The Volatility of Employees’ Psychological Capital Sub-Dimensions with Demographic Features

Yıl 2019, , 1171 - 1192, 30.12.2019

Cem Şen , İbrahim Sani Mert Kemal Eroğluer

https://doi.org/10.32709/akusosbil.475957

Cited By: 2

Öz

Psychological
capital subject is an important area in the field of organizational behavior in
which crucial works has been carried out recently. The psychological capital
subject analyzed with hope, optimism, endurance and self-efficacy dimensions in
literature has been analyzed with the same dimensions in this study too. The
aim of the study is to define the relations between the subdimensions of the
psychological capital; self-efficacy, hope, psychological endurance and
optimism and the demographic features of gender, age, and working hours. The
questionnaire forms which has been prepared with this aim have been applied to
311 employees working in the operations in the field of defense industry. Data
has been analyzed with SPSS and AMOS programs. In the analysis, descriptive
statistics, effective and reliability analysis, differences among the groups,
comparison test, structural equation modeling, and hypothesis test have been
applied. According to the analysis results it is found out that the
psychological capital subdimensions of the employees  (self-efficacy, hope, psychological endurance
and optimism) are changed in the context of age and the working hours in the
organization and do not change in the context of gender.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Psychological capital, gender, age, working periods, positive organizational behavior

Çalışanların Psikolojik Sermaye Alt Boyutlarının Demografik Özellikler Bağlamında Değişkenliği

Öz

Psikolojik
sermaye örgütsel davranış alanında son yıllarda üzerinde önemli çalışmaların
yapıldığı bir konu olmuştur. Literatürde umut, iyimserlik, dayanıklılık ve
öz-yeterlilik boyutları ile incelenen psikolojik sermaye konusu bu çalışmada da
aynı boyutlarla incelenmiştir. Çalışmanın amacı çalışanların psikolojik sermaye
alt boyutları olan öz-yeterlilik, umut, psikolojik dayanıklılık ve iyimserlik
boyutları ile demografik özelliklerden cinsiyet, yaş ve çalışma süresi
arasındaki ilişkileri belirlemektir. Bu maksatla oluşturulan anket formları
savunma sanayinde faaliyet gösteren örgütlerdeki 311 çalışana uygulanmıştır.
Elde edilen veriler SPSS ve AMOS paket programları vasıtasıyla analiz
edilmiştir. Analizlerde tanımlayıcı istatistikler, geçerlilik ve güvenirlik
analizleri, gruplar arası farklılıklar ve karşılaştırma testleri ile yapısal
eşitlik modellemesi ve hipotez testi uygulanmıştır. Analiz sonuçlarına göre
çalışanların psikolojik sermaye alt boyutları (öz yeterlilik, umut, psikolojik
dayanıklılık ve iyimserlik); yaş ve kurumdaki çalışma süresi bağlamında
değiştiği, cinsiyet bağlamında değişmediği sonucuna ulaşılmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Psikolojik Sermaye, cinsiyet, yaş, çalışma süresi, pozitif örgütsel davranış

