Araştırma Makalesi
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Siyasi kurumlar ve uluslararası faktörler teorileri ekseninde Macaristan ve Polonya demokrasileri

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 25 Sayı: 2, 296 - 311, 01.12.2023
https://doi.org/10.33707/akuiibfd.1328842

Öz

Günümüzde pek çok ülke insan hakları, hukukun üstünlüğü, serbest ve adil seçimler ve çoğulculuk gibi demokratik değerleri kısıtlayan yasal ve idari girişimlerde bulunmaktadır. Bu bağlamda liberal demokrasi uzun yıllardır küresel ölçekte gerileme içindedir. Bu durum demokratik gerilemenin ampirik olarak tespit edilmesini ve nedenlerinin araştırılmasını teşvik etmektedir. Avrupa Birliği demokratik değerleri Birlik içinde yasal norm olarak kabul etmesine rağmen birden fazla üyesi hakkında liberal demokratik değerleri zayıflattıkları yönünde tartışmalar yürütülmektedir. Söz konusu üyelerden ikisi Macaristan ve Polonya olup iki ülke de anti demokratik uygulamaları nedeniyle eleştirilmektedir. Bu çalışmada da Macaristan ve Polonya demokrasilerinin gerileme içinde oldukları ampirik veriler ile ortaya konulmakta ve bunun nedenleri siyasal kurumlar ve uluslararası faktörler teorileri çerçevesinde açıklanmaktadır.

