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Otonom Zihinler, Kutsal Ruhlar: Yapay Zekâ Dünyasında Dinsel İnsanın Anlam Arayışı

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 27 Sayı: 3, 1187 - 1204, 29.09.2025
https://doi.org/10.32709/akusosbil.1677070

Öz

Hayatımıza güçlü anlamı veren tanrı mı, sosyal çevremiz mi insanlar mı yoksa yeni teknolojiler mi? Bu makale, Yapay Zekâ karşısında dinin ve insanın anlam arayışı bağlamında onurunu koruma gayretine dair bir konum arayışına işaret etmek için kaleme alınmıştır. Makinenin yaratıcısı olarak insan; insan benzeri makine, makine benzeri insan; toplumsallığın sonu, sorumlu failliğin sonu; özgürlüğün sonu, makinelerin gerçeklik kontrolü; yaratılış ontolojisinin sonu, ölümün ortadan kaldırılması; bireysellik ve tekillik, din veya ideoloji olarak transhümanizm konuları bu makalenin ana teması olan insanın anlam arayışına cevap bulma ve onurunu korumasında dinin ve insanın pozisyonunu yeniden değerlendirmek üzere genel bir perspektifle ele alınacaktır. Bu perspektiften bakıldığında Yapay Zekâ sistemlerinin zekâsı ile geleneksel haysiyet kavramları arasındaki ilişkinin daha yakından incelenmesi ilgi çekicidir. Bilişsel olarak birçok alanda insanları yakalayabilecek ve hatta gelecekte onlardan daha üstün olacağı varsayılan akıllı makinelerin geliştirilmesinin, geleneksel insan onuru kavramına eklemlenen insanın değer ve anlamını sistematik olarak zayıflatıp zayıflatmadığı, cevaplanması beklenen önemli bir soru olarak ortaya çıkmaktadır. Aslında Yapay Zekâ karşısında konumunu korumaya çalışan insanın, anlamının, değerinin ve onurunun dine değil de rasyonaliteye ve evrimleşmiş karmaşık zekâya borçlu olduğunun iddia edildiği modern döneme benzer bir imtihanı yaşadığını söylemek gerekir. Bu imtihan evrimleşmiş mükemmel form karşısındaki ilkel formun bir üst aşaması olarak robotlara komut veren fakat onlara karşı edilgenlikten kurtulamayan insanın trajik bir durumla karşı karşıya kaldığını bizlere hatırlatır.