Kaynakça

• Adams, V. H., Snyder, C. R., R. K. L., King, E. A., Sigmon, D. R. ve Pulvers, K. M. (2003). Hope In The Workplace, (Ed: R. Giacolone ve C. Jurkiewicz), Handbook of Workplace Spirituality and Organizational Performance New York: Sharpe.
• Akçay, V. H. (2012). Pozitif Psikolojik Sermayenin İş Tatmini İle İlişkisi, Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, (1): 123-140.
• Argon, T. ve Hayrettin T. (2016). Maarif Müfettişlerinin Örgütsel Sermaye Algıları ve Tükenmişlik Düzeylerinin İncelenmesi, Çağdaş Yönetim Bilimleri Dergisi, (1): 1-16.
• Avcı, A. ve Erdem, R. (2017). Investigation of the Psychological Capital of Security Employees by Nationality and Status, European Journal of Multidiciplinary Studies, 2(5): 204-208.
• Bakker, A. B. ve Schaufeli, W. B. (2008). Positive Organizational Behavior: Engaged Employees In Flourishing Organizations, Journal of Organizational Behavior, (29): 147-154.
• Bandura, A. (1976). Social Learning Theory, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall.
• Bandura, A. (1982). Self-Efficacy Mechanism in Human Agency, American Psychologist, 37(2): 122-147.
• Bandura, A. (1986). Social Foundations of Thought and Action: A Social Cognitive Theory, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall.
• Bandura, A. (1997). Self-Efficacy: The Exercise of Control, New York: Worth Publishers.
• Bandura, A. (2001). Social Cognitive Theory: An Agentic Perspective, Annual Review of Psychology, (52): 1-26.
• Bandura, A. ve Locke, E.A. (2003). Negative Self-Efficacy and Goal Effects Revisited, Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(1): 87-99.
• Bandura, A. (2008). An Agentic Perspective On Positive Psychology, (Ed: S. J. Lopez), Positive Psychology: Expecting The Best in People New York: Praeger.
• Bandura, A. (2009). Cultivate Self-Efficacy for Personal and Organizational Effectiveness, (Ed: E. A. Locke), Handbook of Principles of Organization Behavior: Indispensable Knowledge For Evidence-Based Management, New York: Wiley.
• Bell, J. (2014). Positive Psychology: Research and Applications of the Science of Happiness and Fulfillment, Delaware: Middletown.
• Bingöl, D. (2010). İnsan Kaynakları Yönetimi, 7. Baskı, İstanbul: Beta.
• Bitmiş, M. G. (2014). Öncülleri ve Sonuçları ile Psikolojik Sermaye: Sağlık Çalışanları Üzerine Bir Araştırma, Hacettepe Üniversitesi SBE İşletme Anabilim Dalı, Doktora Tezi, Ankara.
• Block, J. ve Kremen, A. M. (1996). IQ and Ego-Resiliency: Conceptual and Empirical Connections and Separeteness, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, (70): 349-361.
• Cameron, K. S., Dutton, J. E., ve Quinn, R. E. (2003). Organizational virtuousness and performance, (Ed: K. S. Cameron, J. E. Dutton ve R. E. Quinn), Positive Organizational Scholarship Foundations of a New Discipline San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler.
• Cameron, K. S. (2009). Power of Positivity: Join The Positive Movement, Personal Excellence, 8, October 2009.
• Carver, C. S. ve Scheier, M. F. (1999). Optimism, (Ed: C. R. Snyder), Coping the psychology of what works. New York: Oxford University Press.
• Carver, C. S., & Scheier, M. F. (2002). Optimism. In C. R. Snyder & S. J. Lopez (Eds.), Handbook of positive psychology. Oxford University Press.
• Caza, A. ve Cameron, K. (2008). Positive Organizational Scholarship: What Does it Achieve?, (Ed: C. L. Cooper ve S. Clegg), Handbook of Macro-organizational Behavior, New York: Sage.
• Coutu, D. L. (2002). How Resilience Works, Harvard Business Review, 80(5): 46-51.
