış doktora tezi). Sabancı Üniversitesi, Istanbul.
• Foxman, E.R., Raven, P.V. & Stem, D.E. Jr (1990). Locus of control, fatalism, and responses to dissatisfaction: a pilot study, Journal of Consumer Satisfaction, Dissatisfaction and Complaining Behavior, Vol. 3, pp. 21-8.
• Gelfand, M. J., Higgins, M., Nishii, L. H., Raver, J. L., Dominguez, A., Murakami, F., ... & Toyama, M. (2002). Culture and egocentric perceptions of fairness in conflict and negotiation. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87(5), 833.
• Gelfand, M. J. ve Brett, J. M. (Eds.) (2004). The handbook of negotiation and culture. Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press.
• Gelfand M. J., Nishii L. H. & Raver, J. L. (2006). On the nature and importance of cultural tightness and looseness. J Appl Psychol 91:1225–1244.
• Gelfand, M. J. , Raver, J. L., Nishii, L., Leslie, L. M. Lun, J., Lim, B. C. et al (2011). Differences between tight and loose cultures: a 33-nation study. Science 332(6033):1100–1104.
• Gelfand, M. J., Jackson, J. C., Pan, X., Nau, D., Pieper, D., Denison, E., ... & Wang, M. (2021). The relationship between cultural tightness–looseness and COVID-19 cases and deaths: a global analysis. The Lancet Planetary Health, 5(3), e135-e144.
• Gerhart, B. (2008). Cross cultural management research: Assumptions, evidence, and suggested directions. International Journal of Cross Cultural Management, 8(3), 259-274.
• Hall, E.T. (1976). Beyond Culture. Garden City NJ: Anchor Books.
• Handy, C. (1999). Understanding organizations, Penguin Books, London.
• Harrington, J. R. & Gelfand, M. J. 2014. Tightness-looseness across the 50 United States. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (PNAS), 111(22): 7990–7995.
• Harrison, R. (1970). Nonverbal communication: Explorations into time, space, action, and object. In J. Campbell & H. Helper (Eds.). Dimensions in communication (pp. 110-146). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.
• Harrison, R. (1972). Understanding your organization’s character. Harvard Business Review, 50(23), 119-128.
• Herman, S. N. (1970). Israelis and Jews: The Continuity of an Identity. New York: Random House, 1970.
• Hofstede G., Neujen B., Ohavy D. D. & Sanders G. (1990). Measuring organizational cultures, Administrative Science Quarterly, 35, 2, 286-316.
• Hofstede, G. & Bond, M. (1988). The Confucius connection: from cultural roots to economic growth, Organizational Dynamics 15(1): 4–21.
• House, R. J., Hanges, P. J., Javidan, M., Dorfman, P. & Gupta, V. (2004). Culture, leadership, and organizations: The GLOBE study of 62 societies. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
• Hui, M. K. & Tse, D. K. (1996). What to tell consumers in waits of different lengths: An integrative model of service evaluation. Journal of Marketing, 60(2), 81-90.
• Johnson, G., Scholes, K. & Whittington, R. (1999). Kurumsal Strateji. Avrupa: London Prentice Hall .
• Kanungo, R.N. & Jaeger, A. M. (1990). Management in developing countries (pp. 1-19). Introduction: The need for indigenous management in developing countries. In A.M. Jaeger & R.N. Kanungo (Eds), London: Routledge.
• Khandwalla, P. N. (1976). Some top management styles, their context and performance. Organization and Administrative Sciences, 7(4): 21-51.
• Khandwalla, P. N. (1977). The Design of Organizations. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 428.
• Kluckhohn, C. (1962). Culture and behavior.
• Li, R., Gordon, S. & Gelfand, M. J. (2017). Tightness–looseness: A new framework to understand consumer behavior. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 27(3), 377-391.
• Liu, R. R., Watkins, H. S. & Yi, Y. (1997). Taxonomy of Consumer Complaint Behavior: Replication and Extension, Journal of Consumer Satisfaction, Dissatisfaction and Complaining Behavior, Vol. 10, 91-103.
• Liu, R.R. & McClure, P. (2001). Recognizing Cross-Cultural differences in Consumer Complaint behavior and Intentions: An Emprical Examination, Journal of Consumer Marketing, 18 (1): 54-74.
• Liu, P., Chan, D., Qiu, L., Tov, W., & Tong, V. J. C. (2018). Effects of cultural tightness–looseness and social network density on expression of positive and negative emotions: A large-scale study of impression management by Facebook users. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 44(11), 1567-1581.
