The Influence of Woman’s Life Quality Perceptions on Role Stress
Yıl 2019,
, 245 - 255, 27.08.2019
Özgür Demirtaş
,
Serdar Yener
Öz
Quality
of life perception is determined by the satisfaction level of human needs in
different areas of life. It is thought
that female employee’s quality of life perception decreases the level of
feminine role stress. 212 Female
employees working in government and private sectors of Sinop and its districts
are consisting the sample group of the research. The research frame is based on
human need theory. Data gathered from sample was analyzed with SPSS 21.
According to the regression test results negative effect of quality of life
perception on feminine role stress was observed. This study, which is taken to
the consideration of the women who are working in public or private sector, is
one of the rare researches that was being examined in Turkish literature.
Kaynakça
- Afşar, S.T. (2014). Impact of Quality of Work-life on OrganizationalCommitment, International Journal of SocialSciences, 3(4), 124-152.
- Akdogan, A. A., &Demirtas, O. (2014). Managerial role in strategicsupplychainmanagement. Procedia-SocialandBehavioralSciences, 150, 1020-1029.
- Akdoğan, A., & Demirtaş, Ö. (2014). Etik liderlik davranişlarinin etik iklim üzerindeki etkisi: örgütsel politik algilamalarinaracilik rolü. Journal of EconomicsandAdministrativeSciences, 16(1), 103-120.
- Alparslan, A.M., Bozkurt, Ö.Ç. ve Özgöz, A. (2015). İşletmelerde Cinsiyet Ayrımcılığı ve Kadın Çalışanların Sorunları, MAKÜ İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 2(3), 66-81.
- Amato, F. J. (2012). TheRelationship of ViolencetoGender Role ConflictandConformitytoMasculineNorms in a ForensicSample, TheJournal of Men’sStudies, 20(3), 187-208.
- Azar, O.H. (2004). Whatsustainssocialnormsand how theyevolve? Thecase of tipping, Journal of EconomicBehaviorandOrganization 54, 49-64.
- Beaglaoich, C., Sarma, K. ve Morrison, T.G. (2013). New directions in gender role conflictresearch. InGelfer, J. (Ed.), Masculinities in a global era (pp. 17-51). New York: Springer.
- Bem, S. L. (1981). Genderschematheory: A cognitiveaccount of sextyping, PsychologicalReview, 88, 354-364.
- Bicchieri, C. (2014). Norms, conventions, andthepower of expectations. InCartwright, N. andMontuschi, E. (Eds.), Philosophy of socialscience: A newintroduction (pp. 208-229). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Blackmore, J. E. O. (2003). Children’sbeliefsaboutviolatinggendernorms: Boysshouldn’tlooklikegirls, andgirlsshouldn’tactlikeboys, SexRoles, 48, 411-419.
- Bognar (2005). TheConcept of Quality of Life, SocialTheory&Practice, 31(4), 561–580.
- Boudet, A.M., Pettesch, P. ve Turk, C., withThumala, A. (2012). On NormsAndAgency. ConversationswithWomenand Men aboutGenderEquality in 20 Countries. Washington, DC: World Bank. (http://bit.ly/1jGGobQ, 12 Nisan 2017 tarihinde erişildi).
- Bronfenbrenner, U. (2005). Makinghumanbeingshuman: Bioecologicalperspectives on humandevelopment. ThousandOaks, CA: Sage.
- Cialdini, R. B., &Trost, M. R. (1998). Socialinfluence: Socialnorms, conformityandcompliance.
- Costanza, R. vd. (2007). Quality of Life: An ApproachIntegratingOpportunities, Human Needs, andSubjectiveWell-Being, EcologicalEconomics, 61, 267-276.
- Coyle, D. (2015). GDP: A Brief but AffectionateHistory-Revisedandexpanded Edition. Princeton UniversityPress.
- Crane, M. ve Markus, H. (1982). Genderidentity: Benefits of a self-schemaapproach, Journal of PersonalityandSocialPsychology, 43, 1195-1197.