• Çetin, F. ve Basım, H. N. (2011). Psikolojik Dayanıklılığın İş Tatmini ve Örgütsel Bağlılık Tutumlarındaki Rolü, İş Güç Endüstri İlişkileri ve İnsan Kaynakları Dergisi, 13(3): 79-94.
• Çetin, F. ve Basım, H. N. (2012). Örgütsel Psikolojik Sermaye: Bir Ölçek Uyarlama Çalışması, TODAİE AMME İdaresi Dergisi, 45(1): 121-137.
• Çetin, F. ve Basım, H. N. (2013). Örgütte Bireysel Farklılıklar, Kişilik ve Değerler, (Ed: Ü. Sığrı ve S. Gürbüz), Örgütsel Davranış, İstanbul: Beta Yayınları.
• Çetin, F., Hazır, K. ve Basım, H. N. (2013). Destekleyici Örgüt Kültürü ile Örgütsel Psikolojik Sermaye Etkileşimi: Kontrol Odağının Aracılık Rolü, H.Ü. İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 31(1): 31-52
• Çetin, F., Şeşen, H. ve Basım, H. N. (2013). Örgütsel Psikolojik Sermayenin Tükenmişlik Sürecine Etkileri: Kamu Sektöründe Bir Araştırma, Anadolu Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 13(3): 95-108.
• Çetin, F. ve Varoğlu, A. K. (2015). Psikolojik Sermaye, Performans, Ayrılma Niyeti ve İş Tatmini Etkileşimi: Cinsiyetin Düzenleyici Rolü, İş ve İnsan Dergisi, 2(2): 105-113.
• Dündar, G. (2010). Kariyer Geliştirme, (Ed: C. Uyarlıgil, A. O. Özçelik, Z. Adal, G. Dündar, İ. D. Ataay, Ö. Sadullah, A. C. Acar ve L. Tüzüner), İnsan Kaynakları Yönetimi, İstanbul: Beta.
• Erkmen, T. ve Esen E. (2012). Bilişim Sektöründe Çalışanların Psikolojik Sermaye Düzeylerinin Belirlenmesine Yönelik Bir Araştırma, Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi İİBF Dergisi, 14(2): 55-72.
• Fernández-Ballesteros, R., Dies-Nicolas, J., Caprara, G.V., Barbaranelli, C. ve Bandura, A. (2002). Determinants and Structural Relation of Personal Efficacy to Collective Efficacy, Applied Psychology: An International Review, 51(1): 107-125.
• Fredrickson, B.L. ve Losada, M.F. (2005). Positive Affect and The Complex Dynamics of Human Flourishing, American Psychologist, 60(7): 678-686.
• Gable, S.L. ve Haidt, J. (2005). What (And Why) Is Positive Psychology?, Review of General Psychology, 9(2): 103-110.
• Gohel, K. (2012). Psychological Capital as a Determinant of Employee Satisfaction, International Referred Research Journal, 3(36): 34-37.
• Guan, C. S., Li Y. ve Ma, H. (2017). The Mediating Role of Psychological Capital on the Association Between Occupational Stress and Job Satisfaction among Township Cadres in a Specific Province of China: A Cross-Sectional Study, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 14(972): 1-12.
• Harms, P. D. ve Luthans, F. (2012). Measuring Implicit Psychological Constructs in Organizational Behavior: An Example Using Psychological Capital, Journal of Organizational Behavior, 33(4): 589-594.
• Hefferon, K. ve Boniwell, I. (2011). Positive Psychology: Theory, Research and Applications, New York: McGraw-Hill.
• Hsing-Ming, L., Mei-Ju, C., Chia-Hui, C. ve Ho-Tang, W. (2017). The Relationship between Psychological Capital and Professional Commitment of Preschool Teachers: The Moderating Role of Working Years, Universal Journal of Educational Research, 5(5): 891-900.
• Judge, T. A., Thoresen, C. J., Bono, J. E. ve Patton, G. K. (2001). The Job Satisfaction-Job Performance Relationship: A Qualitative and Quantitative Review, Psychological Bulletin, 127(3): 376-407.
• Judge, T. A., Jackson, C. L., Shaw, J. C., Scott, B. A. ve Rich, B. L. (2007). Self-Efficacy and Work-Related Performance: The Integral Role of Individual Differences, Journal of Applied Psychology, 92(1): 107-127.
• Karacan, T. M. (2018). Pozitif Psikolojik Sermaye ile Örgütsel Bağlılık İlişkisi İLBANK Örneği, İLBANK Aş., Uzmanlık Tezi, Ankara.
• Keleş, H. N. (2011). Pozitif Psikolojik Sermaye: Tanımı, Bileşenleri ve Örgüt Yönetimine Etkileri, Organizasyon ve Yönetim Bilimleri Dergisi, 3(2): 343-350.
