Analysis of The Relationship Between Somatic Symptoms, Attachment Styles and Feelings of Guilt Shame in University Students

Öz

The aim of this study was to determine to what extent guilt, shame and attachment styles predict somatization, to find out the relationship between these and to examine the frequency of making health-related research on the internet on somatization and attachment style scores. The data were collected from 204 university students. The participants were applied Guilt Shame Scale, Relationship Scales Questionnaire and somatization subscale of Symptom Check List. As a result of the analyses, a significant relationship was found between somatization, attachment styles and guilt-shame scores. Attachment styles and shame scores predict somatization at a rate of 36%. Scores differed according to gender and the frequency of making health-related research on the Internet. Individuals with secure attachment are less likely to show somatic symptoms.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Somatic Symptoms,Attachment,Guilt,Shame

Üniversite Öğrencilerinde Somatik Belirtiler, Bağlanma Stilleri ve Suçluluk Utanç Duyguları Arasındaki İlişkinin İncelenmesi

Öz

Çalışmanın amacı suçluluk, utanç ve bağlanma stillerinin somatizasyonu yordama derecesi ve aralarındaki ilişkiyi; internette sağlığa yönelik araştırma yapma sıklığının, somatizasyon ve bağlanma stili puanları üzerindeki etkisini incelemektir. Çalışmanın verileri 204 üniversite öğrencisinden toplanmıştır. Katılımcılara Suçluluk Utanç Ölçeği, İlişki Ölçekleri Anketi ve Belirti Tarama Listesi’nin somatizasyon alt ölçeği uygulanmıştır. Analizler sonucunda somatizasyon, bağlanma stilleri ve suçluluk-utanç puanları arasında anlamlı ilişki bulunmuştur. Bağlanma stilleri ve utanç puanları somatizasyonu %36 düzeyinde yordamaktadır. Cinsiyete göre ve internette sağlığa ilişkin araştırma yapma sıklığına göre puanlar farklılaşmıştır. Güvenli bağlanan bireylerin somatik belirtiler gösterme olasılığı daha düşüktür. 

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Somatik Belirtiler,Bağlanma,Suçluluk,Utanç

Kaynakça

1. Ainsworth, M.S. (1979). Infant–mother attachment. Am Psychol, 34, 932-937.
2. Akbağ, M., & İmamoğlu, S. E. (2010). The prediction of gender and attachment styles on shame, guilt and loneliness. ESTP, 10, 669-682 . Aragona, M., Monteduro, M.D., Colosimo, F., Maisano, B., & Geraci, S. (2008). Effect of gender and marital status on somatization symptoms of ımmigrants from various ethnic groups attending a primary care service. Ger J Psychiatry, 11, 63-72.
3. Ausubel, D.P. (1955). Relationships between shame and guilt in the socializing process. Psychol Rev, 62, 378-390.
4. Barry, J., Seager, M., & Brown, B. (2015). Gender differences in the association between attachment style and adulthood relationship satisfaction. New Male Studies, 4, 63-74.
5. Barsky, A.J., Orav, E.J., & Bates, D.W. (2005). Somatization increases medical utilization and costs independent of psychiatric and medical comorbidity. Arch Gen Psychiatry, 62, 903-910.
6. Bartholomew, K., & Horowitz, L.M. (1991). Attachment styles among young adults: A test of a four- category model. J Pers Soc Psychol, 61, 226-244.
7. Bowlby, J. (1969). Attachment and Loss: Vol.1. Attachment. New York: Basic Books.
8. Ciechanowski, P.S., Walker, E.A., Katon, W.J., & Russo, J.E. (2002). Attachment theory: A model for health care utilization and somatization. Psychosom Med, 64, 660-667.

