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Small Mammals in Neolithic Southeast Anatolia

Yıl 2025, Sayı: 51, 23 - 47, 01.12.2025

Muhammed Eyyub Dalar , Abu B. Siddiq

https://doi.org/10.36891/anatolia.1625829

Öz

While large mammals made a substantial contribution to dietary practices and the animal economy throughout the Neolithic, small mammals also played an important role in both subsistence and symbolism. This study applies the Shannon–Weaver Diversity Index (H’) to propose a new model based on quantitative and qualitative analyses of published datasets on small mammalian fauna from Neolithic southeastern Anatolia. During the Pre-Pottery Neolithic A (PPNA) and Pre-Pottery Neolithic B (PPNB), small mammals—particularly hare and fox—were hunted in considerable numbers. Beyond their nutritional value, small mammalian fauna were also incorporated into funerary rituals and symbolic practices. In the Pottery Neolithic (PN), the exploitation of small mammals declined markedly with the advent of agriculture and animal domestication. Nevertheless, remains of species such as wild cat, lynx, porcupine, and beaver indicate that early farming communities continued to utilize small mammals for diverse purposes. This paper compares and evaluates the dynamics of small mammal exploitation in relation to environmental and cultural contexts across two distinct sub-regions: the Upper Tigris Basin and the Middle Euphrates Basin. We argue that, despite the low to medium levels of biodiversity in their ecosystems, small mammalian fauna held significant importance not only for subsistence but also for symbolic and ritual practices in Neolithic southeastern Anatolia.

Anahtar Kelimeler

PPNA PPNB Small mammal Neolithic subsistance Southeastern Anatolia

Kaynakça

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Yıl 2025, Sayı: 51, 23 - 47, 01.12.2025

