MENA Ülkeleri Tarım Sektörlerinin Malmquist Toplam Faktör Verimliliği Endeksi ile İncelenmesi

Öz

Tarım sektörü, geçmişten günümüze besin ihtiyaçlarının giderilmesi ve gelir kaynağı olması açısından insanlık için önemini hiç kaybetmemiştir. İnsan nüfusunun hızlı bir şekilde büyümesi ile birlikte gıda ihtiyacının artması ve iklim değişikliği sebebiyle kuraklık sorununun yaşanması gibi faktörler tarım sektöründeki verimliliğin öneminin artmasını sağlamıştır. Tarımsal verimlilik, özellikle gelişmekte olan ve azgelişmiş ülkeler için gelir kaynağı olması ve iktisadi gelişime katkı sağlaması yönüyle önemli bir role sahiptir. Bu çalışmanın amacı çoğunlukla gelişmekte olan ve azgelişmiş ülkelerden oluşan MENA ülkelerinin 1967-2016 dönemi için tarımsal verimlilik değişimlerini Veri Zarflama Analizi (VZA) tabanlı girdi yönelimli Malmquist Toplam Faktör Verimlilik (TFV) endeksi aracılığıyla incelemektir. Çalışmada ele alınan ülkeler, düşük ve yüksek gelirli ülkeler olarak iki gruba ayrılmıştır. Çalışmanın sonucuna göre; düşük gelirli ülkelerde ortalama Malmquist (TFV) endeksinde yaklaşık %1’lik artış; yüksek gelirli ülkelerde ise %0,3’lük bir düşüş gözlemlenmiştir. Her iki ülke grubu için ortalama etkinlik ve etkinlik değişimi skorlarında kısmi bir atış, ortalama teknik değişim skorunda ise düşüş gözlemlenmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Tarımsal Verimlilik
• MENA Ülkeleri
• Malmquist (TFV) Endeksi
• Veri Zarflama Analizi (VZA)

Analysis of the Agricultural Sectors of MENA Countries with Malmquist Total Factor Productivity Index

Öz

The agricultural sector has never lost its importance for humanity in terms of meeting nutritional needs and being a source of income from past to present. The increase in the need for food due to the rapid increase in the population and the drought problem due to climate change have made the productivity more important in the agricultural sector. Agricultural productivity is vital for developing and less developed countries in terms of being a source of income and contributing to economic development. The aim of this study is to examine the agricultural productivity changes of MENA countries that mostly consist of developing and less developed countries, for the period of 1967-2016 through Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) based input-oriented Malmquist Total Factor Productivity (TFP) index. The countries considered in the study are divided into two groups as low and high income countries. According to the results of the study; an increase of about 1% in the average Malmquist (TFP) index in low-income countries; a decrease of 0.3% was observed in high-income countries. For both country groups, a partial increase was observed in the average efficiency and efficiency change scores, while a partial decrease in the average technical change score was observed.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Agricultural Productivity
• MENA Countries
• Malmquist (TFP) Index
• Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA)

Kaynakça

1. Baležentis, T. (2012). The cost malmquist index decomposition for analysis of the total factor productivity change in lithuanian family farms, Žemės Ūkio Mokslai, 19(3), 168–179.
2. Banker, R. D. (1984). Estimating most productive scale size using data envelopment analysis. European Journal of Operational Research, 17(1), 35-44.
3. Bureau, J.C., Färe, R., & Grosskopf, S. (1995). A comparison of three nonparametric measures of productivity growth in european and united states agriculture. Journal of Agricultural Economics, 46(3), 309-326.
4. Candemir, M., Özcan, M., Güneş, M. & Deliktaş, E. (2011). Technical efficiency and total factor productivity growth in the hazelnut agricultural sales cooperatives unions in Turkey, Mathematical and Computational Applications, 16(1), 66-76.
5. Caves, D. W., Christensen, L. R., & Diewert, W. E. (1982). The economic theory of index numbers and the measurement of ınput, output, and productivity. Econometrica: Journal of the Econometric Society, 50(6), 1393-1414.
6. Čechura L. (2012). Technical efficiency and total factor productivity in Czech agriculture. Agricultural Economics-Zemedelska Ekonomika. 58, 147–156.
7. Charnes, A., Cooper, W. W., & Rhodes, E. (1978). Measuring the efficiency of decision making units. European Journal of Operational Research, 2(6), 429-444.
8. Coelli, T. J., & Prasada Rao, D. S. (2003). Total factor productivity growth in agriculture: a malmquist index analysis of 93 countries,1980-2000, CEPA Working Papers Series, WP022003, School of Economics, University of Queensland, Australia.