• Lehoczky, M. H. (2013). The Socio-Demographic Correlations of Psychological Capital, European Scientific Journal, 9(29): 26-42.
• Lewis, S. (2011). Positive Psychology at Work: How Positive Leadership and Appreciative Inquiry Create Inspiring Organizations, 1st Ed. West Sussex, UK: Willey-Blackwell.
• Luszczynska, A., Scholz, U. ve Schwarzer, R. (2005). The General Self-Efficacy Scale: Multicultural Validation Studies, The Journal of Psychology, 139(5): 439-457.
• Luthans, F. ve Jensen, S. M. (2002). Hope: A New Positive Strength For Human Resource Development, Human Resource Development Review, 1(3): 304-322.
• Luthans, F. (2002a). The Need for and Meaning of Positive Organizational Behavior, Journal of Organizational Behavior, 23 :695-706.
• Luthans, F. (2002b). Positive Organizational Behavior: Developing and Managing Psychological Strengths, Academy of Management Executive, 16(1): 57-72.
• Luthans, F. ve Youssef, C.M. (2004). Human, Social, and Now Positive Psychological Capital Management: Investing in People for Competitive Advantage, Organizational Dynamics, 33(2): 143-160.
• Luthans, F., Avolio, B. J., Walumbwa, F. O. ve Li, W. (2005). The Psychological Capital of Chinese Workers: Exploring The Relationship with Performance, Management and Organization Review, 1(2): 249-271.
• Luthans, F., Avey, J. B., Avolio, B. J., Norman, S. M. ve Combs, G. M. (2006). Psychological Capital Development: Toward a Micro-Intervention, Journal of Organizational Behavior, (27): 387-393.
• Luthans, F., Zhu, W. ve Avolio, B. J. (2006). The Impact of Efficacy On Work Attitudes Across Cultures, Journal of World Business, (41): 121-132.
• Luthans, F. ve Youssef, C. M. (2007). Emerging Positive Organizational Behavior, Journal of Management, 33(3): 321-349.
• Luthans, F., Avolio, B. J. Avey, J. B. ve Norman, S. M. (2007). Positive Psychological Capital: Measurement and Relationship with Performance and Satisfaction, Personnel Psychology, (60): 541-572.
• Luthans, F., Youssef, C. M. ve Avolio, B. J. (2007a). Psychological Capital: Developing The Human Competitive Edge, Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
• Luthans, F. ve Avolio, B. J. (2009). The Point of Positive Organizational Behavior, Journal of Organizational Behavior, (30): 291-307.
• Luthans, F., Avey, J. B., Avolio, B.J. ve Peterson, S.J. (2010). Performance Impact of Positive Psychological Capital, Human Resource Development Quarterly, 21(1): 41-67.
• Luthans, F. (2010). Organizational Behavior: An Evidence-Based Approach, 12th Ed. New York: McGraw-Hill.
• Luthans, F., Carolyn M. Youssef and Bruce J. A. (2007a), Psychological Capital: Investing and Developing Positive Organizational Behavior, (Ed: D. L. Nelson ve C. L. Cooper), Positive Organizational Behavior SAGE Publications.
• Luthans, F., Steven N., Bruce J. A. ve James B. A. (2008). The Mediating Role of Psychological Capital in the Supportive Organizational Climate–Employee Performance Relationship, Journal of Organizational Behavior, (29): 219-238.
• Luthans, F., Avey, J. B. ve Patera, J. L. (2008). Experimental Analysis of a Web-Based Training Intervention to Develop Positive Psychological Capital, Academy of Management Learning & Education, 7(2): 209-221.
• Luthans, F., Norman, S. M., Avolio, B. J. ve Avey, J. B. (2008a). The Mediating Role of Psychological Capital in the Supportive Organizational Climate-Employee Performance Relationship, Journal of Organizational Behavior, (29): 219-238.
• Maddi, S.R. (2002). The Story of Hardiness: Twenty Years of Theorizing Research and Practice, Consulting Psychology Journal, (54):173-185.