9. Cirhinlioğlu, F.G., & Güvenç, G. (2011). Utanç eğilimi, suçluluk eğilimi ve psikopatoloji. IJHS, 8, 248-267.
10. Dağ, I. (1991). Reliability and validity of the Turkish form of the SCL90–R. Türk Psikiyatri Derg, 2, 5-12.
11. Derogatis, L.R. (1977). SCL-90: Administration, Scoring and Procedure Manual-I for the Revised Version. Baltimore, MD: John Hopkins Univ. School of Medicine, Clinical Psychometrics Unit.
12. Derogatis, L.R., Rickels, K., & Rock, A.F. (1976). The SCL-90 and the MMPI: A step in the validation of a new self-report scale. Br J Psychiatry, 128, 280-289.
13. Dickerson, S.S., Kemeny, M.E., Aziz, N., Kim, K.H., Fahey, J.L. (2004). Immunological effects of induced shame and guilt. Psychosom Med, 66, 124-131.
14. Doyle, D.J., Ruskin, K.J., & Engel, T.P. (1996). The internet and medicine; Past, Present and The future. Yale J Biol Med, 69, 429-37.
15. Eastin, M.S., & Guinsler, N.M. (2006). Worried and wired: effects of health anxiety on information-seeking and health care utilization behaviors. Cyberpsychol Behav, 9, 494-498.
16. Ford, C.V. (1986). The somatizing disorders. Psychosomatics, 27, 335–337.
17. Griffin, D. W., & Bartholomew, K. (1994). Models of the self and other: Fundamental dimensions underlying measures of adult attachment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67(3), 430-445.
18. Harder, D.W., Cutler, L., Rockart, L. (1992). Assessment of shame and guilt and their relationship to psychopathology. J Pers Assess, 59, 584-604.
19. Harvey, O.J., Gore, E.J., Frank, H., & Batres, A.R. (1997). Relationship of shame and guilt to gender and parenting practices. Pers Individ Dif, 23, 135-146.
20. Karaırmak, Ö., & Güloğlu, B. (2014). Deprem Deneyimi Yaşamış Yetişkinlerde Bağlanma Modeline Göre Psikolojik Sağlamlığın Açıklanması. C.U. Faculty of Education Journal, 43, 1-18.
21. Kılıç, M. (1991). Belirti tarama listesinin (SCL-90-R) geçerlilik ve güvenilirliği. Türk PDR Dergisi, 1, 45-52.
22. Kidd, T., & Sheffield, D. (2005). Attachment style and symptom reporting: Examining the mediating effects of anger and social support. Br J Health Psychol, 10, 531-541.
23. Kirmayer, L., & Robbins, J. (1991). Three forms of somatization in primary care: prevalence, cooccurrence, and sociodemographic characteristics. J Nerv Ment Dis, 179, 647-65.
24. Lesser, L.M., Ford, C.V., & Friedmann, C.T.H. (1979). Alexithymia in somatizing patients. Gen Hosp Psychiatry, 1, 256-261.
25. Lewis, H. B. (1971). Shame and Guilt in Neurosis. New York: International Universities Press.
26. Li, N., He, J., & Li, T. (2009). Gender difference of insecure attachment: Universal or culture-specific? Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 32(1), 36-37.
27. Lipowski, Z.J. (1987). Somatization: Medicine’s unsolved problem. Psychosomatics, 28, 294-297.
28. Lipowski, Z.J. (1988). Somatization: The concept and its clinical application. Am J Psychiatry, 145, 1358-1368.
29. Liu, L., Cohen, S., Schulz, M., & Waldinger, R.J. (2011). Sources of somatization: Exploring the roles of insecurity in relationships and styles of anger experience and expression. Soc Sci Med, 73, 1436-1443.
30. Lopez, F.G., Gover, M.R., Leskela, J., Sauer, E.M., Schırmer, L., & Wyssmann, J. (1997). Attachment styles, shame, guilt, and collaborative problem-solving orientations. Pers Relatsh, 4, 187-199.
31. Meissner, W.W. (2006). Psychoanalysis and the mind-body relation: psychosomatic perspectives. Bull Menninger Clin, 70, 295-315.
32. Noyes, R. J., Longley, S.L., Langbehn, D.R., Stuart, S.P., & Kukoyi, O.A. (2010). Hypochondriacal symptoms associated with a less therapeutic physicianpatient relationship. Psychiatry, 73, 57-69.
33. Noyes, R.J., Stuart, S.P., Langbehn, D.R., Happel, R.L., Longley, S.L., Muller, B.A., & Yagla, S.J. (2003). Test of an interpersonal model of hypochondriasis. Psychosom Med, 65, 292-300.
34. Pineles, S.L., Street, A.E., & Koenen, K.C. (2006). The differential relationships of shame–proneness and guilt– proneness to psychological and somatization symptoms. J Soc Clin Psychol, 25, 688-704.
35. Starcevic, V., Berle, D. (2013). Cyberchondria: towards a better understanding of excessive health-related Internet use. Expert Rev Neurother, 13, 205-213.
36. Stuart, S., & Noyes, R. (1999). Attachment and Interpersonal Communication in Somatization. Psychosomatics, 40, 34-43.
37. Sullivan, M., & Katon, W. (1993). Somatization: the path between distress and somatic symptoms. Am Pain Soc J, 2, 141-149.
38. Sümer, N., & Güngör, D. (1999). Yetişkin bağlanma stili ölçeklerinin Türk örneklemi üzerinde psikometrik değerlendirmesi ve kültürlerarası bir karşılaştırma. Turk J Psychol, 14, 71-106.
39. Şahin, N.H., & Şahin, N. (1992). Adolescent guilt, shame, and depression in relation to sociotropy and autonomy. Paper presented at the World Congress of Cognitive Therapy, Toronto, Canada, 17-21.
40. Tabachnick, B.G., & Fidell, L.S. (2015). Çok Değişkenli İstatistik. Baloğlu M. (Çeviri Ed) 6. Baskı, Ankara: Nobel.
41. Tangney JP. Conceptual and methodologıcal issues in the assessment of shame and guilt. Behav Res Ther 1996; 34: 741-754.
42. Tangney, J.P., Miller, R.S., Flicker, R., & Barlow, D.H. (1996). Are shame, guilt, and embarrassment distinct emotions? J Pers Soc Psychol, 70, 1256-1269.
43. Tangney, J. P., Stuewig, J., & Mashek, D. J. (2007). Moral emotions and moral behavior. Annu. Rev. Psychol., 58, 345-372.
44. Tangney, J.P., Wagner, P.E., & Gramzow, R. (1992). Proneness to shame, proneness to guilt, and psychopathology. J Abnorm Psychol, 101, 469-478.
45. Vatan, S. (2017). Duygular ve Psikolojik Belirtiler Arasındaki İlişkiler. Curr Approaches Psychiatry, 9, 45-62.
46. Waldinger, R.J., Schulz, M.S., Barsky, A.J., & Ahern, D.K. (2006). Mapping the road from childhood trauma to adult somatization: The role of attachment. Psychosom Med, 68, 129-135
47. White, R.W., & Horvitz, E. (2009). Cyberchondria: studies of the escalation of medical concerns in web search. ACM Trans Manag Inf Syst, 27, 23
48. Woien, S.L., Ernst, H.A.H., Patock-Peckham, J.A., & Nagoshi, C.T. (2003). Validation of the TOSCA to measure shame and guilt. Pers Individ Dif, 35, 313-32.
49. Wool, C.A., & Barsky, A.J. (1994). Do women somatize more than men? Gender differences in somatization. Psychosomatics, 35, 445-52.