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Populism As An Ideology

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 9 Sayı: 1, 217 - 230, 22.02.2021
https://doi.org/10.18506/anemon.775626

Öz

Recently, it has become quite common to evaluate populism with the ideational approach. Evaluating ideologies through a concept-based morphology, Michael Freeden's theoretical framework helps to explain populism. According to Freeden, ideologies are divided into two main categories, thick-centered and thin-centered ideologies. Populism is suitable to be defined as a thin-centered ideology with its structure that focuses on a limited number of issues-concepts and encompasses a narrow space. In this study, if we will consider populism as an ideology, a proposal is presented about what it’s the core and adjacent concepts might be. The core of populism is composed of four concepts that are people and its surrounding at concepts of elites, unity and sovereignty. Three concepts adjacent to this core are also representation, anti-pluralism and democracy.

Kaynakça

  • Abts, K. &Rummens, S. (2007). “Populism versus Democracy”, Political Studies. 55(2), 405–24.
  • Arditi, B. (2010) Liberalizmin Kıyılarında Siyaset. Emine Ayhan (çev), İstanbul: Metis Yayınları Arter, D. (2010). “The Breakthrough of Another West European Populist Radical Right Party? The Case of the True Finns”.Government and Opposition.45(4),484–504.
  • Aslanıdıs, P. (2016) “Is Populism an Ideology? A Refutationand a New Perspective”, PoliticalStudies. 64(1), 88-104.
  • Ball, T. &Dagger, R. &O’neıll, D. (2019). PoliticalIdeologiesandtheDemocraticIdeal.11. Ed., New York&London: RoutledgePress
  • Bartolini, S. (2011). “Political Parties, Ideology and Populism in the Post-Crisis Europe”. Poros Conference. 7-10 Temmuz. Erişim adresi: http://europeanseminars.eliamep.gr/wp-content/uploads/2011/07/Stefano-Bartolini-Paper.pdf, Erişim Tarihi 23.07.2020
  • Berlin, I. (1968). “To Define Popülism”. Government and Opposition.3(2), 137-180.
  • Betz, H.G. &Immerfall, S. (1998). The New Politics of the Right: Neo-Populist Parties and Movements in Established Democracies. BETZ, Hans-Georg&IMMERFALL Stefan (ed). New York: St. Martins Press.
  • Canovan, M. (2002). “Taking Politics to the People: Populism as the Ideology of Democracy”, Democracies and the Populist Challenge. Y. Ményand Y. Surel (ed.). London: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Canovan, M. (1981). Populism. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt
  • DiTella, T. S. (1997). “Populism in to the Twenty-First Century”. Government and Opposition. 32(2), 187–200. Dornbusch, R. &Edwards, S. (1991). The Macroeconomics of Populism in Latin America. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  • Durkheim, E. (2013). İntihar. Z. Zühre İlkgelen (çev). İstanbul: Pozitif Yayıncılık
  • Espejo, Paulina O. (2017). “Populism and the Idea of the People”, The Oxford Handbook of Populism. C.R. Kaltwasser&P. Taggart (ed). Oxford: Oxford University Press, ss. 607- 628.
  • Freeden, M. (1996). Ideologies and Political Theory. Oxford: Oxford University Press
  • Freeden, M. (1998) “Is Nationalism a Distinct Ideology?”. Political Studies. 46(4), 748-765.
  • Freeden, M. (2011) İdeoloji, Ankara: Dost Yayınları.
  • Hayward, J. (1996). “The Popülist Challenge to Elitist Democracy in Europe”, Elitism, Populsim, and Europpean Politics, J. Hayward (ed). Oxford: Clarendon Press, ss.10-32
  • Hellström, A. (2013). “Help! The Populists Are Coming: Appeals to the People in Contemporary Swedish Politics”. MIM Working Paper Series, No: 13:4. Malmö, Sweden: Malmö University.
  • Inglehart, F.R.&Norris, P. (2016). “Trump, Brexit and the Rise of Populism: Economic Have- Nots and Cultural Backlash”. HKS Faculty Research Working Paper Series, No: RWP16-026,Erişimadresi: https://www.hks.harvard.edu/publications/trump-brexit-and-rise-populism-economic-have-nots-and-cultural-backlash, Erişim Tarihi 23.07.2020