Kaynakça

  • Akın, A. Z. (2019). Neoliberalizm Etkisinde Sağ Popülizmin Yükselişi: ABD, Macaristan ve Fransa Örnekleri. Uluslararası Politik Araştırmalar Dergisi, 5(1), ss. 27-39. DOI: 10.25272/j.2149-8539.2019.5.1.03
  • Amnesty International (2020). Hungary: Fraudulent fear rules among judges. Amnesty International. https://www.amnesty.eu/news/hungary-fraudulent-fear-rules-among-judges/
  • BBC News (2018). Hungary passes 'Stop Soros' law banning help for migrants. BBC News: https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-44546030
  • BBC News Türkçe (2017). Macaristan çocuk mültecileri de sınır kamplarına yerleştirecek. BBC News Türkçe: https://www.bbc.com/turkce/haberler-dunya-39303917
  • BBC News Türkçe (2018, Haziran 20). Macaristan'da 'mülteci karşıtı önlemler' anayasaya girdi: Yardım edene ceza. BBC News Türkçe: https://www.bbc.com/turkce/haberler-dunya-44542375
  • BBC News Türkçe (2021). AB Adalet Divanı, Polonya'ya günlük 1 milyon Euro para cezası verdi. BBC News Tükrçe: https://www.bbc.com/turkce/haberler-dunya-59059114
  • BBC News Türkçe (2022). AB, üye bir ülkeye ilk kez cezai işlem başlattı: Macaristan'a mali yardımlar kesilebilir.
  • BBC News Türkçe: https://www.bbc.com/turkce/haberler-dunya-61251895
  • Bermero, N. (2016). On Democratic backsliding. Journal of Democracy, 27(1), ss. 5-19. doi:10.1353/jod.2016.0012.
  • Bianet (2022). AB'den homofobik LGBTİ+ yasası nedeniyle Macaristan'a dava. Bianet: https://bianet.org/kadin/lgbti/264617-ab-den-homofobik-lgbti-yasasi-nedeniyle-macaristan-a-dava
  • Bogaards, M. (2018). De-democratization in Hungary: Diffusely defective democracy. Democratization, 25(8), ss. 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1080/13510347.2018.1485015
  • Buckley, N. & Foy, H. (2016). Poland’s new government finds a model in Orban’s Hungary. Financial Times. https://www.ft.com/content/0a3c7d44-b48e-11e5-8358-9a82b43f6b2f adresinden alındı.
  • Bustikova, L., & Guasti, P. (2017). The illiberal turn or swerve in central Europe? Politics and Governance, ss.166-176. https://doi.org/10.17645/pag.v5i4.1156.
  • Cianetti, L., Dawson, J., & Hanley, S. (2018). Rethinking “democratic backsliding” in Central and Eastern Europe – looking beyond Hungary and Poland. East European Politics, 34, ss. 243-256. DOI:10.1080/21599165.2018.1491401.
  • Dahl, R. (1971). Polyarchy: Participation and Opposition. New Haven and London: Yale University Press.
  • Davies, C. (2016). Thousands protest against rightwing government in Poland. The Guardian: https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/dec/13/thousands-protest-in-poland-against-rightwing-government
  • Dinçkol, B. (2017). Atina Demokrasisinden Roma Cumhuriyetine– “Demos”tan “Populus Romanus”a. Marmara Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Hukuk Araştırmaları Dergisi. 23(3), ss. 751-765.
  • Dresden, J. R., & Howard, M. M. (2015). Authoritarian backsliding and the concentration of political power. Democratization, 23(7), ss. 1-25. https://doi.org/10.1177/20578911221141090
  • Emmott, R. (2014). Hungary's Orban broke EU law by firing data chief, EU court rules. Reuters: https://www.reuters.com/article/us-eu-hungary-idUSBREA370TX20140408
  • Eralp, N. A. (2011). Macaristan'da AB Temel Değerlerinden Geriye Gidiş: AB Acz İçinde mi? Türkiye Ekonomi Politikaları Araştırma Vakfı. https://www.tepav.org.tr/upload/files/1326123429-8.Macaristan___da__AB_Temel_Degerlerinden_Geriye_Gidis_AB_Acz_Icinde_mi.pdf.
  • Euractiv (2019). Czech Republic, Hungary and Poland ‘breached EU law’ by refusing refugees. Euractiv: https://www.euractiv.com/section/politics/news/czech-republic-hungary-and-poland-breached-eu-law-by-refusing-refugees/
  • Euronews Türkçe (2020). Macaristan Başbakanı Orban: Avrupa'da kurulmaya çalışılan imparatorluğun bir parçası olmayacağız. Euronews Türkçe: https://tr.euronews.com/2020/05/08/macaristan-basbakan-orban-avrupa-da-kurulmaya-cal-s-lan-imparatorlugun-bir-parcas-olmayaca
  • Euronews Türkçe (2020). Macaristan, Avrupa Adalet Divanının sığınmacılar kararına uymayacak. Euronews Türkçe: https://tr.euronews.com/2020/05/19/macaristan-avrupa-adalet-divan-n-n-s-g-nmac-lar-karar-na-uymayacak
  • Euronews Türkçe (2020). Macaristan'da sivil toplum örgütlerinin tepkisine rağmen cinsiyet değiştirmek yasaklandı. Euronews Türkçe. https://tr.euronews.com/my-europe/2020/05/20/macaristan-da-sivil-toplum-orgutlerinin-tepkisine-ragmen-cinsiyet-degistirmek-yasakland
  • Euronews Türkçe (2021). Avrupa Adalet Divanı, iltica başvuruları konusunda Macaristan kanunlarını hatalı buldu. Euronews Türkçe. https://tr.euronews.com/2021/11/16/avrupa-adalet-divan-iltica-basvurular-konusunda-macaristan-kanunlar-n-hatal-buldu
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  • European Commission (2013). Press Release: European Commission closes infringement procedure on forced retirement of Hungarian judges. European Commission: https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/IP_13_1112
  • European Commission (2017). Press Release:Rule of Law: European Commission acts to defend judicial independence in Poland. European Commission: https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/IP_17_5367
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  • Herman, L. (2015). Re-evaluating the post-communist success story: party elite loyalty, citizen mobilization and the erosion of Hungarian democracy. European Political Science Review, 8(2), ss. 251-284. doi:10.1017/S1755773914000472
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Democracies of Hungary and Poland within the framework of political institutions and international factors theories

