Araştırma Makalesi
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Fallibilism: A Philosophical Concept Analysis

Yıl 2026, Sayı: 33, 51 - 61, 26.02.2026
https://doi.org/10.33404/anasay.1796682
https://izlik.org/JA73YP83CY

Öz

The philosophical dimension of fallibilism takes shape around the enduring epistemological question: “Is knowledge possible without certainty?” At the core of this question lies the issue of whether knowledge claims, given their susceptibility to error, can legitimately be regarded as knowledge. In infallibilist approaches, knowledge is valid only insofar as the possibility of error is completely excluded; by contrast, in fallibilism, fallibility is intrinsic to the very nature of knowledge. This opposition calls into question not only the technical boundaries of the definition of knowledge but also the epistemic value of the process of knowing itself. What is therefore required is to determine the place of fallibilism within epistemology and to clarify how it diverges both from skepticism and from certainty-based epistemologies. Fallibilism maintains that epistemic justification rests not on absolute truth but on strong evidence, reasonable confidence, and openness to revision. Rather than treating the possibility of error as a threat, this approach regards it as the fundamental motivation for critical inquiry and theoretical progress. In this way, fallibilism constitutes not merely a debate about the definition of knowledge but also a philosophical justification for epistemic humility, critical thinking, and scientific advancement. Accordingly, this study contributes to an open-ended understanding of epistemology by emphasizing that the pursuit of knowledge is a process that is continually tested and refined, rather than one aimed at final certainty.

Etik Beyan

I declare that my study is among those that do not require ethical approval.

Kaynakça

  • Brown, J. (2018). Fallibilism: Evidence and Knowledge, New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Cohen, S. (1988). How to Be a Fallibilist, Philosophical Perspectives, 2, 91-123.
  • Conee, E. & R. Feldman. (2004). Evidentialism: Essays in Epistemology. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Descartes, R. (1641/1984). Meditations on First Philosophy. C. Adam & P. Tannery (Eds.). (Trans: J. Cottingham, R. Stoothoff & D. Murdoch). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Dewey, J. (1938). Logic - The Theory of Inquiry. New York: Henry Holt and Company,
  • Dougherty, T. (2011). Fallibilism, In: S. Bernecker and D. Pritchard (eds.) The Routledge Companion to Epistemology (pp. 131–143), New York: Routledge.
  • Durhan, G. (2019). Gettier Problemi Bağlamında Epistemik Gerekçelendirme Anlayışının Kritiği. HUMANITAS - Uluslararası Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 7(13), 36-45. Doi: 10.20304/humanitas.450671
  • Fogelin, R. (1985). Hume’s Skeptical Crisis. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Gage, L. P. & Aquino, F. D. (2023). Newman the Fallibilist. American Catholic Philosophical Quarterly, 97(1), 29–47. Doi: 10.5840/acpq2023328262.
  • Hankinson, R. J. (1995). The Skeptics. London: Routledge.
  • Hannon, M. (2014). Fallibilism and the Value of Knowledge, Synthese, 191(6), 1119-1146.
  • Hetherington, S. (2025). Fallibilism, Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, https://www.iep.utm.edu/fallibil/. Erişim tarihi: 30/04/2025.
  • Hume, D. (1748/2007). An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding. P. Millican (Ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. Leddington, J. (2018). Fallibility for Infallibilists, In: J. Gersel, R. T. Jensen, S. Overgaard & M. S. Thaning (Ed.), In the Light of Experience: Essays on Reasons and Perception (pp. 161–186). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Leite, A. (2010). Fallibilism, In: D. Jonathan, S. Ernest & S. Matthias (eds) A Companion to Epistemology (pp. 370-375). Oxford: Blackwell.
  • Martela, F. (2015). Fallible inquiry with ethical ends-in-view: A pragmatist philosophy of science for organizational research. Organization Studies, 36(4), 537–563. Doi: 10.1177/0170840614559257
  • Newman, J. H. (1985). An Essay in Aid of a Grammar of Assent, I. T. Ker (ed), Oxford: Clarendon Press.
  • Okwenna, C. M. (2021). Knowing Fallibly and Its Epistemic and Non-Epistemi Implications: Fallibilism Revisited. IGWEBUIKE: An African Journal of Arts and Humanities. 7(3), 73-90. Doi: 10.13140/RG.2.2.10379.82727
  • Peirce, C. S. (1931). The Collected Papers of Charles Sanders Peirce (Vol. I), Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA.
  • Peirce, C.S. (1960). Collected Papers of Charles Sanders Peirce (Volume I and II), C. Hartshorne, P. Weis (eds.), Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
  • Popper, K. (1945). The Open Society and Its Enemies: The High Tide of Prophecy: Hegel, Marx, and the Aftermath, London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.
  • Popper, K. (1959). The Logic of Scientific Discovery. London and NewYork: Routledge.
  • Pryor, J. (2000). The Skeptic and the Dogmatist, Nous 34(4), 517–549.
  • Siegel, H. (1997). Rationality Redeemed? New York: Routledge.
  • Stanley, J. (2005). Fallibilism and Concessive Knowledge Attributions, Analysis 65(2), 126–131.
  • Williams, M. (2001). Problems of Knowledge: A Critical Introduction to Epistemology. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Fallibilizm: Felsefi Bir Kavram Analizi