- Cummins, R.A., Eckersley, R., Pallant, J., Van Vugt, J. ve Misajon, R. (2003). Developing a nationalndex of subjectivewellbeing: theAustralianUnityWellbeingindex, SocialIndicatorsResearch64, 159-190.
- Davis, L. E. (1983). Design of neworganizations.InH.Kolodny&H.V.Beinum (Eds.), Thequality of working life andthe 1980s. New York: PraegerPublishers.
- Demirtaş, Ö. (2014). İşyerlerinde olumsuz durumları ifşa etmenin etik iklim üzerindeki etkisi: Yıldırma algısının moderatör rolü. IstanbulUniversityJournal of the School of Business Administration, 43(1).
- Diener, E. (2006). Guidelinesfornationalindicators of subjectivewell-beingandill-being, Journal of HappinessStudies, 7(4), 397-404.
- Diener, E., &Suh, E. M. (2000). Measuringsubjectivewell-beingtocomparethequality of life of cultures. Cultureandsubjectivewell-being, 3-12.
- Doyal, L. ve Gough, I. (1991). A theory of humanneed. London: Macmillan.
- Dökmen, Z. Y. (2004). Toplumsal cinsiyet, sosyal psikolojik açıklamalar. Sistem yayıncılık.
- Dudte, K. (2008). SocialInfluenceandGenderNorms. Ohio StateUniversity, UnpublishedDoctoralThesis, 2008.
- Eagly, A. H., Beall, A. ve Sternberg, R. S. (Eds.). (2004). Thepsychology of gender (2nd ed.). New York: GuilfordPress.
- Efthim, P. W., Kenny, M. E. ve Mahalık J. R. (2001). Gender Role Stres in RelationtoShame, Guilt, andExternalization, Journal of Counselling& Development, 79, 430-438.
- EUC (2017). Report on EqualitybetweenWomenand Men in the EU. EuropeanCommission Report. Belgium.
- Fahey, T., Nolan, B. ve Whelan, C. (2003). Monitoringquality of life in Europe, European Foundation fortheImprovement of LivingandWorkingConditions, Office forOfficial Publications of theEuropeanCommission, Luxembourg, 2003.
- Gillespie, B.L. ve Eisler, R.M. (1992). Development of theFeminineGender Role StressScale: A cognitive-behavioralmeasure of stress, appraisal, andcopingforwomen, BehaviorModification, 16, 426-438.
- Greenhaus, J. H. ve Beutell, N. J. (1985). Sources of conflictbetweenworkandfamilyroles, Academy of Management Review, 10(1), 76-88.
- Haas, B.K. (1999). A multidisciplinaryconceptanalysis of quality of life, Western Journal of NursingResearch, 21, 728-742.
- Hagerty, M. R., Cummins, R., Ferriss, A. L., Land, K., Michalos, A. C., Peterson, M., ... &Vogel, J. (2001). Quality of life indexesfornationalpolicy: Reviewandagendaforresearch. Bulletin of SociologicalMethodology/Bulletin de MéthodologieSociologique, 71(1), 58-78.
- Hakim, C. (2000). Work-LifestyleChoices in the 21st Century: PreferenceTheory. Oxford: Oxford UniversityPress.
- Hayes, J. A., &Mahalik, J. R. (2000). Gender role conflictandpsychologicaldistress in malecounselingcenterclients. Psychology of Men &Masculinity, 1(2), 116.
- Hofstede, G. (1984). Culture’sConsequences: International Differences in Work-relatedValues (abridged ed.). Beverly Hills, CA: SagePub.
- Kagawa-Singer, M., Padilla, G. V. ve Ashing-Giwa, K. (2010). Health-relatedquality of life andculture, Seminars in OncologyNursing, 26, 59-67.
- Kahn, R.L. ve Quinn, R.P. (1970). Role stress: A frameworkforanalysis. InMcLean, A. (Ed), Occupationalmentalhealth. New York NY:Rand-McNally.
