Batılı Bir Düşünür, Doğulu Bir Sufi: George Ivanovich Gurdjieff

Yıl 2024, Sayı: 27, 208 - 219, 29.02.2024

Tansu Çinici , Murat Çinici

https://doi.org/10.33404/anasay.1388574

Öz

Araştırma, Avrupa’da düşünür ve Doğu ülkelerinde ise bir sufi olarak tanınan George Ivanovich Gurdjieff'in hayatını, felsefesini ve mistik öğretilerini incelemektedir. Gurdjieff'in Batı ve Doğu düşünce sistemlerini birleştiren özgün yaklaşımı, onun öğretilerinin temelini oluşturmaktadır. Araştırma, kendisi ve öğrencileri tarafından yazılan kaynakları temel alarak, onun düşüncelerini ve öğretilerini derinlemesine incelemektedir. Gurdjieff, çocukluk ve gençlik döneminde babası ve dini liderlerin etkisi altında dinsel ve bilimsel bir eğitim almış, bu eğitim onun ileriki yaşamında mistik ve felsefi arayışlarını şekillendirmiştir. Kendi yaşamının anlamını ve insanın varoluşunu anlama çabasıyla çıktığı yolculuklar, onu Orta Doğu ve Orta Asya'nın gizemli öğretileriyle tanıştırmıştır. Bu süreçte edindiği bilgiler, Gurdjieff'in kendine has, müzik ve dans temelli bir öğreti sistemini geliştirmesine olanak tanımıştır. Araştırmanın amacı, Gurdjieff'in düşünce dünyasını ve mistik öğretisini, Türkiye'deki akademik çalışmalarda yeterince ele alınmamış olmasından dolayı analiz etmek ve tanıtmaktır. Gurdjieff'in eserleri, onun öğretilerini ve düşüncelerini daha geniş bir kitleye ulaştırmak için kullanılmış, bu süreçte öğrencileri ve takipçileri tarafından desteklenmiştir. Araştırma, Gurdjieff'in Batı ve Doğu düşünce sistemlerinin sentezlenmesi ve bu sentezin insanın kendini tanıma ve geliştirme yolundaki önemi üzerine odaklanmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Müzik, Mistisizm, Sufizm, Dans, Gurdjieff

A Western Thinker, An Eastern Sufi: George Ivanovich Gurdjieff

Öz

The research examines the life, philosophy and mystical teachings of George Ivanovich Gurdjieff, known in Europe as a philosopher and in Eastern countries as a Sufi. Gurdjieff's unique approach, combining Western and Eastern systems of thought, forms the basis of his teachings. Based on sources written by him and his students, the research explores his thoughts and teachings in depth. Gurdjieff received a religious and scientific education during his childhood and youth under the influence of his father and religious leaders, which shaped his mystical and philosophical pursuits in later life. His journeys in an effort to understand the meaning of his own life and human existence introduced him to the mystical teachings of the Middle East and Central Asia. The knowledge he gained in this process enabled Gurdjieff to develop a unique teaching system based on music and dance. The aim of this study is to analyze and introduce Gurdjieff's world of thought and mystical teachings since they have not been sufficiently addressed in academic studies in Turkey. Gurdjieff's works have been used to bring his teachings and thoughts to a wider audience, supported by his students and followers in this process. The research focuses on Gurdjieff's synthesis of Western and Eastern thought systems and the importance of this synthesis on the path of self-knowledge and development.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Music, Mysticism, Sufism, Dance, Gurdjieff