Muhammed Eyyub Dalar , Abu B. Siddiq

https://doi.org/10.36891/anatolia.1625829

Öz

Kaynakça

  • Altınlı, İ. 1966. “Doğu ve Güneydoğu Anadolu’nun Jeolojisi.” Bulletin of the Mineral Research and Exploration 67:1-24.
  • Arbuckle, B. 2015. “Large game depression and the process of animal domestication in the Near East.” M. S. Kerner – R. Dann – P. Bangsgaard (eds.), Climate Change in Ancient Societies. Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum Press, 215-243.
  • Arbuckle, B. S. – V. Özkaya 2006. “Animal exploitation at Körtik Tepe : An early Aceramic Neolithic site in southeastern Turkey.” Paléorient 32.2:113-136. DOI: 10.2307/41496784
  • Aslaner, O. D. 2014. “Yukarı Dicle Çanak Çömleksiz Neolitik Dönem Fırlatma Uçlarının Deneysel Çalışması.” MASROP E-Dergi 8.10:1-45.
  • Asouti, E. – C. Kabukcu 2014. “Holocene semi-arid oak woodlands in the Irano-Anatolian region of Southwest Asia: Natural or anthropogenic?” Quaternary Science Reviews 90:158-182. DOI: 10.1016/j.quascirev
  • Ben-Dor, M. – R. Barkai 2023. “The evolution of paleolithic hunting weapons: A response to declining prey size.” Quaternary 6.3:46. DOI: 10.3390/quat6030046
  • Benz, M. – A. Coşkun – I. Hajdas – K. Deckers – S. Riehl – K. W. Alt – B. Weninger – V. Özkaya 2012. “Methodological implications of new radiocarbon dates from the Early Holocene site of Körtik Tepe, Southeast Anatolia.” Radiocarbon 54.3-4:291-304. DOI: 10.2458/azu_js_rc.v54i3–4.16140
  • Benz M. – K. Deckers – C. Rössner – A. Alexandrovskiy – K. Pustovoytov – M. Scheeres – M. Fecher – A. Coşkun – S. Riehl – K. W. Alt – V. Özkaya 2015. “Prelude to village life. Environmental data and building traditions of the Epipalaeolithic settlement at Körtik Tepe, Southeastern Turkey.” Paléorient 41.2:9-30. DOI: 10.3406/paleo.2015.5673
  • Biltekin, D. – A. Güzel – M. Özcanlı –D. D. Gökgöz – M. Akbıyık 2024. “Exploring pre-neolithic environmental dynamics: paleoecology around the Göbeklitepe based on a multiproxy approach in Southeastern Türkiye.” Plant and Soil 502:297–313. DOI: 10.1007/s11104-024-06548-3
  • Cauvin, J. 1989. “La Stratigraphie de Cafer Höyük-Est (Turquie) et les origines du PPNB du Taurus.” Paléorient 15.1:75-86. DOI: 10.3406/paleo.1989.4486
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  • Çelik, B. 2011. “Karahantepe: A new cultural centre in the Urfa Area in Turkey.” Documenta Praehistorica 38:241-254. DOI: 10.4312/dp.38.19
  • Dalar, M. E. 2024. “Neolitikten Demir Çağına Anadolu’da tilki-insan ilişkileri: Zooarkeolojik ve etnoarkeolojik bir değerlendirme.” Kültür Araştırmaları Dergisi 21:307-331. DOI: 10.46250/kulturder.1447505
  • Dietrich, O. – Ç. Köksal-Schmidt – J. Notroff – K. Schmidt 2013. “Establishing a radiocarbon sequence for Göbeklitepe. State of research and new data.” Neo-Lithics 2013.1:36-47.
  • Doğan, U. 2005. “Holocene fluvial development of the Upper Tigris Valley (Southeastern Turkey) as documented by archaeological data.” Quaternary International 129.1:75-86. DOI: 10.1016/j.quaint.2004.04.008
  • Doğan, U. 2024. “Dicle Nehri’nin Genç Dryas ve Holosen’deki Sıcak-Soğuk İklim Döngülerine Tepkisi.” Jeomorfolojik Araştırmalar Dergisi 13:52-70.
  • Duches, R. – N. Nannini – A. Fontana – F. Boschin – J. Crezzini – M. Peresani 2020. “Experimental and Archaeological Data for the Identification of Projectile Impact Marks on Small-Sized Mammals.” Scientific Reports 10.1: 9092. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-66044-3
  • Emra, S. – N. Battermann – N. Pöllath 2023. “Stone cold foxes – biology, archaeology, and iconography in Upper Mesopotamia.” Animals and Humans through Time and Space: Investigating Diverse Relationships. Essays in Honour of Joris Peters. Documenta archaeobiologiae 16. Rahden/Westf.: Verlag Marie Leidorf, 107-123.
  • Emra, S. – B. Marion – A. B. Siddiq – V. Özkaya 2022. “Adaptions in subsistence strategy to environment changes across the younger dryas - early Holocene boundary at Körtiktepe, Southeastern Turkey.” The Holocene 32.5:390-413. DOI: 10.1177/09596836221074030
  • Erim-Özdoğan, A. 2011. “Çayönü.” N. Başgelen – M. Özdoğan – P. I. Kuniholm (eds.), The Neolithic in Turkey: New Excavations & New Research. İstanbul: Archaeology & Art Publications, 185-269.
  • Flannery, K. V. 1967. “Culture history v. cultural process: A debate in American archaeology.” Scientific American.4
  • Grosman, L. – N. D. Munro – A. Belfer-Cohen 2008. “A 12,000-year-old shaman burial from the Southern Levant (Israel).” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 105.46:17665-17669. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0806030105
  • Guagnin, M. – A. R. Perri – M. D. Petraglia 2018. “Pre-Neolithic evidence for dog-assisted hunting strategies in Arabia.” Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 49:225-236.
  • Hauptmann, H. 1988. “Nevali Çori: Architektur.” Anatolica 15:99-110.
  • Helmer, D. 2008. “Révision de la faune de Cafer Höyük (Malatya, Turquie): apports des métho des de l’analyse des mélanges et de l’analyse de Kernel à.” Archaeozoology of the Near East, Lyon: TMO 49, Maison de l’Orient et de la Méditerranée, 169-195.
  • Higham, T. F. – C. B. Ramsey – F. Brock – D. Baker – P. Ditchfield 2007. “Radiocarbon Dates from the Oxford Ams System: Archaeometry Datelist 32.” Archaeometry 49.1:1-60. DOI: 10.1111/j.1475-4754.2007.00363.x
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  • Kodaş, E. – A. B. Siddiq – Ç. Erdem – Y. Çi̇ftçi 2024. “A ‘Shaman’ burial from the PPNA settlement of Çemka Höyük, Upper Tigris Basin, Turkiye.” L’Anthropologie 128.3:103277. DOI: 10.1016/j.anthro.2024.103277
  • Lang, C. – J. Peters – N. Pöllath – K. Schmidt – G. Grupe 2013. “Gazelle behaviour and human presence at early Neolithic Göbekli Tepe, south-east Anatolia.” World Archaeology 45.3:410-429.
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  • İnternet Kaynağı: Woolworths Red Fox Besin Değerleri https://www.fatsecret.co.za/calories-nutrition/woolworths/red-fox/100g (erişim tarihi: 13.06.2025)