- Levant, R. F. vd. (2007). Initialvalidation of the Male Role Norms Inventory-Revised (MRNI-R), TheJournal of Men’sStudies, 15(1), 83-100.
- Liu, W. M., Rochlen, A. ve Mohr, J. J. (2005). Real and ideal gender-role conflict: Exploringpsychologicaldistressamong men, Psychology of Men &Masculinity, 6(2), 137-148.
- Lytton, H. ve Romney, D. M. (1991). Parents’ differentialsocialization of boysandgirls: A meta-analysis, PsychologicalBulletin, 109, 267-296.
- Mahalik, J. R. vd. (2005). Development of theconformitytoFeminineNorms Inventory, SexRoles, 52, 417-435.
- O’Neil, J. M. ve Denke, R. (2016). An empiricalreview of gender role conflictresearch: New conceptualmodelsandresearchparadigms. InWong, Y. J., Wester, S. R., Wong, Y. J., andWester, S. R. (Eds.), APA handbook of men andmasculinities (pp. 51-79). Washington, DC, US: AmericanPsychologicalAssociation.
- O’Neil, J.M. (2008). Summarizing 25 years of research on men’sgender role conflictusingthegender role conflictscale: New researchparadigmsandclinicalimplications, TheCounselingPsychologist, 36(3), 358-445.
- Oishi, S., &Diener, E. (2001). Re‐examiningthe general positivity model of subjectivewell‐being: Thediscrepancybetweenspecificand global domain satisfaction. Journal of Personality, 69(4), 641-666.
- Paluck, E.L. ve Ball, L. (2010). SocialNorms Marketing Aimed at GenderBasedViolence: A LiteratureReviewand Critical Assessment. NY: International RescueCommittee.
- Pereira, R. G., Sirker, J., Caux, J. S., Hagemans, R., Maillet, J. M., White, S. R., & Affleck, I. (2006). Dynamicalspinstructurefactorfortheanisotropic spin-1/2 Heisenbergchain. Physicalreviewletters, 96(25), 257202.
- Pool, G.J, Schwegler, A.F, Theodore B.R ve Fuchs P.N (2007). Role of gendernormsandgroupidentification on hypotheticalandexperimentalpaintolerance, Pain, 129, 122-129.
- Ratzlaff, C.,Matsumoto, D., Kouznetsova, N., Raroque, ve Ray, R. (2000). Individualpsychologicalcultureandsubjectivewell-being. InDiener, E. andSuh, E. M. (Eds.), Cultureandsubjectivewell-being (pp. 37-60). Boston, MA: Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
- Repetti, R. L. (1987). Linkagesbetweenworkandfamilyroles, AppliedSocialPsychologyAnnual, 7, 98-127.
Richmond, K., Levant, R., Smalley, B. ve Cook, S. (2015). TheFemininityIdeologyScale (FIS): dimensionsanditsrelationshiptoanxietyandfemininegender role stress, Women&Health, 55(3), 263-279.
- Ridgeway, C.L. (1997). Interactionandtheconservation f genderinequality: consideringemployment, AmericanSociologicalReview, 62, 218-35.
- Rothstein, B. ve Tannenberg, M. (2015). TheQuality of Governmentand Development Policy, TheQuality of GovernmentInstitute Report, 2015. (http://qog.pol.gu.se/digitalAssets/1549/1549815_the-quality-of-government-and-development-policy.pdf, 15 Mayıs 2017 tarihinde erişildi).
- Ryan, R. M., &Deci, E. L. (2000). Intrinsicandextrinsicmotivations: Classic definitionsandnewdirections. Contemporaryeducationalpsychology, 25(1), 54-67.
- Schalock, R. L. ve Keith, K.D. (Eds.) (2016). Cross-CulturalQuality of Life: EnhancingtheLives of People withIntellectualDisability (2nd Ed). AmericanAssoc. onIntellectualandDevelopmentalDisabilities.