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 25 Sayı: 2, 296 - 311, 01.12.2023
https://doi.org/10.33707/akuiibfd.1328842

Öz

Many countries take legal and administrative initiatives that restrict democratic values such as human rights, the rule of law, free and fair elections, and pluralism at the present time. In this context, democracy has been in global backsliding for many years. This encourages the empirical identification of democratic backsliding and the investigation of its causes. Although the European Union accepts democratic values as the legal norm within the Union, there are discussions about more than one of its members that they are in democratic backsliding. Two of the said members are Hungary and Poland, and they are criticized for their anti-democratic practices both within the Union and internationally. In this study, it is revealed with empirical data that Hungary and Poland are in democratic backsliding and the reasons for this are explained within the framework of political institutions and international factors theories.

Kaynakça

  • Akın, A. Z. (2019). Neoliberalizm Etkisinde Sağ Popülizmin Yükselişi: ABD, Macaristan ve Fransa Örnekleri. Uluslararası Politik Araştırmalar Dergisi, 5(1), ss. 27-39. DOI: 10.25272/j.2149-8539.2019.5.1.03
  • Amnesty International (2020). Hungary: Fraudulent fear rules among judges. Amnesty International. https://www.amnesty.eu/news/hungary-fraudulent-fear-rules-among-judges/
  • BBC News (2018). Hungary passes 'Stop Soros' law banning help for migrants. BBC News: https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-44546030
  • BBC News Türkçe (2017). Macaristan çocuk mültecileri de sınır kamplarına yerleştirecek. BBC News Türkçe: https://www.bbc.com/turkce/haberler-dunya-39303917
  • BBC News Türkçe (2018, Haziran 20). Macaristan'da 'mülteci karşıtı önlemler' anayasaya girdi: Yardım edene ceza. BBC News Türkçe: https://www.bbc.com/turkce/haberler-dunya-44542375
  • BBC News Türkçe (2021). AB Adalet Divanı, Polonya'ya günlük 1 milyon Euro para cezası verdi. BBC News Tükrçe: https://www.bbc.com/turkce/haberler-dunya-59059114
  • BBC News Türkçe (2022). AB, üye bir ülkeye ilk kez cezai işlem başlattı: Macaristan'a mali yardımlar kesilebilir.
  • BBC News Türkçe: https://www.bbc.com/turkce/haberler-dunya-61251895
  • Bermero, N. (2016). On Democratic backsliding. Journal of Democracy, 27(1), ss. 5-19. doi:10.1353/jod.2016.0012.
  • Bianet (2022). AB'den homofobik LGBTİ+ yasası nedeniyle Macaristan'a dava. Bianet: https://bianet.org/kadin/lgbti/264617-ab-den-homofobik-lgbti-yasasi-nedeniyle-macaristan-a-dava
  • Bogaards, M. (2018). De-democratization in Hungary: Diffusely defective democracy. Democratization, 25(8), ss. 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1080/13510347.2018.1485015
  • Buckley, N. & Foy, H. (2016). Poland’s new government finds a model in Orban’s Hungary. Financial Times. https://www.ft.com/content/0a3c7d44-b48e-11e5-8358-9a82b43f6b2f adresinden alındı.
  • Bustikova, L., & Guasti, P. (2017). The illiberal turn or swerve in central Europe? Politics and Governance, ss.166-176. https://doi.org/10.17645/pag.v5i4.1156.
  • Cianetti, L., Dawson, J., & Hanley, S. (2018). Rethinking “democratic backsliding” in Central and Eastern Europe – looking beyond Hungary and Poland. East European Politics, 34, ss. 243-256. DOI:10.1080/21599165.2018.1491401.
  • Dahl, R. (1971). Polyarchy: Participation and Opposition. New Haven and London: Yale University Press.