Yıl 2025, Sayı: 51, 23 - 47, 01.12.2025

Muhammed Eyyub Dalar , Abu B. Siddiq

https://doi.org/10.36891/anatolia.1625829

Öz

Kaynakça

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  • Itahashi, Y. – Y. Miyake – O. Maeda – O. Kondo – H. Hongo ve diğ. 2017. “Preference for fish in a neolithic hunter-gatherer community of the Upper Tigris, elucidated by Amino Acid δ 15 N Analysis.” Journal of Archaeological Science 82: 40-49. DOI: 10.1016/j.jas.2017.05.001
  • İlgezdi, G. 2008. The Domestication Process in Southeastern Turkey: The Evidence of Mezraa-Teleilat. Doktora Tezi. der Geowissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Eberhard-Karls-Universität Tübingen.
  • Kabukcu, C – E. Asouti – N. Pöllath – J. Peters – N. Karul 2021. “Pathways to plant domestication in Southeast Anatolia based on new data from Aceramic Neolithic Gusir Höyük.” Scientific Reports 11.1: 2112.
  • Kabukcu, C. – E. Asouti 2022. “Early to Mid-Holocene Vegetation History and Human Settlement in Anatolia.” C. H. Roosevelt – J. Haldon (eds.), Winds of Change: Environment and Society in Anatolia. İstanbul: Koç University Press, 65-83.
  • Karadoğan, S. 2023. “Fırat ve Dicle Nehri Havzaları (Güneydoğu Anadolu) Neolitik Çağ yerleşimlerinin dağılışı, topolojik-kartografik bir değerlendirme.” Şurkav-Şanlıurfa Kültür, Sanat, Tarih ve Turizm Dergisi 16.44: 32-40.
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  • Karul, N. 2020. “The beginning of the Neolithic in Southeast Anatolia.” Documenta Praehistorica 47:76-95. DOI: 10.4312/dp.47.5
  • Kodaş, E. – A. B. Siddiq – Ç. Erdem – Y. Çi̇ftçi 2024. “A ‘Shaman’ burial from the PPNA settlement of Çemka Höyük, Upper Tigris Basin, Turkiye.” L’Anthropologie 128.3:103277. DOI: 10.1016/j.anthro.2024.103277
  • Lang, C. – J. Peters – N. Pöllath – K. Schmidt – G. Grupe 2013. “Gazelle behaviour and human presence at early Neolithic Göbekli Tepe, south-east Anatolia.” World Archaeology 45.3:410-429.
  • Larivière, S. – P. Seddon 2001. “Vulpes rueppelli.” Mammalian Species 678:1-5. DOI: 10.2307/3504505
  • Lawrence, B. 1980. “Evidence of animal domestication at Çayönü.” H. Çambel – R. J. Braidwood (eds.), Güneydoğu Tarihöncesi Araştırmaları. İstanbul ve Chicago Üniversiteleri Karma Proje. İstanbul: İstanbul Üniversitesi, Edebiyat Fakültesi Yayınları, 285.
  • Lupo, K. D. – D. N. Schmitt 2016. “When bigger is not better: The economics of hunting megafauna and its implications for Plio-Pleistocene hunter-gatherers.” Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 44:185-197.
  • Maher, L. – A. J. T. Stock – S. Finney – J. N. Heywood – T. P. Miracle – B. E. Banning 2011. “A unique human-fox burial from a Pre-Natufian Cemetery in the Levant (Jordan).” PLoS ONE 6.1:e15815. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0015815
  • Mertin, D. – J. Slamečka – Ľ. Ondruška – K. Zaujec – R. Jurčík – J. Gašparík 2012. “Comparison of meat quality between European brown hare and domestic rabbit.” Slovak Journal of Animal Science 45.3:89-95.
  • Miyake, Y. – O. Maeda – M. Tao – H. Hongo – K. Tanno – K. Yoshida 2009. “Preliminary report on the excavations at Salat Camii Yanı in Southeast Anatolia: 2004-2008 Season.” Tsukuba Archaeological Studies 20:75-112.