- Schwarz, N. ve Strack, F. (1999). Reports of subjectivewell-being: judgmentalprocessesandtheirmethodologicalimplications. InKahneman, D., Diener, E., andSchwarz, N. (Eds.), Well-Being: TheFoundations of HedonicPsychology (pp. 61–84). RussellSage Foundation, New York.
- Sirgy, M.J. (2002). ThePsychology of Quality of Life. Dordecht, TheNetherlands: KluwerAcademicPublishers.
- Skevington, S.M.,MacArthur, P. ve Somerset, M.(1997). Developingitemsforthehealth in Britain, British Journal of HealthPsychology, 2, 55-72.
- Stillson, R. W., O'Neil, J. M. ve Owen, S. V. (1991). Predictors of adultmen'sgender-role conflict: Race, class, unemployment, age, instrumentality-expressiveness, andpersonalstrain, Journal of CounselingPsychology, 38(4), 458-464.
- Sumner, L.W. (1996). Welfare, Happiness, andEthics. Oxford: ClarendonPress.
- Wallace, J. E., &Lemaire, J. (2007). On physicianwellbeing—you’llgetbywith a littlehelpfromyourfriends. Socialscience&medicine, 64(12), 2565-2577.
- WareJr, J. E., &Sherbourne, C. D. (1992). The MOS 36-item short-form healthsurvey (SF-36): I. Conceptualframeworkanditemselection. Medicalcare, 473-483.
- West, C. ve Fenstermaker, S. (1995). Doingdifference, Gender&Society, 9(1), 8-37.
- Zapf, W. (2000). SocialReporting in the 1970s and 1990s, SocialIndicatorsResearch, 51, 1-15.
Kadın Çalışanların Yaşam Kalite Algılarının Rol Stresi Üzerindeki Etkisi
Yıl 2019,
, 245 - 255, 27.08.2019
Özgür Demirtaş
,
Serdar Yener
Öz
Yaşam
kalitesi algısı, bireylerin yaşamın birçok alanındaki ihtiyaçlarının karşılanma
düzeyine göre memnuniyet ölçüsüdür. Bireylerin yaşamın farklı alanlarındaki
ihtiyaçlarını karşılanmasının bireylerin yaşayacakları cinsiyet rol stresini
azaltacağı düşünülmektedir. Birey ihtiyacı kuramı çerçevesinde kurulan modelin
araştırılması içinSinop il ve ilçelerinde kamu ve özel sektörde ücretli çalışan
kadınlardan oluşan örneklem kullanılmıştır. Örneklemden toplanan veriler SPSS
21 ile analiz edilmiştir. Regresyon sonuçlarına göre kadınların yaşam kalite
algılarının cinsiyet rol stresini olumsuz olarak etkilediği görülmüştür. Bu
çalışma ile kadın çalışanlar ile (kamu-özel) yapılan anketler sonucu elde
edilen verilerle, kadın rol stresinin kadınların yaşam kalite algıları üzerine
olan etkisi ortaya konulmaya çalışılmıştır. Bu tarz saha çalışmalarının
özellikle Türkçe literatür açısından henüz yeterince ele alınmamış olması
mevcut çalışma ile sağlanabilecek potansiyel katkının önemini ortaya
koymaktadır.
Kaynakça
- Afşar, S.T. (2014). Impact of Quality of Work-life on OrganizationalCommitment, International Journal of SocialSciences, 3(4), 124-152.
- Akdogan, A. A., &Demirtas, O. (2014). Managerial role in strategicsupplychainmanagement. Procedia-SocialandBehavioralSciences, 150, 1020-1029.
- Akdoğan, A., & Demirtaş, Ö. (2014). Etik liderlik davranişlarinin etik iklim üzerindeki etkisi: örgütsel politik algilamalarinaracilik rolü. Journal of EconomicsandAdministrativeSciences, 16(1), 103-120.
- Alparslan, A.M., Bozkurt, Ö.Ç. ve Özgöz, A. (2015). İşletmelerde Cinsiyet Ayrımcılığı ve Kadın Çalışanların Sorunları, MAKÜ İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 2(3), 66-81.
