Some of the most significant criteria
of science are experiments and observations. This applies to medicine science
as well. The most suitable treatment for an illness among all possibilities can
be determined through experiments on first animals and then humans itself. The
prevailing result surely comes out of the experiments conducted on humans. The
condition of whether a drug can be used in the treatment of a disease is
whether people who have the disease can be cured through that drug. And this
can be determined by a series of trials. In other words, it is the experiments
conducted on humans that will determine the answer to the question of whether
the drug has a healing effect on humans.
The use of a human as a test subject
in an experiment has certain criteria in legal and moral frameworks. With these
criteria, it is aimed to protect the rights of the person within the legal and
moral frameworks and to prevent unregulated experiments as well. Ethical
principles, which are based on the fact that human life is single and precious
and has to be protected against sufferings, are also guaranteed by law. While
some of the principles determined in medical ethics are based on the
relationship between physician and patient, the other part is based on the
quality of the research that the physician will do to solve the problems of the
patient. Thus, medical ethics includes the physician and patient relationship
as well as the principles of the experiments conducted by the physician.
Today’s medical ethics generally
refers to four principles: respect for autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence,
justice. These principles provide a framework as universal principles in the
process of establishing medical ethics. The main reason for needing these
principles is to determine the relationship between physician and patient and
to set a standard for the human experiment conducted throughout the history.
Especially in the 20th century, the experiments on humans are tried to be
regulated by these principles.
In this study, the morality of a
problem - the use of human
guinea pigs in the experiments- within the framework of medical
ethics, which is a subfield of applied ethics, will be discussed in terms of
basic moral theorists. In this context, we will try to find possible answers
that Deontological, Moral Sense and Consequentialist/Utilitarian moral
theorists can provide to a problem encountered in real life and determined by
principles within the framework of medical ethics. The case study is an
experiment applied to twins. The study is about whether genetic or
environmental factors are more effective in human life. How will moral
theorists look at this experiment applied to twins?
First and foremost, it should be noted
that no moral theory can approve the sacrifice of human life, which is a
fundamental human right. Every life is one and only, and precious. Therefore,
it is the same for Kant, who represents the deontological view. Deontological
morals or obligations morality binds human actions to certain obligations. It
sets rules and presents the keys on how to act. Looking at this case study, in
no situation or condition, Kant morality sees lying and disrupting family
integrity as legitimate. Kant argues that in cases of crisis, the maxims will
continue to operate unchanged. Therefore, Kant will never affirm such a
scientific experiment. While deontological perspective evaluates an action
through principles and obligations, consequentialist moral theorists discuss
that the value of an action is determined according to its result. In other
words, from the consequentialist perspective, such an action that will result
in the trauma of two people may not be considered morally negative. If the
results of an experiment will be of the great benefit to humanity, there will
be no objections to the experiment. Thus, experiments conducted for the general
health of society can be considered moral. In terms of Moral Sense Theory, the
first premise in such an experiment is the happiness and well-being of
individuals. The unhappiness of the experiment subjects can be grasped with our
inner feelings. When we put ourselves in the place of those experimental
subjects, we may not want to go through the same processes with them and can
understand them. Likewise, the society called “neutral observers” which the
individual is also a part of, might approve some experiments while rejecting
others. Every society has the ability to determine whether such experiments
should be approved or not within itself.
This study aims to make an ethical
analysis by discussing a problem of applied ethics through the perspective of
basic moral theories.
Medical Ethics Applied Ethics Moral Theories Human Guinea Pigs Experimentation on Man
Tıbbî deneyler, tıp alanında geçerli ve güvenilir bilgileri sağlamada en çok kullanılan yöntemlerdendir. Amacı insan sağlığını korumak ve hastalıklara çare bulmak olan bu yöntemlerin en önemli parçasını hayvanlar ve insanlar üzerinde gerçekleşen deneyler oluşturur. Yüzyıllardır gerçekleştirilen bu deneyler ile bilim dünyasının doyurucu sonuçlara ulaştığı söylenebilir. Fakat geçmişten günümüze uygulandığını bildiğimiz bu deneylerin kontrolsüz yapılması ise belli etik ve hukuki problemlerin ortaya çıkmasına neden olmuştur.
Bir deneyde, bir insanın kobay olarak kullanılmasının hukuki ve ahlaki çerçevede belli kıstasları vardır. Bu kıstaslarla kişinin bir takım etik ve yasal ilkeler çerçevesinde haklarının korunması amaçlanmakta ve bu tip çalışmaların kontrolsüz yapılması engellenmektedir. İnsan hayatının tek ve özel olması ve herhangi bir zarara uğramaması üzerine kurulu etik ilkeler, hukuk ile de güvence altına alınmaktadır.
Bu çalışmada, uygulamalı etiğin bir alt alanı olan meslek etiklerinden tıp etiği çerçevesinde bir problemin- deneylerde kobay insan kullanımının- temel ahlak kuramcıları açısından ahlakiliği tartışılmıştır. Bu bağlamda deontolojik, ahlaki duyu ve sonuçcu ahlak kuramlarının, pratikte karşılaştığımız ve tıp etiği çerçevesinde ilkelerce belirlenmiş bir probleme verebileceği muhtemel cevaplar tartışılacaktır.
Tıp Etiği Uygulamalı Etik Ahlak Kuramları Kobay İnsan İnsan Üzerine Deney
Birincil Dil | Türkçe |
---|---|
Konular | Din Araştırmaları |
Bölüm | Araştırma Makaleleri |
Yazarlar | |
Yayımlanma Tarihi | 30 Aralık 2019 |
Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2019 |
Amasya İlahiyat Dergisi-Amasya Theology Journal Creative Commons Alıntı-GayriTicari-Türetilemez 4.0 Uluslararası Lisansı ile lisanslanmıştır.