  • Miyake, Y. – O. Maeda – K. Tanno – H. Hongo – C. Y. Gündem 2012. “New excavations at Hasankeyf Höyük: A tenth millennium cal. BC site on the Upper Tigris, southeast Anatolia.” Neo-Lithics 12:3-7.
  • Munro, N. 2004. “Small game, the Younger Dryas, and the Transition to agriculture in the Southern Levant.” C. Delage (ed.), The Last Hunter-Gatherers in the Near East. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press, 169-188. DOI: 10.30861/9781841713892
  • Özdoğan, E. – M. Özdoğan – N. Karul 2011. “2002 Yılı Mezraa-Teleilat kazıları.” Ilısu ve Karkamış Baraj Gölleri Altında Kalacak Arkeolojik ve Kültür Varlıklarını Kurtarma Projesi 2002 Yılı Çalışmaları, 93-120.
  • Özkaya, V. – A. B. Siddiq 2024. “Körtiktepe in the origin and development of the Neolithic in Upper Mesopotamia.” T. Richter – H. Darabi (eds), The Epipalaeolithic and Neolithic in the Eastern Fertile Crescent. London and New York: Routledge, 138-168. DOI: 10.4324/9781003335504-11
  • Pawłowska, K. – A. Marciszak 2018. “Small carnivores from a late neolithic burial chamber at Çatalhöyük, Turkey: Pelts, Rituals, and rodents.” Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences 10.5:1225-1243. DOI: 10.1007/s12520-017-0526-1
  • Peters, J. – K. Schmidt 2004. “Animals in the symbolic world of Pre-Pottery Neolithic Göbekli Tepe, south-eastern Turkey: a preliminary assessment.” Anthropozoologica 1.39: 179-218.
  • Peters, J. - A. von den Driesch – D. Helmer 2005. “The upper Euphrates-Tigris basin: cradle of agro-pastoralism?” Vigne, J.-D. – J. Peters – D. Helmer (eds.), The First Steps of Animal D-omestication: New Archaeozoological Approaches. Oxford: Oxbow, 96-124.
  • Pöllath N. – J. Peters 2023. “Distinct modes and intensity of bird exploitation at the dawn of agriculture in the Upper Euphrates and Tigris River basins.” Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences 15:154.
  • Pöllath, N. – O. Dietrich – J. Notroff – L. Clare – L. Dietrich ve diğ. 2018. “Almost a chest hit: An aurochs humerus with hunting lesion from Göbekli Tepe, south-eastern Turkey, and itsimplications.” Quaternary International 495:30-48. DOI: 10.1016/j.quaint.2017.12.003
  • Regattieri, E. – L. Forti – R. N. Drysdale – G. Mannella – C. John ve diğ. 2023. “Neolithic hydroclimatic change and water resources exploitation in the Fertile Crescent.” Scientific Reports 13.1:45. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-27166-y
  • Reshef, H. – M. Anton – F. Bocquentin – J. Vardi – H. Khalaily ve diğ. 2019. “Tails of Animism: A joint burial of humans and foxes in pre-pottery Neolithic Motza, Israel.” Antiquity 93.371:e28. DOI: 10.15184/aqy.2019.165
  • Rosenberg, M. – R. N. Marc – R. W. Redding – L. B. Peasnall 1998. “Hallan Çemi, pig husbandry, and post-pleistocene adaptations along the Taurus-Zagros Arc (Turkey).” Paléorient 24.1:25-41. DOI: 10.3406/paleo.1998.4667
  • Sahlins, M. 1974. Stone Age Economics. New York: Aldine De Gruyter.
  • Schmidt, K. 2010. “Göbekli Tepe–the Stone Age Sanctuaries. New results of ongoing excavations with a special focus on sculptures and high reliefs.” Documenta Praehistorica 37:239-256.
  • Schmidt, K. 2000. “Göbekli Tepe, southeastern Turkey. A preliminary report on the 1995-1999 excavations.” Paléorient 26.1:45-54. DOI: 10.3406/paleo.2000.4697