  • Ionescu, G. &Gellner, E. (1969). Populism: Its Meanings and National Characteristics. G. Ionescu&E. Gellner (ed.).New York: Macmillan.
  • Jagers, J. &Walgrave, S. (2007) “Populism as political communication style: An empirical study of political parties’ discourse in Belgium”. European Journal of Political Research. Sayı 46, 319–345.
  • Kaltwasser, C. R. (2012). “The Ambivalence of Populism: Threatand Corrective for Democracy”, Democratization. 19(2), 184–208.
  • Kaltwasser, C. R. (2013). “The Responses of Populist to Dahl’s Democratic Dilemmas”. Political Studies. 62(3), 470-487.
  • Kazin, M. (1995). The Populist Persuasion: An American History. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. Kornhauser, W. (1959). The Politics of Mass Society. Glencoe, Ill.: Free Press Laclau, E. (2005). “Populism: What is in a name”, Populism and The Mirror of Democracy. Francisco Panizza (ed). London&New York: Verso, ss.32-49
  • Laclau, E. (2013). Popülist Akıl Üzerine. Nur Betül Çelik (çev). İstanbul: Epos Yayınları
  • Le Bon, G. (2015). Kitlelerin Psikoloji. Fatıma Zehra Bayrak (çev.). İstanbul: Hayat Yayınları
  • Leaman, D. (2004). “Changing Faces of Populism in Latin America: Masks, Make overs, and Enduring Features”. Latin American Research Review. 39(3), 313–326.
  • Levitsky, S. &Roberts, K. M.(2011). The Resurgence of the Latin American Left. LEVITSKY, Steven& ROBERTS Kenneth M.(ed.). Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press.
  • Lipset, S. M. (1960). Political Man: The Social Bases of Politics. New York: Doubleday
  • Mudde, C.&Kaltwasse, C. R. (2017). Populism: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press: New York. Mudde, C. (2004). “The Populist Zeitgeist”. Governmentand Opposition 39(1), 542–563
  • Mudde, C. (2013). Are Populists Friendsor Foes of Constitutionalism?,Policy Brief, Oxford: The Foundation of Law, Justice and Society. Erişim adresi: https://www.fljs.org/sites/www.fljs.org/files/publications/Mudde _0.pdf, Erişim Tarihi 23.07.2020
  • Mudde, C. (2017). “Populism: An Ideational Approach”. The Oxford Handbook of Populism. C.R. Kaltwasser&P. Taggart (ed). Oxford: Oxford University Press, ss. 1-26.
  • Mudde, C. &Kaltwasser C. R. (2013). “Exclusionary vs. Inclusionary Populism: Comparing Europe and Latin America”. Government and Opposition. 48(2), 147-174.
  • Mudde, C. &Kaltwasser, C. R. (2012). “Populism in Europe and the Americas: Threator Corrective for Democracy?”. Populism and Iliberal Democracy, Mudde, Cas&Kaltwasser, C. Rovira (ed). Cambridge: Cambridege University Press, ss.1-26
  • Muller, J-W. (2017). Popülizm Nedir?. İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları
  • Roberts, K. M. (2006). “Populism, Political Conflict, and Grass-Roots Organization in Latin America”. Comparative Politics, 38(2), 127-148.
  • Rousseau, J-J.(1993). Toplum Sözleşmesi, Vedat Günyol (çev). İstanbul: Adam Yayınları.
  • Sartori, G. (2014). Demokrasi Teorisine Geri Dönüş, T. Karamustafaoğlu & M. Turhan (çev). İstanbul: Sentez Yayınevi.
  • Stanley, B. (2008). “The Thin Ideology of Populism”, Journal of Political Ideologies. 13(1), 95–110.
  • Taggart, P. (2002). “Populism and The Pathology of Representative Politics”. Democracies and the Populist Challenge.Yves Meny& Yves Surel (ed). Basingstoke, United Kingdom: Palgrave Macmillan, ss. 62-80.
  • Taggart, P. (2004). Popülizm. Barış Yıldırım (çev). İstanbul: BilgiÜniversitesiYayınları.
  • Urbinati, N. (1998). “Democracy and Populism”. Constellations. 5(1), 110–124.
  • Urbinati, N. (2013). “The popülist Phenomenon”. Raisons Politiques. Sayı 51, 137-154
  • Uslu, C (2020). “Popülist Egemenlik Anlayışının Teorik Kökenleri”, Dicle Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi. 25(42), 3-38
  • Weyland, K. (2001). “Clarifying a Contested Concept: Populism in the Study of Latin American Politics”. Comparative Politics, 34(1), 1-22.
  • Worsley, P. (1969). “The Concept of Populism”, Populism: Its Meanings and National Characteristics. G. Lonescu & E. Gellner (ed). Weidenfeld & Nicolson, ss. 212-221.