Kaynakça

  • Ahmad, S. F., et al. (2023). Impact of artificial intelligence on human loss in decision making, laziness and safety in education. Humanities & Social Sciences Communications, 10(1). https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-023-01787-8
  • Ahmed, S., Sumi, A. A., & Aziz, N. A. (2024). Exploring multi-religious perspective of artificial intelligence. Theology and Science, 1–25.
  • Aldén, M., et al. (2019, February 1). Artificial intelligence and religion. Lunds Universitet. https://europeanacademyofreligionandsociety.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/AI-och-religion-rapport_eng.pdf
  • Aristoteles. (2012). Nikomakhos’a Etik (S. Babür, Trans.). BilgeSu Yayınları.
  • Arnd-Caddigan, M. (2015). Sherry Turkle: Alone together: Why we expect more from technology and less from each other. Basic Books, 2011. 348 pp, ISBN 978-0465031467 (pbk). Smith College Studies in Social Work, 85(2), 247–248.
  • Ashraf, C. (2022). Exploring the impacts of artificial intelligence on freedom of religion or belief online. The International Journal of Human Rights, 26(5), 757–791.
  • Bostrom, N. (2005). Transhumanist values. Journal of Philosophical Research, 30(Supplement), 3–14.
  • Bostrom, N. (2014). Superintelligence: Paths, dangers, strategies. Oxford University Press.
  • Boucher, P. (2020, June). Artificial intelligence: How does it work, why does it matter, and what can we do about it? Scientific Foresight Unit (STOA), PE 641.547.
  • Boynukalın, E. (n.d.). Makāsıdü’ş-Şerîa. TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi. https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/makasidus-seria
  • Campbell, H. A. (2023). The dynamic future of digital religion studies. In Stepping back and looking ahead: Twelve years of studying religious contact at the Käte Hamburger Kolleg Bochum (pp. 217–236). BRILL.
  • Campbell, H. (2010). When religion meets new media. Routledge.
  • Cao, S. S., Jiang, W., Wang, J. L., & Yang, B. (2024). From man vs. machine to man + machine: The art and AI of stock analyses. Journal of Financial Economics, 160, 103910.
  • Becker, J. (2021). Anthropology, AI and robotics. In The Routledge social science handbook of AI (pp. 107–121). Routledge.
  • Segessenmann, J., Stadelmann, T., Davison, A., & Dürr, O. (2023). Assessing deep learning: A work program for the humanities in the age of artificial intelligence. Springer Science and Business Media LLC. https://doi.org/10.17863/CAM.104691
  • Chalmers, D. J. (1997). The conscious mind: In search of a fundamental theory. Oxford University Press.
  • Chandra, R., & Ranjan, M. (2022). Artificial intelligence for topic modelling in Hindu philosophy: Mapping themes between the Upanishads and the Bhagavad Gita. PLOS ONE, 17(9), e0273476.
  • Cheong, P. H. (2017). Robots, religion and communication: Rethinking piety, practices and pedagogy in the era of artificial intelligence. Journal of Communication and Religion, 40(3), 12–20.
  • Coeckelbergh, M. (2020). AI ethics. MIT Press.
  • Cohn-Sherbok, D. (2017). Judaism: History, belief and practice. Routledge.
  • Dahia, I., & Belbacha, M. (2023). Machine-learning-based English Quranic translation: An evaluation of ChatGPT. International Journal of Linguistics, Literature and Translation, 7(8), 128–136.
  • Danaher, J. (2016). The threat of algocracy: Reality, resistance and accommodation. Philosophy & Technology, 29(3), 245–268.
  • Danaher, J. (2020). Welcoming robots into the moral circle: A defence of ethical behaviourism. Science and Engineering Ethics, 26(4), 2023–2049.
  • Einstein, M. (2011). The evolution of religious branding. Social Compass, 58(3), 331–338. https://doi.org/10.1177/0037768611412138
  • Eisenberg, R. L., & Jewish Publication Society. (2004). The JPS guide to Jewish traditions. Jewish Publication Society.
  • Elmahjub, E., & Qadir, J. (2023). How to program autonomous vehicle (AV) crash algorithms: An Islamic ethical perspective. Journal of Information, Communication and Ethics in Society, 21, 452–467. https://doi.org/10.1108/jices-02-2023-0015
  • Ferrando, F. (2019). Philosophical posthumanism. Bloomsbury Publishing.
  • Floridi, L. (2014). The fourth revolution: How the infosphere is reshaping human reality. Oxford University Press.
  • Fortunati, L., & Edwards, A. (2021). Moving ahead with human-machine communication. Human-Machine Communication, 2(1), 1. https://doi.org/10.30658/HMC.2
  • Frankl, V. E. (2009). İnsanın anlam arayışı (S. Budak, Trans.). Okuyan Us.
  • Fuller, S., & Lipinska, V. (2014). The proactionary imperative: A foundation for transhumanism. Springer.
  • Giddens, A. (2023). Modernity and self-identity. In Social theory re-wired (pp. 477–484). Routledge.
  • Goltz, N. S., & Dowdeswell, T. (2023). Real world AI ethics for data scientists: Practical case studies. Chapman and Hall/CRC.
  • Gould, H., & Walters, H. (2020). Bad Buddhists, good robots: Techno-salvationist designs for Nirvana. Journal of Global Buddhism, 21, 277–294.
  • Gruchoła, M., et al. (2024). Artificial intelligence as a tool supporting prayer practices. Religions, 15(3), 271. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel15030271
  • Gunkel, D. J. (2018). Robot rights. MIT Press. Habermas, J. (2018). Between facts and norms: Contributions to a discourse theory of law and democracy. John Wiley & Sons.