  • Davies, C. (2016). Thousands protest against rightwing government in Poland. The Guardian: https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/dec/13/thousands-protest-in-poland-against-rightwing-government
  • Dinçkol, B. (2017). Atina Demokrasisinden Roma Cumhuriyetine– “Demos”tan “Populus Romanus”a. Marmara Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Hukuk Araştırmaları Dergisi. 23(3), ss. 751-765.
  • Dresden, J. R., & Howard, M. M. (2015). Authoritarian backsliding and the concentration of political power. Democratization, 23(7), ss. 1-25. https://doi.org/10.1177/20578911221141090
  • Emmott, R. (2014). Hungary's Orban broke EU law by firing data chief, EU court rules. Reuters: https://www.reuters.com/article/us-eu-hungary-idUSBREA370TX20140408
  • Eralp, N. A. (2011). Macaristan'da AB Temel Değerlerinden Geriye Gidiş: AB Acz İçinde mi? Türkiye Ekonomi Politikaları Araştırma Vakfı. https://www.tepav.org.tr/upload/files/1326123429-8.Macaristan___da__AB_Temel_Degerlerinden_Geriye_Gidis_AB_Acz_Icinde_mi.pdf.
  • Euractiv (2019). Czech Republic, Hungary and Poland ‘breached EU law’ by refusing refugees. Euractiv: https://www.euractiv.com/section/politics/news/czech-republic-hungary-and-poland-breached-eu-law-by-refusing-refugees/
  • Euronews Türkçe (2020). Macaristan Başbakanı Orban: Avrupa'da kurulmaya çalışılan imparatorluğun bir parçası olmayacağız. Euronews Türkçe: https://tr.euronews.com/2020/05/08/macaristan-basbakan-orban-avrupa-da-kurulmaya-cal-s-lan-imparatorlugun-bir-parcas-olmayaca
  • Euronews Türkçe (2020). Macaristan, Avrupa Adalet Divanının sığınmacılar kararına uymayacak. Euronews Türkçe: https://tr.euronews.com/2020/05/19/macaristan-avrupa-adalet-divan-n-n-s-g-nmac-lar-karar-na-uymayacak
  • Euronews Türkçe (2020). Macaristan'da sivil toplum örgütlerinin tepkisine rağmen cinsiyet değiştirmek yasaklandı. Euronews Türkçe. https://tr.euronews.com/my-europe/2020/05/20/macaristan-da-sivil-toplum-orgutlerinin-tepkisine-ragmen-cinsiyet-degistirmek-yasakland
  • Euronews Türkçe (2021). Avrupa Adalet Divanı, iltica başvuruları konusunda Macaristan kanunlarını hatalı buldu. Euronews Türkçe. https://tr.euronews.com/2021/11/16/avrupa-adalet-divan-iltica-basvurular-konusunda-macaristan-kanunlar-n-hatal-buldu
  • Euronews Türkçe (2021). Macaristan'da eşcinselliğin 'teşvik edilmesini' yasaklayan yasa teklifi kabul edildi. Euronews Türkçe. https://tr.euronews.com/2021/06/15/macaristan-da-escinselligin-tesvik-edilmesini-yasaklayan-yasa-teklifi-kabul-edildi
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  • European Commission (2013). Press Release: European Commission closes infringement procedure on forced retirement of Hungarian judges. European Commission: https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/IP_13_1112
  • European Commission (2017). Press Release:Rule of Law: European Commission acts to defend judicial independence in Poland. European Commission: https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/IP_17_5367
  • Foy, H. (2015). Poland’s new government cracks down on state media. Financial Times. https://www.ft.com/content/729e39d0-ae31-11e5-993b-c425a3d2b65a
  • Freedom House (2020). Nations In Transit 2020.
  • Freedom House (2021). Freedom In The World 2022: The Global Expansion of Authoritarian Rule.
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  • Gleditsch, K., & Ward, M. (2006). Diffusion and the ınternational context of democratization. International Organization, 60(4), ss. 911-933. doi:10.1017/S0020818306060309
  • Greskovits, B. (2015). The Hollowing and backsliding of democracy in East Central Europe. Global Policy, 6(1), ss. 28-37. https://doi.org/10.1111/1758-5899.12225