- Amato, F. J. (2012). TheRelationship of ViolencetoGender Role ConflictandConformitytoMasculineNorms in a ForensicSample, TheJournal of Men’sStudies, 20(3), 187-208.
- Azar, O.H. (2004). Whatsustainssocialnormsand how theyevolve? Thecase of tipping, Journal of EconomicBehaviorandOrganization 54, 49-64.
- Beaglaoich, C., Sarma, K. ve Morrison, T.G. (2013). New directions in gender role conflictresearch. InGelfer, J. (Ed.), Masculinities in a global era (pp. 17-51). New York: Springer.
- Bem, S. L. (1981). Genderschematheory: A cognitiveaccount of sextyping, PsychologicalReview, 88, 354-364.
- Bicchieri, C. (2014). Norms, conventions, andthepower of expectations. InCartwright, N. andMontuschi, E. (Eds.), Philosophy of socialscience: A newintroduction (pp. 208-229). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Blackmore, J. E. O. (2003). Children’sbeliefsaboutviolatinggendernorms: Boysshouldn’tlooklikegirls, andgirlsshouldn’tactlikeboys, SexRoles, 48, 411-419.
- Bognar (2005). TheConcept of Quality of Life, SocialTheory&Practice, 31(4), 561–580.
- Boudet, A.M., Pettesch, P. ve Turk, C., withThumala, A. (2012). On NormsAndAgency. ConversationswithWomenand Men aboutGenderEquality in 20 Countries. Washington, DC: World Bank. (http://bit.ly/1jGGobQ, 12 Nisan 2017 tarihinde erişildi).
- Bronfenbrenner, U. (2005). Makinghumanbeingshuman: Bioecologicalperspectives on humandevelopment. ThousandOaks, CA: Sage.
- Cialdini, R. B., &Trost, M. R. (1998). Socialinfluence: Socialnorms, conformityandcompliance.
- Costanza, R. vd. (2007). Quality of Life: An ApproachIntegratingOpportunities, Human Needs, andSubjectiveWell-Being, EcologicalEconomics, 61, 267-276.
- Coyle, D. (2015). GDP: A Brief but AffectionateHistory-Revisedandexpanded Edition. Princeton UniversityPress.
- Crane, M. ve Markus, H. (1982). Genderidentity: Benefits of a self-schemaapproach, Journal of PersonalityandSocialPsychology, 43, 1195-1197.
- Cummins, R.A., Eckersley, R., Pallant, J., Van Vugt, J. ve Misajon, R. (2003). Developing a nationalndex of subjectivewellbeing: theAustralianUnityWellbeingindex, SocialIndicatorsResearch64, 159-190.
- Davis, L. E. (1983). Design of neworganizations.InH.Kolodny&H.V.Beinum (Eds.), Thequality of working life andthe 1980s. New York: PraegerPublishers.
- Demirtaş, Ö. (2014). İşyerlerinde olumsuz durumları ifşa etmenin etik iklim üzerindeki etkisi: Yıldırma algısının moderatör rolü. IstanbulUniversityJournal of the School of Business Administration, 43(1).
- Diener, E. (2006). Guidelinesfornationalindicators of subjectivewell-beingandill-being, Journal of HappinessStudies, 7(4), 397-404.
- Diener, E., &Suh, E. M. (2000). Measuringsubjectivewell-beingtocomparethequality of life of cultures. Cultureandsubjectivewell-being, 3-12.
- Doyal, L. ve Gough, I. (1991). A theory of humanneed. London: Macmillan.
- Dökmen, Z. Y. (2004). Toplumsal cinsiyet, sosyal psikolojik açıklamalar. Sistem yayıncılık.
- Dudte, K. (2008). SocialInfluenceandGenderNorms. Ohio StateUniversity, UnpublishedDoctoralThesis, 2008.
- Eagly, A. H., Beall, A. ve Sternberg, R. S. (Eds.). (2004). Thepsychology of gender (2nd ed.). New York: GuilfordPress.