  • Han, H., Wang, C., Zhao, Y., Shu, M., Wang, W., & Min, Y. (2022). SSLE: A framework for evaluating the ‘filter bubble’ effect on the news aggregator and recommenders. World Wide Web, 25, 1192.
  • Heersmink, R. (2021). Extended religious minds: A distributed cognition perspective. Religion, Brain & Behavior, 11(3), 272–284.
  • Henriksen, J.-O. (2023). Artificial intelligence: The next step in human evolution? Dialog: A Journal of Theology, 62(3), 190–199.
  • Hopkins, P. E. (2011). Rethinking the geography of religion. The Geographical Review, 101(4), 554–565.
  • İzutsu, T. (2001). Kur’an’da Allah ve İnsan. İnsan Yayınları.
  • Kant, I. (2011). Saf Aklın Eleştirisi (A. Kadir Çüçen, Trans.). Türkiye Felsefe Kurumu.
  • Kaplan, A. M., & Haenlein, M. (2019). Siri, Siri, in my hand: Who’s the fairest in the land? On the interpretations, illustrations, and implications of artificial intelligence. Business Horizons, 62(1), 15–25.
  • Karatay, A. H. (2023). Artificial intelligence and freedom of religion or belief in Turkey. The International Journal of Human Rights, 27(3), 556–577.
  • Khan, A., Al-Fadhli, S. H., & Haider, M. (2023). Artificial intelligence and its role in Islamic education. International Journal of Information Technology and Language Studies, 7(2), 1–8.
  • Kim, Y., & Kim, B. (2023). Artificial intelligence and Buddhism: Opportunities, risks, and the moral status of AI. Religions, 14(6), 796. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel14060796
  • Koch, B., & Grzeszick, B. (2021). Constitutional law and religion in the age of artificial intelligence. European Journal for the Study of Religion and Ideologies, 20(58), 22–45.
  • Kurtuluş, H. (2014). Teknolojiye felsefi bir bakış. Journal of Philosophy and Human Sciences, 1(1), 21–36.
  • Latour, B. (1993). We have never been modern. Harvard University Press.
  • Latour, B. (2005). Reassembling the social: An introduction to actor-network-theory. Oxford University Press.
  • Lemos, R. (2023). AI-generated spiritual guidance could be a blessing or a curse. Wired. https://www.wired.com/story/ai-generated-spiritual-guidance-blessing-curse/
  • Lindgren, S. (2023). The digital prism: Transparency and managed visibility in a datafied world (2nd ed.). Springer International Publishing.
  • Lowenthal, D. (2015). The past is a foreign country – revisited. Cambridge University Press.
  • Lundmark, M. (2023). Religion in the age of AI: A comparative perspective. In Religious transformations in contemporary societies (pp. 113–126). Brill.
  • Lyons, T. D. (2020). The ethics of artificial intelligence and robotics. In E. N. Zalta (Ed.), The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2020 ed.). https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2020/entries/ethics-ai/
  • Majeed, A. (2023). Generative AI and Islam: A preliminary theological reflection. Journal of Islamic Ethics, 7(3), 1–15.
  • Maslow, A. H. (2019). Motivation and personality (3rd ed.). Pearson.
  • Mendel, T. (2020). The right to freedom of expression and religion in the digital age. In R. Uerpmann-Wittzack et al. (Eds.), Religion and international law (pp. 243–258). Brill.
  • Mitchell, T. M. (1997). Machine learning. McGraw-Hill.
  • Nagel, T. (1974). What is it like to be a bat? The Philosophical Review, 83(4), 435–450.
  • Nasr, S. H. (2013). The encounter of man and nature: The spiritual crisis of modern man. Kazi Publications. Oxford English Dictionary. (2024). Artificial intelligence. In Oxford English Dictionary Online. https://www.oed.com/
  • Parfit, D. (1984). Reasons and persons. Oxford University Press.
  • Riesebrodt, M. (2010). The promise of salvation: A theory of religion. University of Chicago Press.
  • Roth, W.-M. (2023). Artificialisms and religion: The semiotics of machine religion. Cultural Studies of Science Education, 18(1), 55–77.
  • Russell, S., & Norvig, P. (2020). Artificial intelligence: A modern approach (4th ed.). Pearson.
  • Schwab, K. (2017). The fourth industrial revolution. Crown Business.
  • Searle, J. R. (1980). Minds, brains, and programs. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 3(3), 417–424.
  • Smith, H. (2009). The world’s religions (50th Anniversary ed.). HarperOne.
  • Solum, L. B. (2020). Legal personhood for artificial intelligences. North Carolina Law Review, 70(4), 1231–1287.
  • Sorgner, S. L. (2020). On transhumanism. Penn State Press.
  • Sunstein, C. R. (2018). #Republic: Divided democracy in the age of social media. Princeton University Press.
  • Sutherland, J. (2022). Religious AI and the limits of empathy. AI & Society, 37(3), 859–866.
  • Turkle, S. (2011). Alone together: Why we expect more from technology and less from each other. Basic Books.
  • Turing, A. M. (1950). Computing machinery and intelligence. Mind, 59(236), 433–460.
  • Van den Berg, J. A. (2021). Artificial intelligence, ethics and spiritual care: A practical theological reflection. HTS Theological Studies, 77(4), 1–8.
  • Wheeler, M. (2020). Reconstructing the cognitive world: The next step. MIT Press.
  • Zuboff, S. (2019). The age of surveillance capitalism: The fight for a human future at the new frontier of power. PublicAffairs.