• Lorcu, F. (2015). Örneklerle veri analizi SPSS uygulamalı. Ankara: Detay Yayıncılık, 1.
• Mattila, A. S. & Patterson, P. G. (2004a). The impact of culture on consumers' perceptions of service recovery efforts. Journal of Retailing, 80, 196-206.
• Mattila, A. S. & Patterson, P. G. (2004b). Service recovery and fairness perceptions in collectivist and individüalist contexts. Journal of Service Research, 6(4), 336-345.
• McColl-Kennedy, J. R. & Sparks, B. A. (2003). Application of fairness theory to service failures and service recovery. Journal of Service Research, 5(3), 251-266.
• Mejri, M., Othman, H. B., Al-Shattarat, B., & Baatour, K. (2021). Effect of cultural tightness-looseness on money laundering: a cross-country study. Journal of Money Laundering Control.
• Monga, A. B. & John, D. R. (2010). What Makes Brands Elastic? The Influence of Brand Concept and Styles of Thinking on Brand Extension Evaluation. Journal of Marketing, 74(3), 80-9
• Murata, K. & Harrison, A. (1995). How to make Japanese management methods work in the West. Gower Publishing, Ltd.
• Ozeren, E., Ozmen, O. N. T. & Appolloni, A. (2013). The relationship between cultural tightness–looseness and organizational innovativeness: A comparative research into the Turkish and Italian marble industries. Transition Studies Review, 19(4), 475-492.
• Parsons, T. & Shils, E. (1962). Values, Motives and system of Action. In T. Parsons & E. Shils (Eds.), Toward a General Theory of Action (pp. 47–233). Cambridge: Harvard Univeristy Press.
• Pelto, P. J. (1968). The differences between “tight” and “loose” societies. Trans-action, 5(5), 37-40.
• Raymond, R.L. & McClure, P. (2001). Recognizing Cross‐ Cultural Differences In Consumer Complaint Behavior And Intentions: An Empirical Examination, Journal Of Consumer Marketing, 18(1), 54-75.
• Schumann, J. H.,Wunderlich, N. V. & Von Wangenheim, F. (2012). Technology mediation in service delivery: A new typology and an agenda for managers and academics. Technovation, 32(2): 133–143.
• Singelis, T. M., Triandis, H. C., Bhawuk, D. P., & Gelfand, M. J. (1995). Horizontal and vertical dimensions of individualism and collectivism: A theoretical and measurement refinement. Cross-cultural research, 29(3), 240-275.
• Singh, J. ( 1988). Consumer complaint intentions and behavior: Definitional and taxonomical issues. Journal of Marketing, 52(Jan), 93-107.
• Smith, A. K., Bolton, R. N. & Wagner, J. ( 1999). A model of customer satisfaction with suvice encounters invol ving failure and recovery. Journal of Marketing Research, 36(3), 356-372.
• Torelli, C. J. & Rodas, M. A. (2017). Tightness–looseness: Implications for consumer and branding research. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 27(3), 398-404.
• Treviño, L. J. (2016). Institution building and institutional theory in emerging economies. In H. Merchant (Ed.). Handbook of contemporary research on emerging markets: 62–87. Cheltenham: Elgar.
• Triandis, H. C. (1989). The self and social behavior in differing cultural contexts. Psychological review, 96(3), 506.
• Tung, R. L. (2008). The cross-cultural research imperative: The need to balance cross-national and intra-national diversity. Journal of International Business Studies, 39(1): 41–47.
• Tylor, E. B. (1924). Primitive Culture. (First published in 1871.) Gloucester, MA: Smith.
• Utterback, J. M. (1996). Mastering the dynamics of innovation. Harvard Business School Press.
• Üstün, F. & Kılıç, K. C. (2017). Sıkılık-Esneklik Kültür Boyutunun Yönetsel ve Yapısal Çeşitli Değişkenlere Göre İncelenmesi: Türkiye'nin Öncü Sanayi İşletmeleri Üzerine Bir Araştırma. Gaziantep University Journal of Social Sciences, 16(4).
• Yeo, J. & Park, J. (2006). Effects of parent-extension similarity and self regulatory focus on evaluations of brand extensions. Journal of consumer psychology, 16(3), 272-282.
• Weber, M. (1948). From Max Weber: Essays in Sociology. Routledge.