The USA Factor in the Sino-Soviet Dispute

Yıl 2020, , 233 - 243, 22.03.2020

Umut Bekcan

https://doi.org/10.32709/akusosbil.518339

Öz

The Sino-Soviet dispute was officially cemented in the early 1960s. Certainly, this situation harmed the power, unity and prestige of the socialist bloc. In this process, the United States (USA) established diplomatic relations with the People’s Republic of China (PRC/China). China also responded positively to this rapprochement to balance the “Soviet threat.” In this study; it was aimed to reveal that the US tried to gain advantage over the USSR in the Cold War by taking advantage of the disruption of the Soviet Union (USSR)-China relations and that China normalized its relations with the US as a result of the threat perception by the USSR. The subject is examined by using official, primary and secondary sources in Russian and English. In the second half of the 1980s the tension of the Cold War relaxed. The US benefited from this process and rivaled the ideological opponent the USSR. Soviet-Chinese relations improved but the Cold War was over and the USSR was in the dissolution process. Now the US was the only leader of the new international system.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Soviet Union, China, The United States, cold war, foreign policy

Sovyet-Çin Uyuşmazlığında ABD Faktörü

Öz

Sovyet-Çin Uyuşmazlığı 1960’ların başında kesinleşti. Kuşkusuz bu durum sosyalist blokun gücüne, birliğine ve prestijine büyük zarar verdi. Bu süreçte Amerika Birleşik Devletleri (ABD) Çin Halk Cumhuriyeti (ÇHC/Çin) ile diplomatik ilişkiler kurdu. Çin de bu yakınlaşmaya “Sovyet tehdidini” dengelemek için olumlu cevap verdi. Bu çalışmada; ABD’nin Sovyetler Birliği (SSCB)-Çin ilişkilerinin bozuk olmasından faydalanarak Soğuk Savaş’ta SSCB’ye karşı avantaj sağlamaya çalıştığını, Çin’in ise SSCB’den tehdit algılaması sonucu ABD’yle ilişkilerini normalleştirdiğini ortaya koymak amaçlandı. Konu, Rusça ve İngilizce resmi, birincil ve ikincil kaynaklar kullanılarak incelendi. 1980’lerin ikinci yarısında Soğuk Savaş’ın gerilimi düştü. Bu süreçten kazançlı çıkan devlet ise ABD oldu. İdeolojik olarak rakibi SSCB’ye üstünlük sağladı. Sovyet-Çin ilişkileri düzeldi ama Soğuk Savaş sona ermiş, SSCB çözülüş sürecine girmişti. Artık ABD yeni uluslararası sistemin tek lideriydi.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Sovyetler Birliği, Çin, ABD, soğuk savaş, dış politika

