Work overload, leader-member exchange, and psychological flexibility: A field research on the organized industrial zone

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 26 Sayı: 1, 73 - 83, 01.06.2024

Süleyman Cem Bozdoğan

https://doi.org/10.33707/akuiibfd.1380139

Öz

Most of the academic work that has been done in the field of leader-follower interactions may be summarized in one concept: the Leader-Member Exchange. In light of the fact that this concept plays a pivotal role in the research conducted on leadership and organizations, it is of utmost importance that leader-member exchange is well understood, quantified, and examined in a reliable way. In this research, the antecedents of leader-member exchange at the subordinate level are investigated. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of employees' perceptions of work overload on leader-member exchange and the moderating role of psychological flexibility in this relationship. The research sample consists of 340 white-collar employees employed in the Osmaniye organized industrial zone. Structural equation modeling (SEM) has been utilized to analyze the collected data. While work overload negatively affects leader-member exchange, increased psychological flexibility level moderates the negative relationship between work overload and leader-member interaction. By shedding light on the potential relationship between work overload, leader-member contact, and psychological flexibility, this study makes a valuable contribution to the existing body of knowledge.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Work overload, Leader–member exchange, Psychological flexibility, Social exchange theory

Aşırı iş yükü, lider-üye etkileşimi ve psikolojik esneklik: Organize sanayi bölgesi üzerine bir alan araştırması

Öz

Lider-takipçi etkileşimi alanında yapılan akademik çalışmaların çoğu tek bir kavramla özetlenebilir: Lider-Üye Etkileşimi. Bu kavramın liderlik ve örgütler üzerine yapılan araştırmalarda çok önemli bir rol oynadığı göz önünde bulundurulduğunda, lider-üye etkileşimin iyi anlaşılması, ölçülmesi ve güvenilir bir şekilde incelenmesi büyük önem taşımaktadır. Bu çalışmanın amacı, çalışanların aşırı iş yükü algılarının lider-üye etkileşimi üzerindeki etkisini ve bu ilişkide psikolojik esnekliğin düzenleyici rolünü araştırmaktır. Araştırmanın örneklemini Osmaniye organize sanayi bölgesinde istihdam edilen 340 beyaz yakalı çalışan oluşturmaktadır. Toplanan verileri analiz etmek için yapısal eşitlik modellemesi (YEM) kullanılmıştır. Aşırı iş yükü lider-üye etkileşimini olumsuz yönde etkilerken, artan psikolojik esneklik düzeyi aşırı iş yükü ile lider-üye etkileşimi arasındaki olumsuz ilişkiyi azaltmaktadır. Bu çalışma, aşırı iş yükü, lider-üye etkileşimi ve psikolojik esneklik arasındaki potansiyel ilişkiye ışık tutarak mevcut bilgi birikimine değerli bir katkı sağlamaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Aşırı iş yükü, Lider-üye etkileşimi, Psikolojik esneklik, Sosyal takas kuramı

Etik Beyan

01.06.2023 tarih ve E.122492 kayıt sayılı başvurusunda belirtilen, “Aşırı İş Yükü, Lider-Üye Değişimi ve Psikolojik Esneklik: Organize Sanayi Bölgesinde Bir Alan Araştırması (Work Overload, Leader-Member Exchange, and Psychological Flexibility: A Field Research on Organized Industrial Zone)” başlıklı araştırmasını yapabilmesinin Osmaniye Korkut Ata Üniversitesi Bilimsel Araştırma ve Yayın Etiği Yönergesi hükümlerine uygun olduğu kanaatine varılarak araştırma için bu belgenin "Etik Kurul Onay Belgesi" olarak verilmesine toplantıya katılan üyelerimizin oy birliği ile karar verilmiştir.