Autonomous Minds, Holy Souls: Religious Man's Search for Meaning in a World of Artificial Intelligence

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 27 Sayı: 3, 1187 - 1204, 29.09.2025
https://doi.org/10.32709/akusosbil.1677070

Öz

Is it God, our social environment, humans or new technologies that give our lives powerful meaning? This article is written to point to a search for a position on the struggle to preserve the dignity of religion and human beings in the search for meaning in the face of artificial intelligence. The issues of man as the creator of the machine; man-like machine, machine-like man; the end of sociality, the end of responsible agency; the end of freedom, the end of reality control by machines; the end of the ontology of creation, the abolition of death; individuality and singularity, transhumanism as religion or ideology will be discussed in a general perspective in order to re-evaluate the position of religion and man in finding answers to man's search for meaning and preserving his dignity, which is the main theme of this article. From this perspective, it is interesting to examine more closely the relationship between the intelligence of artificial intelligence systems and traditional notions of dignity. An important question to be answered is whether the development of intelligent machines, which are assumed to be cognitively capable of catching up with humans in many areas and even surpassing them in the future, systematically undermines the value and meaning of human beings, which is embedded in the traditional concept of human dignity. In fact, it should be said that human beings, who are trying to maintain their position in the face of artificial intelligence, are experiencing a test similar to that of the modern era, when it was claimed that their meaning, value and dignity were owed not to religion but to rationality and evolved complex intelligence. This test reminds us of the tragic situation of the human being who commands robots as a higher stage of the primitive form in the face of the evolved perfect form, but cannot get rid of passivity towards them.