Yıl 2026, Sayı: 33, 51 - 61, 26.02.2026
https://doi.org/10.33404/anasay.1796682
https://izlik.org/JA73YP83CY

Öz

Fallibilizmin felsefi boyutu, epistemolojide süregelen “Kesinlik olmadan bilgi mümkün müdür?” sorusu etrafında şekillenmektedir. Bu sorunun temelinde, bilgi iddialarının yanılma ihtimali taşıması ve bu iddiaların bilgi olarak kabul edilip edilemeyeceği tartışması bulunmaktadır. İnfallibilist yaklaşımlarda bilgi, hata olasılığını tamamen dışladığında geçerliyken; fallibilizmde yanılabilirlik, bilginin doğasına içkindir. Bu karşıtlık, sadece bilgi tanımının teknik sınırlarını değil, bilme sürecinin epistemik değerini de sorgulamayı gerektirmektedir. Öyleyse yapılması gereken, fallibilizmin bilgi teorisindeki yerini belirleyerek onun şüphecilikten ve kesinlikçi epistemolojiden nasıl ayrıştığını ortaya koymaktır. Fallibilizm, epistemik gerekçelendirmenin mutlak doğrulukla değil, güçlü kanıtlar, makul güven ve revizyona açıklığa dayandığını savunmaktadır. Bu yaklaşım, yanılma ihtimalini bir tehdit değil, eleştirel sorgulamanın ve teorik ilerlemenin temel motivasyonu olarak görmektedir. Böylece fallibilizm, yalnızca bir bilgi tanımı tartışması değil, aynı zamanda epistemik tevazu, eleştirel düşünme ve bilimsel ilerlemenin de felsefi gerekçesidir. Dolayısıyla bu çalışma, bilgi arayışının, nihai bir kesinlikten ziyade, sürekli olarak sınanan ve geliştirilen bir süreç olduğunu vurgulayarak, epistemolojide açık uçlu bir anlayışa katkı sunmaktadır.

Etik Beyan

Çalışmamın, etik onay gerektirmeyen çalışmalar arasında yer aldığını beyan ederim.