Kaynakça

• Alarcon, G. M. (2011). A meta-analysis of burnout with job demands, resources, and attitudes. Journal of vocational behavior, 79(2), 549-562. doi: 10.1016/j.jvb.2011.03.007
• Aydın, G., Aydın, Y., & Özdemir, N. K. (2020). İş yaşamında kabul ve eylem formu: geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Kariyer Psikolojik Danışmanlığı Dergisi, 3(1), 32-54.
• Bakker, A., & Demerouti, E. (2017). Job demands–resources theory: Taking stock and looking forward. Journal of occupational health psychology, 22(3), 273. doi:10.1037/ocp0000056
• Bakker, A., & Demerouti, E. (2018). Multiple levels in job demands-resources theory: Implications for employee well-being and performance. Handbook of well-being.
• Bakker, A. B., & de Vries, J. D. (2021). Job Demands–Resources theory and self-regulation: New explanations and remedies for job burnout. Anxiety, Stress, & Coping, 34(1), 1-21. doi:10.1080/10615806.2020.1797695
• Bakker, A. B., & Demerouti, E. (2007). The job demands‐resources model: State of the art. Journal of managerial psychology. doi:10.1108/02683940710733115
• Bauer, T. N., & Green, S. G. (1996). Development of leader-member exchange: A longitudinal test. Academy of Management Journal, 39(6), 1538-1567. doi:10.5465/257068
• Baumgartner, H., & Homburg, C. (1996). Applications of structural equation modeling in marketing and consumer research: A review. International journal of Research in Marketing, 13(2), 139-161.
• Biglan, A., Hayes, S. C., & Pistorello, J. (2008). Acceptance and commitment: Implications for prevention science. Prevention science, 9, 139-152. doi:10.1007/s11121-008-0099-4
• Biron, M., & Van Veldhoven, M. (2012). Emotional labour in service work: Psychological flexibility and emotion regulation. Human relations, 65(10), 1259-1282. doi:10.1177/001872671244783
• Blau, P. (1964). Power and exchange in social life. In: New York: J Wiley & Sons.
• Bliese, P. D., & Castro, C. A. (2000). Role clarity, work overload and organizational support: Multilevel evidence of the importance of support. Work & Stress, 14(1), 65-73. doi:10.1177/0018726712447832
• Bond, F. W., & Flaxman, P. E. (2006). The ability of psychological flexibility and job control to predict learning, job performance, and mental health. Journal of Organizational Behavior Management, 26(1-2), 113-130. doi:10.1300/J075v26n01_05
• Bond, F. W., Flaxman, P. E., & Bunce, D. (2008). The influence of psychological flexibility on work redesign: mediated moderation of a work reorganization intervention. Journal of applied psychology, 93(3), 645. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.93.3.645
• Bond, F. W., Hayes, S. C., Baer, R. A., Carpenter, K. M., Guenole, N., Orcutt, H. K., . . . Zettle, R. D. (2011). Preliminary psychometric properties of the Acceptance and Action Questionnaire–II: A revised measure of psychological inflexibility and experiential avoidance. Behavior therapy, 42(4), 676-688. doi: 10.1016/j.beth.2011.03.007
• Bond, F. W., Lloyd, J., & Guenole, N. (2013). The work‐related acceptance and action questionnaire: Initial psychometric findings and their implications for measuring psychological flexibility in specific contexts. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 86(3), 331-347. doi:10.1111/joop.12001
• Bono, J. E., & Yoon, D. J. (2012). Positive supervisory relationships. Personal relationships: The effect on employee attitudes, behavior and well-being, 43-66.
• Brinkborg, H., Michanek, J., Hesser, H., & Berglund, G. (2011). Acceptance and commitment therapy for the treatment of stress among social workers: A randomized controlled trial. Behaviour research and therapy, 49(6-7), 389-398. doi: 10.1016/j.brat.2011.03.009
• Browne, M. W., & Cudeck, R. (1992). Alternative ways of assessing model fit. Sociological methods & research, 21(2), 230-258.
• Burton, C. L., & Bonanno, G. A. (2016). Measuring ability to enhance and suppress emotional expression: The Flexible Regulation of Emotional Expression (FREE) Scale. Psychological assessment, 28(8), 929. doi:10.1037/pas0000231