  • Shaffer, B. – K. M. Gardner – B. W. Baker 1996. “Prehistoric small game snare trap technology, deployment strategy, and trapper gender depicted in Mimbers Pottery.” Journal of Ethnobiology 16:145-154.
  • Shannon, C. E. – W. Weaver 1949. The Mathematical Theory of Communication. Urbana: The University of Illinois Press, 105-106.
  • Siddiq, A. B. 2018. Orta Anadolu Bölgesi Akeramik Neolitik Dönem Faunası - Çevresel Özellikler Mi, Kültürel Tercihler Mi? Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi. İstanbul Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Arkeoloji Anabilim Dalı, Tarih Öncesi Arkeolojisi Bilim Dalı: İstanbul.
  • Silibolatlaz, D. 2025. “Early cattle exploitation in the Pre‐Pottery Neolithic B (PPNB) of the Upper Tigris valley: Gre Fılla in south‐eastern Türkiye.” International Journal of Osteoarchaeology:e70003. DOI: 10.1002/oa.70003
  • Sözer, A. N. 1984. “A general review of the natural environment of South-Eastern Anatolia.” Ege Coğrafya Dergisi 2.1:8-30.
  • Speth, J. D. 2010. The Paleoanthropology and Archaeology of Big-Game Hunting: Protein, Fat or Politics?. New York: Springer. DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-6733-6
  • Starkovich, B. M. – M. C. Stiner 2009. “Hallan Çemi Tepesi: high-ranked game exploitation alongside intensive seed processing at the Epipaleolithic-Neolithic transition in Southeastern Turkey.” Anthropozoologica 44.1:41-61. DOI: 10.5252/az2009n1a2
  • Stiner, M. C. 2001. “Thirty Years on the ‘Broad Spectrum Revolution’ and Paleolithic Demography.” PNAS 98.13:6993-6996. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.121176198
  • Stiner, M. C. – N. D. Munro – T. D. Surovell 2000. “The tortoise and the hare: Small‐game use, the Broad‐Spectrum Revolution, and Paleolithic Demography.” Current Anthropology 41.1:39-79. DOI: 10.1086/300102
  • Strazdina, V. – A. Jemeljanovs – V. Sterna 2013. “Nutrition value of wild animal meat.” Proceedings of the Latvian Academy of Sciences 67.4-5:373.
  • Stutz, A. J. – N. D. Munro – G. Bar-Oz 2009. “Increasing the resolution of the Broad Spectrum Revolution in the Southern Levantine Epipaleolithic (19–12 ka).” Journal of Human Evolution 56.3:294-306.
  • Tekin, H. 2017. “Hakemi Use: Güneydoğu Anadolu’da Son Neolitik Döneme ait yeni bir merkez.” M. Özdoğan – N. Başgelen (eds.), Türkiye’de Neolitik Dönem, İstanbul: Arkeoloji ve Sanat Yayınları, 47-56.
  • Vigne, J. D. – J. Guilaine – K. Debue – L. Haye – P. Gérard 2004. “Early taming of the cat in Cyprus.” Science 304.5668:259-259.
  • Zeder, M. – M. Spitzer 2016. “New insights into broad spectrum communities of the Early Holocene Near East: The birds of Hallan Çemi.” Quaternary Science Reviews 151:140-159. DOI: 10.1016/j.quascirev.2016.08.024
  • Zeder, M. A. 2012. “The broad spectrum revolution at 40: Resource diversity, intensification, and an alternative to optimal foraging explanations.” Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 31.3:241-264. DOI: 10.1016/j.jaa.2012.03.003
  • İnternet Kaynağı: Woolworths Red Fox Besin Değerleri https://www.fatsecret.co.za/calories-nutrition/woolworths/red-fox/100g (erişim tarihi: 13.06.2025)