Kaynakça

  • Ahmad, S. F., et al. (2023). Impact of artificial intelligence on human loss in decision making, laziness and safety in education. Humanities & Social Sciences Communications, 10(1). https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-023-01787-8
  • Ahmed, S., Sumi, A. A., & Aziz, N. A. (2024). Exploring multi-religious perspective of artificial intelligence. Theology and Science, 1–25.
  • Aldén, M., et al. (2019, February 1). Artificial intelligence and religion. Lunds Universitet. https://europeanacademyofreligionandsociety.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/AI-och-religion-rapport_eng.pdf
  • Aristoteles. (2012). Nikomakhos’a Etik (S. Babür, Trans.). BilgeSu Yayınları.
  • Arnd-Caddigan, M. (2015). Sherry Turkle: Alone together: Why we expect more from technology and less from each other. Basic Books, 2011. 348 pp, ISBN 978-0465031467 (pbk). Smith College Studies in Social Work, 85(2), 247–248.
  • Ashraf, C. (2022). Exploring the impacts of artificial intelligence on freedom of religion or belief online. The International Journal of Human Rights, 26(5), 757–791.
  • Bostrom, N. (2005). Transhumanist values. Journal of Philosophical Research, 30(Supplement), 3–14.
  • Bostrom, N. (2014). Superintelligence: Paths, dangers, strategies. Oxford University Press.
  • Boucher, P. (2020, June). Artificial intelligence: How does it work, why does it matter, and what can we do about it? Scientific Foresight Unit (STOA), PE 641.547.
  • Boynukalın, E. (n.d.). Makāsıdü’ş-Şerîa. TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi. https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/makasidus-seria
  • Campbell, H. A. (2023). The dynamic future of digital religion studies. In Stepping back and looking ahead: Twelve years of studying religious contact at the Käte Hamburger Kolleg Bochum (pp. 217–236). BRILL.
  • Campbell, H. (2010). When religion meets new media. Routledge.
  • Cao, S. S., Jiang, W., Wang, J. L., & Yang, B. (2024). From man vs. machine to man + machine: The art and AI of stock analyses. Journal of Financial Economics, 160, 103910.
  • Becker, J. (2021). Anthropology, AI and robotics. In The Routledge social science handbook of AI (pp. 107–121). Routledge.
  • Segessenmann, J., Stadelmann, T., Davison, A., & Dürr, O. (2023). Assessing deep learning: A work program for the humanities in the age of artificial intelligence. Springer Science and Business Media LLC. https://doi.org/10.17863/CAM.104691
  • Chalmers, D. J. (1997). The conscious mind: In search of a fundamental theory. Oxford University Press.
  • Chandra, R., & Ranjan, M. (2022). Artificial intelligence for topic modelling in Hindu philosophy: Mapping themes between the Upanishads and the Bhagavad Gita. PLOS ONE, 17(9), e0273476.
  • Cheong, P. H. (2017). Robots, religion and communication: Rethinking piety, practices and pedagogy in the era of artificial intelligence. Journal of Communication and Religion, 40(3), 12–20.
  • Coeckelbergh, M. (2020). AI ethics. MIT Press.
  • Cohn-Sherbok, D. (2017). Judaism: History, belief and practice. Routledge.
  • Dahia, I., & Belbacha, M. (2023). Machine-learning-based English Quranic translation: An evaluation of ChatGPT. International Journal of Linguistics, Literature and Translation, 7(8), 128–136.
  • Danaher, J. (2016). The threat of algocracy: Reality, resistance and accommodation. Philosophy & Technology, 29(3), 245–268.
  • Danaher, J. (2020). Welcoming robots into the moral circle: A defence of ethical behaviourism. Science and Engineering Ethics, 26(4), 2023–2049.
  • Einstein, M. (2011). The evolution of religious branding. Social Compass, 58(3), 331–338. https://doi.org/10.1177/0037768611412138