• Cam, E. (2004). Çalışma yaşamında stres ve kamu kesiminde kadın çalışanlar, Uluslararası İnsan Bilimleri Dergisi, 1 (1): 1-10. In.
• Cook, T. D., Campbell, D. T., & Shadish, W. (2002). Experimental and quasi-experimental designs for generalized causal inference (Vol. 1195): Houghton Mifflin Boston, MA.
• Daks, J. S., Peltz, J. S., & Rogge, R. D. (2022). The impact of psychological flexibility on family dynamics amidst the COVID-19 pandemic: A longitudinal perspective. Journal of contextual behavioral science, 26, 97-113. doi: 10.1016/j.jcbs.2022.08.011
• Dansereau Jr, F., Graen, G., & Haga, W. J. (1975). A vertical dyad linkage approach to leadership within formal organizations: A longitudinal investigation of the role making process. Organizational behavior and human performance, 13(1), 46-78. doi:10.1016/0030-5073(75)90005-7
• Deluga, R. J. (1998). Leader-member exchange quality and effectiveness ratings: The role of subordinate-supervisor conscientiousness similarity. Group & Organization Management, 23(2), 189-216. doi:10.1177/105960119823200
• Derya, S. (2008). Crossover of work-family conflict: Antecedent and consequences of crossover process in dual-earner couples. Koç University,
• Dulebohn, J. H., Bommer, W. H., Liden, R. C., Brouer, R. L., & Ferris, G. R. (2012). A meta-analysis of antecedents and consequences of leader-member exchange: Integrating the past with an eye toward the future. Journal of management, 38(6), 1715-1759. doi:10.1177/01492063114152
• Duxbury, L., & Higgins, C. (2001). Work-Life Balance in the New Millennium: Where Are We? Where Do We Need To Go? CPRN Discussion Paper.
• Erdogan, B., & Enders, J. (2007). Support from the top: supervisors' perceived organizational support as a moderator of leader-member exchange to satisfaction and performance relationships. Journal of applied psychology, 92(2), 321. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.92.2.321
• Farooq Abbasi, T. (2015). Impact of work overload on stress, job satisfaction, and turnover intentions with moderating role of Islamic work ethics. Management Studies and Economic Systems, 2(1), 27-37.
• Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of marketing research, 18(1), 39-50.
• Frone, M. R. (2008). Are work stressors related to employee substance use? The importance of temporal context assessments of alcohol and illicit drug use. Journal of applied psychology, 93(1), 199. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.93.1.199
• Frögéli, E., Djordjevic, A., Rudman, A., Livheim, F., & Gustavsson, P. (2016). A randomized controlled pilot trial of acceptance and commitment training (ACT) for preventing stress-related ill health among future nurses. Anxiety, Stress, & Coping, 29(2), 202-218. doi:10.1080/10615806.2015.1025765
• Gloster, A. T., Meyer, A. H., & Lieb, R. (2017). Psychological flexibility as a malleable public health target: Evidence from a representative sample. Journal of contextual behavioral science, 6(2), 166-171. doi: 10.1016/j.jcbs.2017.02.003
• Gouldner, A. W. (1960). The norm of reciprocity: A preliminary statement. American sociological review, 161-178. doi:10.2307/2092623
• Graen, G. B., & Scandura, T. A. (1987). Toward a psychology of dyadic organizing. Research in organizational behavior.
• Graen, G. B., & Uhl-Bien, M. (1991). The transformation of professionals into self-managing and partially self-designing contributors: Toward a theory of leadership-making.
• Graen, G. B., & Uhl-Bien, M. (1995). Relationship-based approach to leadership: Development of leader-member exchange (LMX) theory of leadership over 25 years: Applying a multi-level multi-domain perspective. The leadership quarterly, 6(2), 219-247. doi:10.1016/1048-9843(95)90036-5