9. Coelli, T. J., & Prasada Rao, D. S. (2005). Total factor productivity growth in agriculture: a malmquist index analysis of 93 countries, 1980–2000. Agricultural Economics, 32(Supplement), 115–134.
10. Cooper W.W., Seiford L.M., Zhu J. (2011). Data envelopment analysis: history, models, and ınterpretations. In: Cooper W., Seiford L., Zhu J. (eds) handbook on data envelopment analysis. International Series in Operations Research & Management Science, vol 164. Springer, Boston, MA.
11. De Koeijer TJ, Wossink GAA, Struik PC & Renkema JA. (2002). Measuring agricultural sustainability in terms of efficiency: the case of Dutch sugar beet growers. Journal of Environmental Management, 66, 9-17. Debreu, G. (1951). The coefficient of resource utilization. Econometrica: Journal of the Econometric Society, 19(3), 273-292.
12. Färe R., Grosskopf S., Norris M. & Zhang Z. (1994). Productivity growth, technical progress, and efficiency change in industrialized countries. American Economic Review, 84, 66–83.
13. Färe, R., Grosskopf, S., & Margaritis, D. (2011). Malmquist productivity indexes and dea. In handbook on data envelopment analysis (pp. 127-149): Springer.
14. Farrell, M. (1957). The measurement of productive efficiency. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. 120(3), 253-290.
15. Güleç, Ö. F., Öztürk, E., & Özkan, A. (2018). Kurumsal yönetim ile firma performansı arasındaki ilişki: malmquist toplam verimlilik endeksi uygulaması. JETAS, 6(2), 75-92.
16. Gornall, J., Betts, R., Burke, E., Clark, R., Camp, J., Willett, K., & Wiltshire, A. (2010). Implications of climate change for agricultural productivity in the early twenty-first century. Phil. Trans. R. Soc., 365, 2973–2989.
17. Karaman S., Özalp A. (2017). Türkiye tarım sektörü bölgesel toplam faktör verimliliğinin malmquist endeks ile belirlenmesi. Gaziosmanpaşa Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 34 (1), 209-217.
18. Koopmansa, T. (1951). An analysis of production as an efficient combination of activities, activity analysis of production and allocation. Wiley. New York.
19. Liu, J. S., Lu, L. Y., Lu, W.-M., & Lin, B. J. J. O. (2013). A survey of DEA applications. Omega, 41(5), 893-902.
20. Ludena, C. E. (2010). Agricultural productivity growth, efficiency change and technical progress in latin america and the caribbean, Research Department Inter-American Development Bank, 1-41.
21. Martin, W., Mitra, D. (2001). Productivity growth and convergence in agriculture and manufacturing. Economic Development and Cultural Change, 49(2), 403-422.
22. Nkamleu, G.B. (2004). Productivity growth, technical progress and efficiency change in african agriculture, African Development Review, 16 (1). 203-222.
23. Ruggiero J. (2000). Measuring technical efficiency (theory and methodology). European Journal of Operational Research, 121, 138-150.
24. Spitzer, M. (1997). Interregional comparison of agricultural productivity growth,technical progress, and efficiency change in China’s agriculture: a nonparametric index approacch, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, IR-97-89, 1-22.
25. Suhariyanto, K., Thirtle, C. (2001). Asian agricultural productivity and convergence, Journal of Agricultural Economics, 52, 96-110.
26. Tarım, A. (2001). Veri zarflama analizi: matematiksel tabanlı göreli etkinlik ölçüm yaklaşımı. Ankara: TC Sayıştay Başkanlığı, Araştırma Çeviri İnceleme Dizisi, 15.
27. Thanassoulis, E. (2001). Introduction to the theory and application of data envelopment analysis: Springer.
28. Tipi, T. & Rehber, E. (2006). Measuring technical efficiency and total factor productivity in agriculture: the case of the south marmara region of Turkey, New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research, 49(2), 137-145.
29. Tone, K. (2004). Malmquist productivity index. In handbook on data envelopment analysis (pp. 203-227): Springer. Tonini, A. (2012). A bayesian stochastic frontier: an application to agricultural productivity growth in European countries. Econ Change Restruct, 45, 247–269.