Kaynakça

• Akçakmak, H. B. (2017). Gürciyef Sanat Uygulamaları ve Performatif Yönelimleri. Doktora Tezi, Mimar Sinan Güzel Sanatlar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Müzikoloji Ana Bilim Dalı, İstanbul.
• Akçakmak, H. B.(2018a). Gürciyef Metodunda Müzik Uygulamaları ve Piyano Müziklerinin Temel Özellikleri. İnönü Üniversitesi Kültür ve Sanat Dergisi, 4(1), 9-26.
• Akçakmak, H. B. (2018b). Gürciyef Piyano Müziklerinde Sembolik Dilin Araştırılması. Uluslarası Müzik ve Sahne Sanatları Dergisi, 2, 40-58.
• Alam, S. (2020). Cultural Fusion of Sufi Islam: Alternative Paths to Mystical Faith. London and New York: Routledge.
• Azize, J. (2012). Gurdjieff’s Sacred Dances and Movements. In C.M. Cusack and A. Norman eds, Handbook of New Religions and Cultural Production. Leiden and Boston: Brill, 297–330.
• Azize, J. (2016). Biographical Studies of G.İ. Gurdjieff. Fieldwork in Religion, 11(1), 10-35. https://doi.org/10.1558/firn.31288
• Azize, J. (2020). Gurdjieff: Mysticism, Contemplation, and Exercises. New York, Oxford. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190064075.003.0001
• Bennett, J.G. (1973). Gurdjieff: Making a New World. New York: Harper Colophon Books.
• Bhardwaj, A. (2019). Mantra Yoga: An Overview. Journal of Yoga and Physiotherapy 8 (2), 28-32.
• Brenner, L. (1972) Separate Realities: A Review of Literature on Sufism. The International Journal of African Historical Studies, 5/4, 637–658.
• Ceyhan, S. (2009). “Semâ” İçinde Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslâm Ansiklopedisi (C. 36, ss. 455-457). Ankara: TDV Yayınları.
• Challenger, A.T. (2002). Philosophy and Art in Gurdjieff’s Beelzebub: A Modern Sufi Odyssey. Amsterdam and New York: Rodopi.
• Chestnut, B., & P., Uranio (2021). The Enneagram Guide to Waking Up: Find Your Path, Face Your Shadow, Discover Your True Self. Hampton: Roads Publishing.
• Cusack, C. (2017). The Contemporary Context of Gurdjieff’s Movements, Religion and the Arts. 21, 96–122.
• Cusack, C. (2021). Sufism and the Gurdjieff ‘Work’: A Contested Relationship. İçinde Handbook of Islamic Sects and Movements (ss. 612-631). Brill.
• Çizmeci, E. (2013). Sufi Ceremonies in Private and Public. In: Chambers, C.M., du Toit, S.W., Edelman, J. (eds) Performing Religion in Public. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
• D’Adamo, A. (2004). Science Without Bounds: A Synthesis of Science, Religion and Mysticism. USA: AuthorHouse.
• Fitch, W. (2015). Four principles of bio-musicology. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences, 370(1664), 20140091. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2014.0091
• Fitch, W. (2016). Dance, music, meter and groove: a forgotten partnership. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2016.00064
• Gordon, M. (1978). Gurdjieff’s Movement Demonstrations: The Theatre of the Miraculous, The Drama Review, 22, 32-44.
• Gibbons, G. T. (2020). Ancient and Modern Mysteries of the Civilization: The great mystical ways of the ancients. London: Camea Publish.
• Gronek, P., Gronek, J., Karpińska, A., Dobrzyńska, M., & Wycichowska, P. (2021). Is dance closer to physical activity or spirituality? a philosophical exploration. Journal of Religion and Health, 62(2), 1314-1323. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-021-01354-y
• Gurdjieff, G. İ. (1991a). Meetings with Remarkable Men: All and Everything, (Second Series). London: Penguin Books.
• Gurdjieff, G. İ. (1991b). Views from the Real World. London: Penguin Books.
• Gurdjieff, G. İ. (1999a). Beelzebub’s Tales to His Grandson: All and Everything, First Series. London: Penguin Books.
• Gurdjieff, G. İ. (1999b). Life is Real Only Then, When “I Am” All and Everything Third Series. London: Penguin Books.