Güneydoğu Anadolu Neolitik Dönem Küçük Memeli Hayvanlar

Yıl 2025, Sayı: 51, 23 - 47, 01.12.2025

Muhammed Eyyub Dalar , Abu B. Siddiq

https://doi.org/10.36891/anatolia.1625829

Öz

Neolitik Dönem boyunca büyük memeli hayvanlar, beslenme ve ekonomiye önemli ölçüde katkıda bulunmuştur. Bununla birlikte, küçük memeli hayvanlar da besin ekonomisi ve sembolik-ritüel faaliyetlerde önemli bir rol oynamıştır. Shannon–Weaver Çeşitlilik İndeksi (H’) kullanılarak bu çalışmada, Güneydoğu Anadolu Neolitik Dönemi’ne ait küçük memeli faunasına ilişkin veriler, niceliksel ve niteliksel olarak incelenerek yeni bir model oluşturulmuştur. Hem Çanak Çömleksiz Neolitik A (PPNA) hem de Çanak Çömleksiz Neolitik B (PPNB) dönemlerinde, başta tavşan ve tilki olmak üzere küçük memeli hayvanların yoğun bir şekilde tercih edildiği görülmektedir. Ayrıca, küçük memeli hayvanlar yalnızca beslenme amacıyla değil, aynı zamanda ölü gömme ritüelleri, sembolik faaliyetler ve diğer uygulamalarda da kullanılmıştır. Çanak Çömlekli Neolitik Dönem (PN) ile birlikte tarım ve hayvancılığın gelişmesi, küçük memeli hayvanların kullanımında önemli bir azalma yaratmıştır. Bununla birlikte, dönemin faunal kalıntıları arasında yer alan yaban kedisi, vaşak, kirpi ve kunduz gibi türler, bölgedeki erken yerleşik toplulukların küçük memeli hayvanları farklı amaçlarla kullanmayı sürdürebilmiş olabileceklerini göstermektedir. Genel olarak, Güneydoğu Anadolu’nun Yukarı Dicle ve Orta Fırat Havzalarındaki çevresel ve kültürel bağlamlar göz önünde bulundurularak, Neolitik toplulukların küçük memeli hayvanlarla ilişkileri karşılaştırmalı bir şekilde değerlendirilmiştir. Bu değerlendirmelerde, ekosistemlerindeki düşük ile orta düzeydeki biyoçeşitliliğe rağmen, küçük memeli faunanın yalnızca beslenme açısından değil, aynı zamanda sembolik ve ritüel uygulamalardaki önemi de vurgulanmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