- Efthim, P. W., Kenny, M. E. ve Mahalık J. R. (2001). Gender Role Stres in RelationtoShame, Guilt, andExternalization, Journal of Counselling& Development, 79, 430-438.
- EUC (2017). Report on EqualitybetweenWomenand Men in the EU. EuropeanCommission Report. Belgium.
- Fahey, T., Nolan, B. ve Whelan, C. (2003). Monitoringquality of life in Europe, European Foundation fortheImprovement of LivingandWorkingConditions, Office forOfficial Publications of theEuropeanCommission, Luxembourg, 2003.
- Gillespie, B.L. ve Eisler, R.M. (1992). Development of theFeminineGender Role StressScale: A cognitive-behavioralmeasure of stress, appraisal, andcopingforwomen, BehaviorModification, 16, 426-438.
- Greenhaus, J. H. ve Beutell, N. J. (1985). Sources of conflictbetweenworkandfamilyroles, Academy of Management Review, 10(1), 76-88.
- Haas, B.K. (1999). A multidisciplinaryconceptanalysis of quality of life, Western Journal of NursingResearch, 21, 728-742.
- Hagerty, M. R., Cummins, R., Ferriss, A. L., Land, K., Michalos, A. C., Peterson, M., ... &Vogel, J. (2001). Quality of life indexesfornationalpolicy: Reviewandagendaforresearch. Bulletin of SociologicalMethodology/Bulletin de MéthodologieSociologique, 71(1), 58-78.
- Hakim, C. (2000). Work-LifestyleChoices in the 21st Century: PreferenceTheory. Oxford: Oxford UniversityPress.
- Hayes, J. A., &Mahalik, J. R. (2000). Gender role conflictandpsychologicaldistress in malecounselingcenterclients. Psychology of Men &Masculinity, 1(2), 116.
- Hofstede, G. (1984). Culture’sConsequences: International Differences in Work-relatedValues (abridged ed.). Beverly Hills, CA: SagePub.
- Kagawa-Singer, M., Padilla, G. V. ve Ashing-Giwa, K. (2010). Health-relatedquality of life andculture, Seminars in OncologyNursing, 26, 59-67.
- Kahn, R.L. ve Quinn, R.P. (1970). Role stress: A frameworkforanalysis. InMcLean, A. (Ed), Occupationalmentalhealth. New York NY:Rand-McNally.
- Levant, R. F. vd. (2007). Initialvalidation of the Male Role Norms Inventory-Revised (MRNI-R), TheJournal of Men’sStudies, 15(1), 83-100.
- Liu, W. M., Rochlen, A. ve Mohr, J. J. (2005). Real and ideal gender-role conflict: Exploringpsychologicaldistressamong men, Psychology of Men &Masculinity, 6(2), 137-148.
- Lytton, H. ve Romney, D. M. (1991). Parents’ differentialsocialization of boysandgirls: A meta-analysis, PsychologicalBulletin, 109, 267-296.
- Mahalik, J. R. vd. (2005). Development of theconformitytoFeminineNorms Inventory, SexRoles, 52, 417-435.
- O’Neil, J. M. ve Denke, R. (2016). An empiricalreview of gender role conflictresearch: New conceptualmodelsandresearchparadigms. InWong, Y. J., Wester, S. R., Wong, Y. J., andWester, S. R. (Eds.), APA handbook of men andmasculinities (pp. 51-79). Washington, DC, US: AmericanPsychologicalAssociation.
- O’Neil, J.M. (2008). Summarizing 25 years of research on men’sgender role conflictusingthegender role conflictscale: New researchparadigmsandclinicalimplications, TheCounselingPsychologist, 36(3), 358-445.
- Oishi, S., &Diener, E. (2001). Re‐examiningthe general positivity model of subjectivewell‐being: Thediscrepancybetweenspecificand global domain satisfaction. Journal of Personality, 69(4), 641-666.