• Gurdjieff, G. İ. (2015). Olağanüstü İnsanlarla Karşılaşmalar (F. Seven & D. Yılmaz, Çev.) İstanbul: Bilyay Yayıncılık.
• Lefort, R. (1198). The Teachers of Gurdjieff. Cambridge: Malor Books.
• Mabingo, A. (2019). Music as a pedagogic tool and co-teacher in african dances: dissecting the reflections and practices of teachers of cultural heritage dances in uganda. Research Studies in Music Education, 42(2), 231-247. https://doi.org/10.1177/1321103x19843202
• Maltabarova, M. (2019). The Concept of Human Self: George Gurdjieff’s Beelzebub’s Tales to His Grandson. Correspondences: Journal for the Study of Esotericism, 7, 441-464.
• Merker, B. (1999). Synchronous chorusing and the origins of music. Musicae Scientiae, 3(1_suppl), 59-73. https://doi.org/10.1177/10298649000030s105
• Milani, M. (2021). The Nature of Sufism; An Ontological Reading of the Mystical in Islam. London: Routledge.
• Moore, J. (1994). Moveable feasts: The Gurdjieff Work. Religion Today, 9, 11-16. , Nicholls-Parker, J. (2014). Self-remembering: Georges Ivanovitch Gurdjieff (1870-1949) & his legacy (Version 1). Open Access Te Herenga Waka-Victoria University of Wellington. https://doi.org/10.26686/wgtn.17007646.v1
• Nicoll, M. (2008a). Gurdjieff ve Ouspensky Öğretisi Üstüne Psikolojik Yorumlar: C. 1. Cilt. İstanbul: Bilyay Yayıncılık.
• Nicoll, M. (2008b). Gurdjieff ve Ouspensky Öğretisi Üstüne Psikolojik Yorumlar: C. 5. Cilt. İstanbul: Bilyay Yayıncılık.
• Ouspensky, P.D. (1995a). İnsanın bilinmeyen Psikolojisi (C. Kurdoğlu, Çev.; İkinci Baskı). İstanbul: Ruh ve Madde Yayınları.
• Ouspensky, P. D. (1995b). Şuur Gerçeğin Araştırılması (N. Karaçaylak, Çev.). İstanbul: Ruh ve Madde Yayınları.
• Ouspensky, P.D. (2001). In Search of the Miraculous. USA: Harper Paperbacks.
• Ouspensky, P. D.(2010). İnsanın Gerçeği Kendini Bilmek (A. Belbez & E. Konyalıoğlu, Çev.; 4. Baskı). İstanbul: Ruh ve Madde Yayınları.
• Perry, W. N (1978). Gurdjieff in the Light of Tradition. UK: Perennial Books.
• Petsche, J. J. (2016). Gurdjieffian Overtones in Leon MacLaren’s School of Economic Science. International Journal for the Study of New Religions, 6(2), 197–217. https://doi.org/10.1558/ijsnr.v6i2.28443
• Rugwiji, T. (2017). Rereading texts of music and dance in the hebrew bible: the spirituality of music and dance in zimbabwe. Journal for Semitics, 25(1), 72-98. https://doi.org/10.25159/1013-8471/2527
• Sayed Hassan Akhlaq (2023) Handbook of Islamic Sects and Movements, Islam and Christian–Muslim Relations, 34:1, 101-103, DOI: 10.1080/09596410.2023.2167679
• Seamon, D. (2017). “Seeing the World with Fresh Eyes”: Understanding Aesthetic Experience via Gurdjieff’s Phenomenology of Human Being. Religion and the Arts, 21 (1-2), 150-175. https://doi.org/10.1163/15685292-02101006 Stroumsa, G. (2005). Hidden Wisdom: Esoteric Traditions and the Roots of Christian Mysticism (Numen Book Series). Brill: Academic Pub.
• Sutcliffe, S. (2019). ‘what’s in a name?’: the case for ‘study of religions’. Religion, 50(1), 129-136. https://doi.org/10.1080/0048721x.2019.1685181
• Taatila, H. (2020). A history of violence: The concrete and metaphorical wars in the life narrative of G. I. Gurdjieff. Scripta Instituti Donneriani Aboensis, 29(1), 82–102. https://doi.org/10.30674/scripta.84863
• Zamhari, A. (2010). Rituals of Islamic Spirituality: A Study of Majils Dhikr Groups in East Java. ANU: E Press.
• URL1: “Dance” https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/dance (Erişim: 25.01.2023).
• URL2: “Why practice Gurdjieff Movements?” http://gurdjieff-dances.com/eng/ (Erişim: 25.01.2023).
• Karekod-1: https://youtu.be/Hb2u60AXvs0?si=vTrhmAP4c001u5e-
• Karekod 2: https://youtu.be/740PhEOdx1M?si=mOIjWVlz8WPhnsNR