PPNA PPNB Küçük memeli hayvan Neolitik geçim ekonomisi Güneydoğu Anadolu

Kaynakça

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  • Regattieri, E. – L. Forti – R. N. Drysdale – G. Mannella – C. John ve diğ. 2023. “Neolithic hydroclimatic change and water resources exploitation in the Fertile Crescent.” Scientific Reports 13.1:45. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-27166-y
  • Reshef, H. – M. Anton – F. Bocquentin – J. Vardi – H. Khalaily ve diğ. 2019. “Tails of Animism: A joint burial of humans and foxes in pre-pottery Neolithic Motza, Israel.” Antiquity 93.371:e28. DOI: 10.15184/aqy.2019.165
  • Rosenberg, M. – R. N. Marc – R. W. Redding – L. B. Peasnall 1998. “Hallan Çemi, pig husbandry, and post-pleistocene adaptations along the Taurus-Zagros Arc (Turkey).” Paléorient 24.1:25-41. DOI: 10.3406/paleo.1998.4667
  • Sahlins, M. 1974. Stone Age Economics. New York: Aldine De Gruyter.
  • Schmidt, K. 2010. “Göbekli Tepe–the Stone Age Sanctuaries. New results of ongoing excavations with a special focus on sculptures and high reliefs.” Documenta Praehistorica 37:239-256.
  • Schmidt, K. 2000. “Göbekli Tepe, southeastern Turkey. A preliminary report on the 1995-1999 excavations.” Paléorient 26.1:45-54. DOI: 10.3406/paleo.2000.4697
  • Shaffer, B. – K. M. Gardner – B. W. Baker 1996. “Prehistoric small game snare trap technology, deployment strategy, and trapper gender depicted in Mimbers Pottery.” Journal of Ethnobiology 16:145-154.
  • Shannon, C. E. – W. Weaver 1949. The Mathematical Theory of Communication. Urbana: The University of Illinois Press, 105-106.
  • Siddiq, A. B. 2018. Orta Anadolu Bölgesi Akeramik Neolitik Dönem Faunası - Çevresel Özellikler Mi, Kültürel Tercihler Mi? Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi. İstanbul Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Arkeoloji Anabilim Dalı, Tarih Öncesi Arkeolojisi Bilim Dalı: İstanbul.
  • Silibolatlaz, D. 2025. “Early cattle exploitation in the Pre‐Pottery Neolithic B (PPNB) of the Upper Tigris valley: Gre Fılla in south‐eastern Türkiye.” International Journal of Osteoarchaeology:e70003. DOI: 10.1002/oa.70003
  • Sözer, A. N. 1984. “A general review of the natural environment of South-Eastern Anatolia.” Ege Coğrafya Dergisi 2.1:8-30.
  • Speth, J. D. 2010. The Paleoanthropology and Archaeology of Big-Game Hunting: Protein, Fat or Politics?. New York: Springer. DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-6733-6
  • Starkovich, B. M. – M. C. Stiner 2009. “Hallan Çemi Tepesi: high-ranked game exploitation alongside intensive seed processing at the Epipaleolithic-Neolithic transition in Southeastern Turkey.” Anthropozoologica 44.1:41-61. DOI: 10.5252/az2009n1a2
  • Stiner, M. C. 2001. “Thirty Years on the ‘Broad Spectrum Revolution’ and Paleolithic Demography.” PNAS 98.13:6993-6996. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.121176198
  • Stiner, M. C. – N. D. Munro – T. D. Surovell 2000. “The tortoise and the hare: Small‐game use, the Broad‐Spectrum Revolution, and Paleolithic Demography.” Current Anthropology 41.1:39-79. DOI: 10.1086/300102
  • Strazdina, V. – A. Jemeljanovs – V. Sterna 2013. “Nutrition value of wild animal meat.” Proceedings of the Latvian Academy of Sciences 67.4-5:373.
  • Stutz, A. J. – N. D. Munro – G. Bar-Oz 2009. “Increasing the resolution of the Broad Spectrum Revolution in the Southern Levantine Epipaleolithic (19–12 ka).” Journal of Human Evolution 56.3:294-306.
  • Tekin, H. 2017. “Hakemi Use: Güneydoğu Anadolu’da Son Neolitik Döneme ait yeni bir merkez.” M. Özdoğan – N. Başgelen (eds.), Türkiye’de Neolitik Dönem, İstanbul: Arkeoloji ve Sanat Yayınları, 47-56.
  • Vigne, J. D. – J. Guilaine – K. Debue – L. Haye – P. Gérard 2004. “Early taming of the cat in Cyprus.” Science 304.5668:259-259.
  • Zeder, M. – M. Spitzer 2016. “New insights into broad spectrum communities of the Early Holocene Near East: The birds of Hallan Çemi.” Quaternary Science Reviews 151:140-159. DOI: 10.1016/j.quascirev.2016.08.024
  • Zeder, M. A. 2012. “The broad spectrum revolution at 40: Resource diversity, intensification, and an alternative to optimal foraging explanations.” Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 31.3:241-264. DOI: 10.1016/j.jaa.2012.03.003
  • İnternet Kaynağı: Woolworths Red Fox Besin Değerleri https://www.fatsecret.co.za/calories-nutrition/woolworths/red-fox/100g (erişim tarihi: 13.06.2025)
Toplam 74 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Neolitik Çağ Arkeolojisi, Arkeoloji (Diğer)
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Muhammed Eyyub Dalar 0000-0001-6870-6884

Abu B. Siddiq 0000-0001-5838-2695

Gönderilme Tarihi 23 Ocak 2025
Kabul Tarihi 10 Ağustos 2025
Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Aralık 2025
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025 Sayı: 51

Kaynak Göster

Chicago Dalar, Muhammed Eyyub, ve Abu B. Siddiq. 2025. “Güneydoğu Anadolu Neolitik Dönem Küçük Memeli Hayvanlar”. Anadolu, sy 51: 23-47. https://doi.org/10.36891/anatolia.1625829.

Anatolia Dergisi Başvuru Tarihleri:

Makalelerin teslimi 01 Ocak ile 15 Eylül tarihleri arasındadır.

Dergipark sisteminde problem yaşanması halinde lütfen makalelerinizi anatolia@ankara.edu.tr mail adresine bu tarih aralığında gönderiniz; posta veya kargo kabul edilmeyecektir. Başvurular 15 Eylül'e kadar yapılmalıdır.

Anadolu Anatolia Dergisi, Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0) ile lisanslanmıştır. 
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