- Paluck, E.L. ve Ball, L. (2010). SocialNorms Marketing Aimed at GenderBasedViolence: A LiteratureReviewand Critical Assessment. NY: International RescueCommittee.
- Pereira, R. G., Sirker, J., Caux, J. S., Hagemans, R., Maillet, J. M., White, S. R., & Affleck, I. (2006). Dynamicalspinstructurefactorfortheanisotropic spin-1/2 Heisenbergchain. Physicalreviewletters, 96(25), 257202.
- Pool, G.J, Schwegler, A.F, Theodore B.R ve Fuchs P.N (2007). Role of gendernormsandgroupidentification on hypotheticalandexperimentalpaintolerance, Pain, 129, 122-129.
- Ratzlaff, C.,Matsumoto, D., Kouznetsova, N., Raroque, ve Ray, R. (2000). Individualpsychologicalcultureandsubjectivewell-being. InDiener, E. andSuh, E. M. (Eds.), Cultureandsubjectivewell-being (pp. 37-60). Boston, MA: Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
- Repetti, R. L. (1987). Linkagesbetweenworkandfamilyroles, AppliedSocialPsychologyAnnual, 7, 98-127.
Richmond, K., Levant, R., Smalley, B. ve Cook, S. (2015). TheFemininityIdeologyScale (FIS): dimensionsanditsrelationshiptoanxietyandfemininegender role stress, Women&Health, 55(3), 263-279.
- Ridgeway, C.L. (1997). Interactionandtheconservation f genderinequality: consideringemployment, AmericanSociologicalReview, 62, 218-35.
- Rothstein, B. ve Tannenberg, M. (2015). TheQuality of Governmentand Development Policy, TheQuality of GovernmentInstitute Report, 2015. (http://qog.pol.gu.se/digitalAssets/1549/1549815_the-quality-of-government-and-development-policy.pdf, 15 Mayıs 2017 tarihinde erişildi).
- Ryan, R. M., &Deci, E. L. (2000). Intrinsicandextrinsicmotivations: Classic definitionsandnewdirections. Contemporaryeducationalpsychology, 25(1), 54-67.
- Schalock, R. L. ve Keith, K.D. (Eds.) (2016). Cross-CulturalQuality of Life: EnhancingtheLives of People withIntellectualDisability (2nd Ed). AmericanAssoc. onIntellectualandDevelopmentalDisabilities.
- Schwarz, N. ve Strack, F. (1999). Reports of subjectivewell-being: judgmentalprocessesandtheirmethodologicalimplications. InKahneman, D., Diener, E., andSchwarz, N. (Eds.), Well-Being: TheFoundations of HedonicPsychology (pp. 61–84). RussellSage Foundation, New York.
- Sirgy, M.J. (2002). ThePsychology of Quality of Life. Dordecht, TheNetherlands: KluwerAcademicPublishers.
- Skevington, S.M.,MacArthur, P. ve Somerset, M.(1997). Developingitemsforthehealth in Britain, British Journal of HealthPsychology, 2, 55-72.
- Stillson, R. W., O'Neil, J. M. ve Owen, S. V. (1991). Predictors of adultmen'sgender-role conflict: Race, class, unemployment, age, instrumentality-expressiveness, andpersonalstrain, Journal of CounselingPsychology, 38(4), 458-464.
- Sumner, L.W. (1996). Welfare, Happiness, andEthics. Oxford: ClarendonPress.
- Wallace, J. E., &Lemaire, J. (2007). On physicianwellbeing—you’llgetbywith a littlehelpfromyourfriends. Socialscience&medicine, 64(12), 2565-2577.
- WareJr, J. E., &Sherbourne, C. D. (1992). The MOS 36-item short-form healthsurvey (SF-36): I. Conceptualframeworkanditemselection. Medicalcare, 473-483.
- West, C. ve Fenstermaker, S. (1995). Doingdifference, Gender&Society, 9(1), 8-37.
- Zapf, W. (2000). SocialReporting in the 1970s and 1990s, SocialIndicatorsResearch, 51, 1-15.