• Maddux, J. E. (2002). Self-Efficacy: The Power of Believing You Can, (Ed: C. R. Snyder ve S. J. Lopez), Handbook of Positive Psychology, New York: Oxford University Press.
• Masten, A.S. (2001). Ordinary Magic: Resilience Processes in Development, American Psychologist, 56(3): 227-238.
• Masten, A.S. ve Reed, M. G. J. (2002). Resilience In Development, (Ed: C. R. Snyder ve S. J. Lopez), Handbook of Positive Psychology, New York: Oxford University Press.
• Ngo, H. Y. ve Ji, M. S. (2012). Gender Differences in Psychological Capital, (Ed: In S. P. Mcgeown), Psychology Of Gender Differences, New York: Nova Science.
• Norman, S. M., Avey, J., Nimnicht, J. L. ve Pigeon, N., (2010), The Interactive Effects of Psychological Capital and Organizational Identity on Employee Organizational Citizenship and Deviance Behaviors, Journal of Leadership and Organizational Studies, 17(4): 380-391.
• Ocak, M. ve Güler, M. (2017). Psikolojik Sermayenin Tükenmişlik Üzerine Etkisi: Görgül Bir Araştırma, Erciyes Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, (49): 117-134.
• Oslington, P. (2011). Book Review of Flourish: A Visionary New Understanding of Happiness and Well-Being, Policy, 27(3): 60-61.
• Özkalp, E. (2009). Örgütsel Davranışta Yeni Bir Boyut: Pozitif (Olumlu) Örgütsel Davranış Yaklaşımı ve Konuları, 17. Ulusal Yönetim ve Organizasyon Kongresi Bildiriler Kitabı: 491-497. Eskişehir: Osmangazi Üniversitesi Yayınları, 162.
• Özkalp, E. ve Seçgin, S. (2013). Pozitif Örgütsel Davranışın Örgütsel Bağlılık Üzerine Etkilerini Belirlemeye Yönelik Eskişehir’de Yapılan Bir Araştırma, 21. Ulusal Yönetim ve Organizasyon Kongresi Bildiriler Kitabı: 401-406. Kütahya: Dumlupınar Üniversitesi.
• Peterson, C. ve Sten, T. A. (2002). Optimistic Explanatory Style, (Ed: C. R. Snyder ve S. J. Lopez), Handbook of Positive Psychology, New York: Oxford University Press.
• Peterson, S. J. ve Luthans, F. (2003). The Positive Impact Development of Hopeful Leaders, Leaderhip & Organizational Development Journal, 24(1): 26-31.
• Peterson, S. J., Luthans, F., Avolio, B. J., Walumbwa, F. O. ve Zhang, Z. (2011). Psychological Capital and Employee Performance: A Latent Growth Modeling Approach, Personnel Psychology, (64): 427-450.
• Rego, A., Ribeiro, N., e Cunha, M. P. ve Jesuino, J. C. (2011). How Happiness Mediates the Organizational Virtuousness and Affective Commitment Relationship, Journal of Business Research, (64): 524-532.
• Reivich, K. ve Shatte, A. (2002). The Resilience Factor: 7 Keys to Finding Your Inner Strength and Overcoming Life’s Hurdles, New York: Broadway Books.
• Scheier, M. ve Carver, C. (1987). Dispositional Optimism and Physical Well-Being: The Influence of Generalized Outcome Expectancies On Health, Journal of Personality, (55): 169-210.
• Scheier, M. ve Carver, C. (1992). Effects of Optimism on Psychological and Physical Well-Being: Theoretical Overview and Empirical Update, Cognitive Therapy and Research, (16): 201-228.
• Schein, E. H. (1996). Career Anchors Revisited: Implications for Career Development in The 21st Century, Academy of Management Executive, (1): 80-88.
• Schein, E. H. (2006). Career Anchors: Discovering Your Real Values, San Diego, CA: Pfeiffer & Company.
• Schneider, S. L. (2001). In Search of Realistic Optimism, American Psychologist, 56(3): 250-263.
• Schulman, P. (1999). Applying Learned Optimism to Increase Sales Productivity, Journal of Personal Selling and Sales Management, 19(1): 31-37.
• Seligman, M. E. (1998). Learned Optimism: How to Change Your Mind and Your Life, New York: Pocket Books.