  • Eisenberg, R. L., & Jewish Publication Society. (2004). The JPS guide to Jewish traditions. Jewish Publication Society.
  • Elmahjub, E., & Qadir, J. (2023). How to program autonomous vehicle (AV) crash algorithms: An Islamic ethical perspective. Journal of Information, Communication and Ethics in Society, 21, 452–467. https://doi.org/10.1108/jices-02-2023-0015
  • Ferrando, F. (2019). Philosophical posthumanism. Bloomsbury Publishing.
  • Floridi, L. (2014). The fourth revolution: How the infosphere is reshaping human reality. Oxford University Press.
  • Fortunati, L., & Edwards, A. (2021). Moving ahead with human-machine communication. Human-Machine Communication, 2(1), 1. https://doi.org/10.30658/HMC.2
  • Frankl, V. E. (2009). İnsanın anlam arayışı (S. Budak, Trans.). Okuyan Us.
  • Fuller, S., & Lipinska, V. (2014). The proactionary imperative: A foundation for transhumanism. Springer.
  • Giddens, A. (2023). Modernity and self-identity. In Social theory re-wired (pp. 477–484). Routledge.
  • Goltz, N. S., & Dowdeswell, T. (2023). Real world AI ethics for data scientists: Practical case studies. Chapman and Hall/CRC.
  • Gould, H., & Walters, H. (2020). Bad Buddhists, good robots: Techno-salvationist designs for Nirvana. Journal of Global Buddhism, 21, 277–294.
  • Gruchoła, M., et al. (2024). Artificial intelligence as a tool supporting prayer practices. Religions, 15(3), 271. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel15030271
  • Gunkel, D. J. (2018). Robot rights. MIT Press. Habermas, J. (2018). Between facts and norms: Contributions to a discourse theory of law and democracy. John Wiley & Sons.
  • Han, H., Wang, C., Zhao, Y., Shu, M., Wang, W., & Min, Y. (2022). SSLE: A framework for evaluating the ‘filter bubble’ effect on the news aggregator and recommenders. World Wide Web, 25, 1192.
  • Heersmink, R. (2021). Extended religious minds: A distributed cognition perspective. Religion, Brain & Behavior, 11(3), 272–284.
  • Henriksen, J.-O. (2023). Artificial intelligence: The next step in human evolution? Dialog: A Journal of Theology, 62(3), 190–199.
  • Hopkins, P. E. (2011). Rethinking the geography of religion. The Geographical Review, 101(4), 554–565.
  • İzutsu, T. (2001). Kur’an’da Allah ve İnsan. İnsan Yayınları.
  • Kant, I. (2011). Saf Aklın Eleştirisi (A. Kadir Çüçen, Trans.). Türkiye Felsefe Kurumu.
  • Kaplan, A. M., & Haenlein, M. (2019). Siri, Siri, in my hand: Who’s the fairest in the land? On the interpretations, illustrations, and implications of artificial intelligence. Business Horizons, 62(1), 15–25.
  • Karatay, A. H. (2023). Artificial intelligence and freedom of religion or belief in Turkey. The International Journal of Human Rights, 27(3), 556–577.
  • Khan, A., Al-Fadhli, S. H., & Haider, M. (2023). Artificial intelligence and its role in Islamic education. International Journal of Information Technology and Language Studies, 7(2), 1–8.
  • Kim, Y., & Kim, B. (2023). Artificial intelligence and Buddhism: Opportunities, risks, and the moral status of AI. Religions, 14(6), 796. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel14060796
  • Koch, B., & Grzeszick, B. (2021). Constitutional law and religion in the age of artificial intelligence. European Journal for the Study of Religion and Ideologies, 20(58), 22–45.
  • Kurtuluş, H. (2014). Teknolojiye felsefi bir bakış. Journal of Philosophy and Human Sciences, 1(1), 21–36.
  • Latour, B. (1993). We have never been modern. Harvard University Press.
  • Latour, B. (2005). Reassembling the social: An introduction to actor-network-theory. Oxford University Press.
  • Lemos, R. (2023). AI-generated spiritual guidance could be a blessing or a curse. Wired. https://www.wired.com/story/ai-generated-spiritual-guidance-blessing-curse/