  • Halhallı, B. (2022). Avrupa aşırı sağı ve büyük ikame teorisi. EuroPolitika, 16, ss. 43-52.
  • Herman, L. (2015). Re-evaluating the post-communist success story: party elite loyalty, citizen mobilization and the erosion of Hungarian democracy. European Political Science Review, 8(2), ss. 251-284. doi:10.1017/S1755773914000472
  • Huntington, S. (1993). Üçüncü Dalga:Geç Yirmici Yüzyılın Sonlarında Demokratlaşma. (E. Özgudun, Çev.) Ankara: Türk Demokrasi Vakfı.
  • Korkut, U. (2012). Liberalization Challenges in Hungary. Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Kyle, J., & Mounk, Y. (2018). The Populist Harm to Democracy: An Empirical Assessment. Tony Blair Institute for Global Change: https://institute.global/policy/populist-harm-democracy-empirical-assessment
  • Levitsky, S., & Way, L. (2006). Linkage versus leverage. Rethinking the ınternational dimension of regime change. Comparative Politics, 38(4), ss. 379-400. https://doi.org/10.1177/21582440211040783
  • Levitsky, S. & Ziblatt, D. (2018). How Democracies Die: What History Reveals About Our Future. Crown Publishing.
  • Lindberg, S. I., Coppedge, M., & Teorell, J. (2014). V-Dem: A New Way to Measure Democracy. Journal of Democracy, 25(3), ss. 159-169.doi: 10.1353/jod.2014.0040
  • Linz, J. (1978). The Breakdown of Democratic Regimes: Crisis, Breakdown, and Reequilibration. Baltimore and London: Johns Hopkins University Press.
  • Lipset, S.M. (1959). Some Social Requisites of Democracy: Economic Development and Political Legitimacy. The American Political Science Review. 53(1), ss. 69-105. https://doi.org/10.2307/1951731
  • Lust, E., & Waldner, D. (2015). Theories of Democratic Change. The Power of International Education: https://www.iie.org/Research-and-Insights/Publications/DFG-Yale-TOC-Publication
  • Lust, E., & Waldner, D. (2018). Unwelcome Change: Coming to Terms with Democratic Backsliding. Annual Review of Political Science, 21(1), ss. 93-113. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-polisci-050517-114628
  • Marktler, T. (2006). The Power of the Copenhagen Criteria. Croatian Yearbook of European Law and Policy, 2(2), ss. 343-363.doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.3935/cyelp.02.2006.23
  • Matczak, M. (2018). Poland’s Constitutional Crisis: Facts and interpretations. The Foundation for Law, Justice and Society: https://monitorkonstytucyjny.eu/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/Matczak_Polands-Constitutional-Crisis-Facts-a
  • Mete, M.D. (2022). Delegasyoncu Demokrasiden Yarışmacı Otoriterizme; Türk Demokrasisinin “Sıfatlı Demokrasiler” ve “Sıfatlı Otoriter Rejimler” Arasındaki Yeri. Ankara Barosu Dergisi, 80(3), ss. 103-139, https://doi.org/10.30915/abd.1159140.
  • Mischke, J. (2018). Open Society takes Hungary to court over ‘Stop Soros’ law. Politico: https://www.politico.eu/article/open-society-takes-hungary-to-court-over-stop-george-soros-law-asylum-seekers-ecj/
  • Morlino, L., & Quaranta, M. (2016, Mayıs). What is the impact of the economic crisis on democracy? Evidence from Europe. International Political Science Review, 37(5), ss. 1-16. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0192512116639747
  • Mounk, Y. (2018). The People vs. Democracy: Why Our Freedom Is in Danger and How to Save It. Harvard University Press.
  • Ocak, P. (2021). "Polexit"-Yeni Bir AB'den Çıkış Senaryosu mu? ATAUM Blog: http://ataum.ankara.edu.tr/2021/11/12/blog-yazisi-23/ adresinden alındı
  • Paçacı, İ. (2021). Anayasal Demokrasilerde Evrensel Normları Değersizleştirme (Avrupa ve Türkiye’de Anayasacılığın Neo-Popülizmi). Asya Studies, 5(18), ss. 239-256. DOI: 10.31455/asya.971793.