• Halbesleben, J. R. (2006). Sources of social support and burnout: a meta-analytic test of the conservation of resources model. Journal of applied psychology, 91(5), 1134. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.91.5.1134
• Hayes, A. F. (2017). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach: Guilford publications.
• Hayes, S. C., Barnes-Holmes, D., & Roche, B. (2001). Relational frame theory: A post-Skinnerian account of human language and cognition.
• Hayes, S. C., Levin, M. E., Plumb-Vilardaga, J., Villatte, J. L., & Pistorello, J. (2013). Acceptance and commitment therapy and contextual behavioral science: Examining the progress of a distinctive model of behavioral and cognitive therapy. Behavior therapy, 44(2), 180-198. doi: 10.1016/j.beth.2009.08.002
• Hayes, S. C., Luoma, J. B., Bond, F. W., Masuda, A., & Lillis, J. (2006). Acceptance and commitment therapy: Model, processes and outcomes. Behaviour research and therapy, 44(1), 1-25. doi: 10.1016/j.brat.2005.06.006
• Hayes, S. C., Strosahl, K. D., & Wilson, K. G. (2011). Acceptance and commitment therapy: The process and practice of mindful change: Guilford press.
• Hobfoll, S. E. (1989). Conservation of resources: a new attempt at conceptualizing stress. American psychologist, 44(3), 513. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.44.3.513
• Hobfoll, S. E. (2001). The influence of culture, community, and the nested‐self in the stress process: Advancing conservation of resources theory. Applied psychology, 50(3), 337-421. doi:10.1111/1464-0597.00062
• Iacovides, A., Fountoulakis, K. N., Kaprinis, S., & Kaprinis, G. (2003). The relationship between job stress, burnout and clinical depression. Journal of affective disorders, 75(3), 209-221. doi:10.1016/S0165-0327(02)00101-5
• Ilies, R., Nahrgang, J. D., & Morgeson, F. P. (2007). Leader-member exchange and citizenship behaviors: a meta-analysis. Journal of applied psychology, 92(1), 269. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.92.1.269
• Ivancevich, J. M. (1985). Predicting absenteeism from prior absence and work attitudes. Academy of Management Journal, 28(1), 219-228. doi:10.5465/256070
• Ji, H., Zhao, X., & Dang, J. (2023). Relationship between leadership-member exchange (LMX) and flow at work among medical workers during the COVID-19: the mediating role of job crafting. BMC psychology, 11(1), 162.
• J Harris, K., & Kacmar, K. M. (2005). Easing the strain: The buffer role of supervisors in the perceptions of politics–strain relationship. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 78(3), 337-354. doi:10.1348/096317905X26110
• Jex, S. M., & Bliese, P. D. (1999). Efficacy beliefs as a moderator of the impact of work-related stressors: a multilevel study. Journal of applied psychology, 84(3), 349. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.84.3.349
• Karasek Jr, R. A. (1979). Job demands, job decision latitude, and mental strain: Implications for job redesign. Administrative science quarterly, 285-308. doi:10.2307/2392498
• Kashdan, T. B., Barrios, V., Forsyth, J. P., & Steger, M. F. (2006). Experiential avoidance as a generalized psychological vulnerability: Comparisons with coping and emotion regulation strategies. Behaviour research and therapy, 44(9), 1301-1320. doi:10.2307/2392498
• Kashdan, T. B., & Rottenberg, J. (2010). Psychological flexibility as a fundamental aspect of health. Clinical psychology review, 30(7), 865-878. doi: 10.1016/j.cpr.2010.03.001
• Kim, M. H., & Yi, Y. J. (2019). Impact of leader‐member‐exchange and team‐member‐exchange on nurses’ job satisfaction and turnover intention. International nursing review, 66(2), 242-249. doi:10.1111/inr.12491
• Kline, R. B. (2023). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. Guilford publications.
• Kopperud, K. H., Buch, R., & Skogen, C. (2021). Work overload and leader–member exchange: The moderating role of psychological flexibility. Journal of general management, 46(3), 173-184. doi:10.1177/0306307020942905