  • Lindgren, S. (2023). The digital prism: Transparency and managed visibility in a datafied world (2nd ed.). Springer International Publishing.
  • Lowenthal, D. (2015). The past is a foreign country – revisited. Cambridge University Press.
  • Lundmark, M. (2023). Religion in the age of AI: A comparative perspective. In Religious transformations in contemporary societies (pp. 113–126). Brill.
  • Lyons, T. D. (2020). The ethics of artificial intelligence and robotics. In E. N. Zalta (Ed.), The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2020 ed.). https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2020/entries/ethics-ai/
  • Majeed, A. (2023). Generative AI and Islam: A preliminary theological reflection. Journal of Islamic Ethics, 7(3), 1–15.
  • Maslow, A. H. (2019). Motivation and personality (3rd ed.). Pearson.
  • Mendel, T. (2020). The right to freedom of expression and religion in the digital age. In R. Uerpmann-Wittzack et al. (Eds.), Religion and international law (pp. 243–258). Brill.
  • Mitchell, T. M. (1997). Machine learning. McGraw-Hill.
  • Nagel, T. (1974). What is it like to be a bat? The Philosophical Review, 83(4), 435–450.
  • Nasr, S. H. (2013). The encounter of man and nature: The spiritual crisis of modern man. Kazi Publications. Oxford English Dictionary. (2024). Artificial intelligence. In Oxford English Dictionary Online. https://www.oed.com/
  • Parfit, D. (1984). Reasons and persons. Oxford University Press.
  • Riesebrodt, M. (2010). The promise of salvation: A theory of religion. University of Chicago Press.
  • Roth, W.-M. (2023). Artificialisms and religion: The semiotics of machine religion. Cultural Studies of Science Education, 18(1), 55–77.
  • Russell, S., & Norvig, P. (2020). Artificial intelligence: A modern approach (4th ed.). Pearson.
  • Schwab, K. (2017). The fourth industrial revolution. Crown Business.
  • Searle, J. R. (1980). Minds, brains, and programs. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 3(3), 417–424.
  • Smith, H. (2009). The world’s religions (50th Anniversary ed.). HarperOne.
  • Solum, L. B. (2020). Legal personhood for artificial intelligences. North Carolina Law Review, 70(4), 1231–1287.
  • Sorgner, S. L. (2020). On transhumanism. Penn State Press.
  • Sunstein, C. R. (2018). #Republic: Divided democracy in the age of social media. Princeton University Press.
  • Sutherland, J. (2022). Religious AI and the limits of empathy. AI & Society, 37(3), 859–866.
  • Turkle, S. (2011). Alone together: Why we expect more from technology and less from each other. Basic Books.
  • Turing, A. M. (1950). Computing machinery and intelligence. Mind, 59(236), 433–460.
  • Van den Berg, J. A. (2021). Artificial intelligence, ethics and spiritual care: A practical theological reflection. HTS Theological Studies, 77(4), 1–8.
  • Wheeler, M. (2020). Reconstructing the cognitive world: The next step. MIT Press.
  • Zuboff, S. (2019). The age of surveillance capitalism: The fight for a human future at the new frontier of power. PublicAffairs.
Toplam 77 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Bilim Antropolojisi, Din Antropolojisi, Din Sosyolojisi
Bölüm Sosyoloji
Yazarlar

İsa Abidoğlu 0000-0002-3559-2304

Yayımlanma Tarihi 29 Eylül 2025
Gönderilme Tarihi 15 Nisan 2025
Kabul Tarihi 31 Temmuz 2025
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025 Cilt: 27 Sayı: 3

Kaynak Göster

APA Abidoğlu, İ. (2025). Otonom Zihinler, Kutsal Ruhlar: Yapay Zekâ Dünyasında Dinsel İnsanın Anlam Arayışı. Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 27(3), 1187-1204. https://doi.org/10.32709/akusosbil.1677070