Kaynakça

  • Brown, J. (2018). Fallibilism: Evidence and Knowledge, New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Cohen, S. (1988). How to Be a Fallibilist, Philosophical Perspectives, 2, 91-123.
  • Conee, E. & R. Feldman. (2004). Evidentialism: Essays in Epistemology. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Descartes, R. (1641/1984). Meditations on First Philosophy. C. Adam & P. Tannery (Eds.). (Trans: J. Cottingham, R. Stoothoff & D. Murdoch). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Dewey, J. (1938). Logic - The Theory of Inquiry. New York: Henry Holt and Company,
  • Dougherty, T. (2011). Fallibilism, In: S. Bernecker and D. Pritchard (eds.) The Routledge Companion to Epistemology (pp. 131–143), New York: Routledge.
  • Durhan, G. (2019). Gettier Problemi Bağlamında Epistemik Gerekçelendirme Anlayışının Kritiği. HUMANITAS - Uluslararası Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 7(13), 36-45. Doi: 10.20304/humanitas.450671
  • Fogelin, R. (1985). Hume’s Skeptical Crisis. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Gage, L. P. & Aquino, F. D. (2023). Newman the Fallibilist. American Catholic Philosophical Quarterly, 97(1), 29–47. Doi: 10.5840/acpq2023328262.
  • Hankinson, R. J. (1995). The Skeptics. London: Routledge.
  • Hannon, M. (2014). Fallibilism and the Value of Knowledge, Synthese, 191(6), 1119-1146.
  • Hetherington, S. (2025). Fallibilism, Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, https://www.iep.utm.edu/fallibil/. Erişim tarihi: 30/04/2025.
  • Hume, D. (1748/2007). An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding. P. Millican (Ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. Leddington, J. (2018). Fallibility for Infallibilists, In: J. Gersel, R. T. Jensen, S. Overgaard & M. S. Thaning (Ed.), In the Light of Experience: Essays on Reasons and Perception (pp. 161–186). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Leite, A. (2010). Fallibilism, In: D. Jonathan, S. Ernest & S. Matthias (eds) A Companion to Epistemology (pp. 370-375). Oxford: Blackwell.
  • Martela, F. (2015). Fallible inquiry with ethical ends-in-view: A pragmatist philosophy of science for organizational research. Organization Studies, 36(4), 537–563. Doi: 10.1177/0170840614559257
  • Newman, J. H. (1985). An Essay in Aid of a Grammar of Assent, I. T. Ker (ed), Oxford: Clarendon Press.
  • Okwenna, C. M. (2021). Knowing Fallibly and Its Epistemic and Non-Epistemi Implications: Fallibilism Revisited. IGWEBUIKE: An African Journal of Arts and Humanities. 7(3), 73-90. Doi: 10.13140/RG.2.2.10379.82727
  • Peirce, C. S. (1931). The Collected Papers of Charles Sanders Peirce (Vol. I), Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA.
  • Peirce, C.S. (1960). Collected Papers of Charles Sanders Peirce (Volume I and II), C. Hartshorne, P. Weis (eds.), Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
  • Popper, K. (1945). The Open Society and Its Enemies: The High Tide of Prophecy: Hegel, Marx, and the Aftermath, London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.
  • Popper, K. (1959). The Logic of Scientific Discovery. London and NewYork: Routledge.
  • Pryor, J. (2000). The Skeptic and the Dogmatist, Nous 34(4), 517–549.
  • Siegel, H. (1997). Rationality Redeemed? New York: Routledge.
  • Stanley, J. (2005). Fallibilism and Concessive Knowledge Attributions, Analysis 65(2), 126–131.
  • Williams, M. (2001). Problems of Knowledge: A Critical Introduction to Epistemology. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Toplam 25 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Bilgi ve Bilim Sosyolojisi, Sosyoloji (Diğer)
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Gülümser Durhan 0000-0002-9639-9620

Gönderilme Tarihi 3 Ekim 2025
Kabul Tarihi 25 Ocak 2026
Yayımlanma Tarihi 26 Şubat 2026
DOI https://doi.org/10.33404/anasay.1796682
IZ https://izlik.org/JA73YP83CY
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2026 Sayı: 33

Kaynak Göster

APA Durhan, G. (2026). Fallibilizm: Felsefi Bir Kavram Analizi. Anasay, 33, 51-61. https://doi.org/10.33404/anasay.1796682

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