• Seligman, M. E. P. (2002). Positive Psychology, Positive Prevention, And Positive Therapy, (Ed: C. R. Snyder ve S. J. Lopez), Handbook of Positive Psychology, New York: Oxford University Press.
• Seligman, M. E. P. (2006). Learned Optimism: How To Change Your Mind And Your Life, 3rd Ed. New York: Vintage Books.
• Seligman, M. E. P. (2011). Building Resilience, Harvard Business Review, 100-106.
• Sheldon, K. M. ve King, L. (2001). Why Positive Psychology Is Necessary, American Psychologist, 56(3): 216-217.
• Singh, N. ve Garg, A. (2014). Psychological Capital and Well-Being Among Teachers - A Study on Gender Differences, Indian Journal of Applied Research, 4(11): 426-428.
• Snyder, C. R. (1995). Conceptualizing, Measuring, and Nurturing Hope, Journal of Counseling and Development, (73): 355-360.
• Snyder, C. R. (2000). Handbook of Hope, San Diego: Academic Press.
• Snyder, C. R. (2002). Hope Theory: Rainbows In The Mind, Psychological Inquiry, 13(4): 249-275.
• Snyder, C. R., Rand, K. L. ve Sigmon, D. R. (2002). Hope Theory: A Member of The Positive Psychology Family, (Ed: C. R. Snyder ve S. J. Lopez), Handbook of Positive Psychology New York: Oxford University Press.
• Stajkovic, A. D. ve Luthans, F. (1998). Self-Efficacy and Work-Related Task Performance: A Meta-Analysis, Psychological Bulletin, 124(2): 240-261.
• Stajkovic, A. D. ve Luthans, F. (1998a). Social Cognitive Theory and Self-Efficacy: Going Beyond Traditional Motivational and Behavioral Approaches, Organizational Dynamics, 26(4): 62-74.
• Stewart, M., Reid, G. ve Mangham, C. (1997). Fostering Children’s Resilience, Journal of Pediatric Nursing, 12(1): 21-31.
• Sutcliffe, K. M. ve Vogus, T. J. (2003). Organizing for Resilience, (Ed: K. S. Cameron, J. E. Dutton ve R. E. Quinn), Positive Organizational Scholarship:Foundations of A New Discipline: 94-1 San Francisco: Berrett-Khoeler.
• Tiger, L. (1971). Optimism: The Biology of Hope, New York: Simon-Schuster.
• Toor, S. ve Ofori, G. (2010). Positive Psychological Capital as A Source of Sustainable Competitive Advantage for Organizations, Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, 136(3):341-352.
• Tüzün, İ. K., Çetin, F. ve Basım, H. N. (2014). The Role of Psychological Capital and Supportive Organizational Practices in The Turnover Process, METU Studies in Development, 41(2): 85-103.
• Vazquez, C., Hervas, G., Rahona, J. J. ve Gomez, D. (2009). Psychological Well-Being and Health: Contributions of Positive Psychology, Annuary of Clinical and Health Psychology (APCS), 5: 15-27.
• Veninga, R. L. (2000). Managing Hope in The Workplace: Five Simple Strategies Can Help Transform Organizations, Health Progress, 81(2): 22-24.
• Yaşin, T. (2016). Kişilik Özellikleri ve Psikolojik Sermayenin Psikolojik İyi Oluş, Akış Deneyimi, İş Tatmini ve Çalışan Performansına Etkileri. Başkent Üniversitesi SBE Doktora Tezi. Ankara.
• Yetgin, M. A. (2017). Çalışanların Cinsiyet ve Eğitim Düzeyinin Psikolojik Sermaye Algıları Üzerine Yönelik Görgül Bir Araştırma, Üçüncü Sektör Sosyal Ekonomi, 52(2): 120-139.
• Youssef, C. M. ve Luthans, F. (2007), Positive Organizational Behavior in The Workplace: The Impact Of Hope, Optimism, And Resilience, Journal of Management, 33(5): 774-800.
• Yıldız, H. ve Örücü, E. (2016). Sağlık Sektörü Çalışanlarının Pozitif Psikolojik Sermaye Düzeylerinin Belirlenmesine Yönelik Bir Araştırma, Yönetim ve Ekonomi Araştırmaları Dergisi, 14(1): 269-285.
• Werner, E. E., ve Smith, R. S. (1982). Vulnerable But Invincible: A Study of Resilient Children, New York: McGraw-Hill.
• Wright, T. A. (2003). Positive Organizational Behavior: An Idea Whose Time Has Truly Come, Journal of Organizational Behavior, (24): 437-442.