Kaynakça

• Bekcan, U. (2013). Yeni dünya düzeninde Rusya-Çin ilişkileri. Ankara: Phoenix Yayınları.
• Bekcan, U. (2017). Why did the Vietnam War not decrease the tension of the Sino-Soviet dispute?. (Eds: G. Rata, M.A. Icbay, H. Arslan). Recent Developments in sociology and social work. Bialystok: E-BWN, 440-448.
• Bekcan, U. (2018). Sovyet-Çin uyuşmazlığını anlamak: 20. kongre’den 1963 parti mektuplarına. The Turkish Yearbook of International Relations, 49(0), 89-115.
• Biao, L. (2004). Report to the ninth national congress of communist party of china. http:// www.marxists.org/reference/archive/lin-biao/1969/04/01.htm (Erişim tarihi: 18.12.2018).
• Bogaturov, A. (2009). Stabilizatsiya mejdunarodnoy sistemı (1969-1973). Sistemnaya istoriya mejdunarodnıh otnoşeniy, Tom 2, (red: A. Bogaturov), Moskva: Kulturnaya Revolyutsiya, ss. 330-373.
• Bordaçev, T., “Vozobnovleniye bipolyarnoy konfrontatsii (1980-1985)”, Sistemnaya istoriya mejdunarodnıh otnoşeniy, Tom 2, (red: A. Bogaturov), Moskva: Kulturnaya Revolyutsiya, ss. 420-458.
• Cri English (2006). Chairman Mao Zedong’s theory on the division of the three world and the strategy of forming an alliance against an opponent. http://english.cri.cn/ 3126/2006/09/07/[e-mail] (Erişim tarihi: 18.12.2018).
• Girard, B. (2018). Nixon’s China sell-out. https://thediplomat.com/2018/07/nixons-china-sell-out/ (Erişim tarihi: 18.12.2018).
• Gromıko, A. (1988). Pamyatnoye, Kn. 2, Moskva: İzdatelstvo Politiçeskoy Literaturı.
• Horelick, A. L. (1986). Soviet foreign policy under Gorbachev. National Security Issues of the USSR. Brussels: NATO HQ Workshop,1-37.
• Jones, R. A. (1990). “Socialist internationalism and the Warsaw Pact intervention in Czechoslovakia”, the Soviet concept of ‘limited soverignity’ from Lenin to Gorbachev: Brezhnev Doctrine, London: Macmillan, 193-210.
• Kissinger, H. (2006). Diplomasi (İ. H. Kurt, Çev.). İstanbul: Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları.
• Korgun, V. (2009), Protivoreçiya razryadki i iye krizis (1974-1979). Sistemnaya istoriya mejdunarodnıh otnoşeniy, Tom 2, (red: A. Bogaturov), Moskva: Kulturnaya Revolyutsiya, 373-420.
• Lee, E. (1983). Beijing’s balancing act, Foreign Policy, ? (51), 27-46.
• Levine, S. I. (1992). Second chance in China: Sino-Soviet relations in 1990s. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 519(?), 26-38.
• Lunev, S. (2009). Stanovleniye politiki ryazryadki (1962-1968). Sistemnaya istoriya mejdunarodnıh otnoşeniy, Tom 2, (red: A. Bogaturov), Moskva: Kulturnaya Revolyutsiya, ss. 278-329.
• Mei, Y. (1985). The maturing of Soviet-Chinese relations. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 481(1), 70-80.
• Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People’s Republic of China (1989). End the past and open up the future - the normalization of relations between China and the Soviet Union https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/ziliao_665539/3602_665543/3604_665547/t18018.shtml (Erişim tarihi: 18.12.2018).
• Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People’s Republic of China (1974). “Chairman Mao Zedong’s theory on the division of the three world and the strategy of forming an alliance against an opponent. https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/ ziliao_665539/3602_665543/3604_665547/t18008.shtml (Erişim tarihi: 18.12.2018).
• Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People’s Republic of China (1972). 30 years of Sino-US relations(2). https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/ziliao_665539/3602_665543/ 3603_665545/t1140631.shtml (Erişim tarihi: 18.12.2018).
• Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People’s Republic of China (2000). Principles governing the establishment of diplomatic relations with other countries. https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/ljzg_665465/zgjk_665467/3575_665475/t17826.shtml (Erişim tarihi: 18.12.2018).
• Morgan, I. (2018). Richard Nixon’s opening to China and closing the gold window. https://www.historytoday.com/iwan-morgan/richard-nixons-opening-china-and-closing-gold- window (Erişim tarihi: 18.12.2018).
• Nguyen, H. P. (1993). Russia and China: the genesis of an eastern rapallo. Asian Survey, 33(3):285-301.
• Pillsbury M. (1975). Salt on the dragon: Chinese views of the Soviet-American strategic balance. Santa Monica: The Rand Corporation.
• Quested, R. K. I. (1984). Sino-Russian relations: a short history. Sydney: George Allen and Unwin.
• Sestanovich S. (1991). “Gorbachev’s foreign policy: a diplomacy of decline”, Frederic J. Fleron Jr., Erik P. Hoffman, Robbin F. Laird (Eds), Soviet foreign policy, New York: Adline de Gruyter, 574-589.
• Shichor, Y. (2004). “The great wall of steel: military and strategy in Xinjiang”, Xinjiang: China’s Muslim Borderland, S. Frederick Starr (Ed), New York: M.E. Sharpe, Armonk.
• STMA. (1988). Sosyalizm ve toplumsal mücadeleler ansiklopedisi. İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları.
• Şirokorad, A. (2004). Rossiya i Kitay: konfliktı i sotrudniçestvo, Moskva: Veçe.
• Şirokov, M. (2009). İnitsiativı administratsii R. Niksona v otnoşeniyah Kitaya i obsujdeniye Kitayskoy politiki v pravitelstvennıh krugah SŞA (Yanvar-Avgust 1969 g.).Vestnik Tomskogo Gosudarstvennogo Universiteta, No 320, 127-132.
• Tucker, N. B. (1995-96). China as a factor in the collapse of the soviet empire. Political Science Quarterly, 110(4), 501-518.
• United Nations (1971). 2758 (XXVI) 25 October 1971, “Restoration of the lawful rights of the People’s Republic of China in the United Nations”, https://documents-dds- ny.un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/NR0/327/74/IMG/NR032774.pdf?OpenElement (Erişim tarihi: 18.12.2018).
• XXV Syezd. (1976). XXV syezd kommunistiçeskoy partii sovetskogo soyuza, stenografiçeskiy otçet Tom 1, Moskva: İzdatelstvo Politiçeskoy Literaturı.