  • Pirro A.L.P. & Stanley B. (2022) Forging, bending, and breaking: Enacting the “illiberal playbook” in Hungary and Poland. Perspectives on Politics, 20(1), ss. 86-101. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1537592721001924.
  • Rupnik, J. (2007). Is East-Central Europe Backsliding? From Democracy Fatique to Populist Backlash. Journal of Democracy, 18(4), ss. 17-25. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/jod.2007.0078
  • Scheppele, K. (2014). Hungary and the End of Politics The Nation: https://www.thenation.com/article/archive/hungary-and-end-politics/ adresinden alındı.
  • Scheppele, K. (2018). Autocratic Legalism. The University of Chicago Law Review, 85(2), ss. 545-583.
  • Schult, C. (2011). Hungary's Orbán Gets Frosty Reception in European Parliament. Spiegel International. https://www.spiegel.de/international/europe/media-law-controversy-hungary-s-orban-gets-frosty-reception-in-european-parliament-a-740400.html
  • Sedelmeier, U. (2014). Anchoring Democracy from Above? The European Union. Journal of Common Market Studies, 52(1), ss. 105-121. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcms.12082
  • Soyaltın Colella, D. (2020). Avrupa Birliği’nde Hukukun Üstünlüğü Krizi Üye ve Aday Ülkelere Yönelik Önleyici Politikaların Siyaseti. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 38, ss. 69-85. DOI: 10.30794/pausbed.650339.
  • Tarcan, U. (2021). Joseph Schumpeter’in Rekabetçi Demokrasi Modelini Çoğulculuk Bağlamında Yeniden Düşünmek. Journal of Political Administrative and Local Studies, 4(1), ss. 97-105. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/jpaljournal/issue/62807/801211.
  • The Economist. (2023). Democracy Index 2022 Frontline democracy and the battle for Ukraine. The Economist.
  • The Economist. (2022). Democracy Index 2021: the China challenge. The Economist
  • V-Dem Institute. (2017). V-Dem Annual Democracy Report 2017: Democracy at Dusk. Gothenburg.
  • V-Dem Institute. (2018). V-Dem Annual Democracy Report 2018: Democracy for All. Gothenburg.
  • V-Dem Institute. (2019). V-Dem Annual Democracy Report 2019: Democracy Facing Global Challenges. Gothenburg.
  • V-Dem Institute. (2020). Democracy Report 2020: Autocratization Surges-Resistance Grows. Gothenburg.
  • V-Dem Institute. (2021). Democracy Report 2021: Autocratization Turns Viral. Gothenburg.
  • V-Dem Institute. (2022). Democracy Report 2022 Autocratization Changing Nature. Gothenburg.
  • V-Dem Institute. (2023). Country Gap. V-Dem Institute: https://www.v-dem.net/data_analysis/CountryGraph/
  • Wiatr, J. J. (2017). Democratic Experience in Central Europe: 25 Years Later. Sociology and Anthropology, ss. 5-11. https://doi.org/10.13189/sa.2017.051004.
Toplam 73 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Karşılaştırmalı Siyasi Kurumlar
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Muhammed Emre Küçükşahin 0000-0001-5772-1253

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 20 Eylül 2023
Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Aralık 2023
Gönderilme Tarihi 17 Temmuz 2023
Kabul Tarihi 19 Eylül 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Cilt: 25 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Küçükşahin, M. E. (2023). Siyasi kurumlar ve uluslararası faktörler teorileri ekseninde Macaristan ve Polonya demokrasileri. Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 25(2), 296-311. https://doi.org/10.33707/akuiibfd.1328842

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