• Liden, R. C., Wayne, S. J., & Stilwell, D. (1993). A longitudinal study on the early development of leader-member exchanges. Journal of applied psychology, 78(4), 662. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.78.4.662
• Luchman, J. N., & González-Morales, M. G. (2013). Demands, control, and support: a meta-analytic review of work characteristics interrelationships. Journal of occupational health psychology, 18(1), 37. doi:10.1037/a0030541
• Masuda, A., Anderson, P. L., Wendell, J. W., Chou, Y.-Y., Price, M., & Feinstein, A. B. (2011). Psychological flexibility mediates the relations between self-concealment and negative psychological outcomes. Personality and Individual Differences, 50(2), 243-247. doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2010.09.037
• Nahrgang, J. D., Morgeson, F. P., & Ilies, R. (2009). The development of leader–member exchanges: Exploring how personality and performance influence leader and member relationships over time. Organizational behavior and human decision processes, 108(2), 256-266. doi: 10.1016/j.obhdp.2008.09.002
• Özutku, H., Veysel, A., & Cevrioğlu, E. (2010). Lider-üye etkileşim teorisi çerçevesinde, yönetici-ast etkileşimi ile örgütsel bağlilik boyutlari ve iş performansi arasindaki ilişki: Ampirik bir inceleme. Atatürk Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 22(2), 193-210.
• Peterson, M. F., Smith, P. B., Akande, A., Ayestaran, S., Bochner, S., Callan, V., . . . Francois, P.-H. (1995). Role conflict, ambiguity, and overload: A 21-nation study. Academy of Management Journal, 38(2), 429-452. doi:10.5465/256687
• Qureshi, M. I., Iftikhar, M., Abbas, S. G., Hassan, U., Khan, K., & Zaman, K. (2013). Relationship between job stress, workload, environment and employees turnover intentions: What we know, what should we know. World Applied Sciences Journal, 23(6), 764-770. doi: 10.5829/idosi.wasj.2013.23.06.313
• Salvarani, V., Rampoldi, G., Ardenghi, S., Bani, M., Blasi, P., Ausili, D., . . . Strepparava, M. G. (2019). Protecting emergency room nurses from burnout: The role of dispositional mindfulness, emotion regulation and empathy. Journal of Nursing Management, 27(4), 765-774. doi:10.1111/jonm.12771
• Sarabia-Cobo, C., Pérez, V., De Lorena, P., Fernández-Rodríguez, Á., González-López, J. R., & González-Vaca, J. (2021). Burnout, compassion fatigue and psychological flexibility among geriatric nurses: A multicenter study in Spain. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(14), 7560. doi:10.3390/ijerph18147560
• Schermelleh-Engel, K., Moosbrugger, H., & Müller, H. (2003). Evaluating the fit of structural equation models: Tests of significance and descriptive goodness-of-fit measures. Methods of psychological research online, 8(2), 23-74.
• Shore, L. M., Coyle-Shapiro, J. A.-M., & Chang, C. (2018). Exchange in the employee-organization relationship.
• Spector, P. E., & Jex, S. M. (1998). Development of four self-report measures of job stressors and strain: interpersonal conflict at work scale, organizational constraints scale, quantitative workload inventory, and physical symptoms inventory. Journal of occupational health psychology, 3(4), 356. doi:10.1037/1076-8998.3.4.356
• Strosahl, K. D., Robinson, P. J., & Gustavsson, T. (2012). Brief interventions for radical change: Principles and practice of focused acceptance and commitment therapy: New Harbinger Publications.
• Wersebe, H., Lieb, R., Meyer, A. H., Hofer, P., & Gloster, A. T. (2018). The link between stress, well-being, and psychological flexibility during an Acceptance and Commitment Therapy self-help intervention. International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology, 18(1), 60-68. doi: 10.1016/j.ijchp.2017.09.002
• Yu, A., Matta, F. K., & Cornfield, B. (2018). Is leader–member exchange differentiation beneficial or detrimental for group effectiveness? A meta-analytic investigation and theoretical integration. Academy of Management Journal, 61(3), 1158-1188. doi:10.5465/amj.2016.1212