Bir İdeoloji Olarak Popülizm

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 9 Sayı: 1, 217 - 230, 22.02.2021
https://doi.org/10.18506/anemon.775626

Öz

Günümüzde popülizmi fikrî yaklaşım içinde değerlendirmek yaygınlık kazanmıştır. İdeolojileri kavram temelli bir morfoloji üzerinden değerlendiren Michael Freeden’in teorik çerçevesi popülizmi açıklama konusunda yardımcı olmaktadır. Buna göre ideolojiler yoğun-merkezli ve seyrek-merkezli ideolojiler olmak üzere iki ana kategoriye ayrılmaktadırlar. Popülizm sınırlı sayıda konuya ve kavrama odaklanan ve dar bir alanı kuşatan yapısıyla seyrek-merkezli bir ideoloji olarak tanımlanmaya uygundur. Bu çalışmada popülizmi, bir ideoloji olarak ele aldığımız taktirde, çekirdek ve bitişik kavramlarının neler olabileceğine dair bir öneri sunulmuştur. Popülizmin çekirdeği, halk ve etrafını kuşatan seçkinler, birlik ve egemenlik olmak üzere dört kavramdan oluşmaktadır. Bu çekirdeğe bitişik olan kavramlar temsiliyet, anti-çoğulculuk ve demokrasi olarak kendini göstermektedir.

Kaynakça

  • Abts, K. &Rummens, S. (2007). “Populism versus Democracy”, Political Studies. 55(2), 405–24.
  • Arditi, B. (2010) Liberalizmin Kıyılarında Siyaset. Emine Ayhan (çev), İstanbul: Metis Yayınları Arter, D. (2010). “The Breakthrough of Another West European Populist Radical Right Party? The Case of the True Finns”.Government and Opposition.45(4),484–504.
  • Aslanıdıs, P. (2016) “Is Populism an Ideology? A Refutationand a New Perspective”, PoliticalStudies. 64(1), 88-104.
  • Ball, T. &Dagger, R. &O’neıll, D. (2019). PoliticalIdeologiesandtheDemocraticIdeal.11. Ed., New York&London: RoutledgePress
  • Bartolini, S. (2011). “Political Parties, Ideology and Populism in the Post-Crisis Europe”. Poros Conference. 7-10 Temmuz. Erişim adresi: http://europeanseminars.eliamep.gr/wp-content/uploads/2011/07/Stefano-Bartolini-Paper.pdf, Erişim Tarihi 23.07.2020
  • Berlin, I. (1968). “To Define Popülism”. Government and Opposition.3(2), 137-180.
  • Betz, H.G. &Immerfall, S. (1998). The New Politics of the Right: Neo-Populist Parties and Movements in Established Democracies. BETZ, Hans-Georg&IMMERFALL Stefan (ed). New York: St. Martins Press.
  • Canovan, M. (2002). “Taking Politics to the People: Populism as the Ideology of Democracy”, Democracies and the Populist Challenge. Y. Ményand Y. Surel (ed.). London: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Canovan, M. (1981). Populism. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt
  • DiTella, T. S. (1997). “Populism in to the Twenty-First Century”. Government and Opposition. 32(2), 187–200. Dornbusch, R. &Edwards, S. (1991). The Macroeconomics of Populism in Latin America. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  • Durkheim, E. (2013). İntihar. Z. Zühre İlkgelen (çev). İstanbul: Pozitif Yayıncılık
  • Espejo, Paulina O. (2017). “Populism and the Idea of the People”, The Oxford Handbook of Populism. C.R. Kaltwasser&P. Taggart (ed). Oxford: Oxford University Press, ss. 607- 628.
  • Freeden, M. (1996). Ideologies and Political Theory. Oxford: Oxford University Press
  • Freeden, M. (1998) “Is Nationalism a Distinct Ideology?”. Political Studies. 46(4), 748-765.
  • Freeden, M. (2011) İdeoloji, Ankara: Dost Yayınları.
  • Hayward, J. (1996). “The Popülist Challenge to Elitist Democracy in Europe”, Elitism, Populsim, and Europpean Politics, J. Hayward (ed). Oxford: Clarendon Press, ss.10-32
  • Hellström, A. (2013). “Help! The Populists Are Coming: Appeals to the People in Contemporary Swedish Politics”. MIM Working Paper Series, No: 13:4. Malmö, Sweden: Malmö University.
  • Inglehart, F.R.&Norris, P. (2016). “Trump, Brexit and the Rise of Populism: Economic Have- Nots and Cultural Backlash”. HKS Faculty Research Working Paper Series, No: RWP16-026,Erişimadresi: https://www.hks.harvard.edu/publications/trump-brexit-and-rise-populism-economic-have-nots-and-cultural-backlash, Erişim Tarihi 23.07.2020
  • Ionescu, G. &Gellner, E. (1969). Populism: Its Meanings and National Characteristics. G. Ionescu&E. Gellner (ed.).New York: Macmillan.
  • Jagers, J. &Walgrave, S. (2007) “Populism as political communication style: An empirical study of political parties’ discourse in Belgium”. European Journal of Political Research. Sayı 46, 319–345.
  • Kaltwasser, C. R. (2012). “The Ambivalence of Populism: Threatand Corrective for Democracy”, Democratization. 19(2), 184–208.
  • Kaltwasser, C. R. (2013). “The Responses of Populist to Dahl’s Democratic Dilemmas”. Political Studies. 62(3), 470-487.
  • Kazin, M. (1995). The Populist Persuasion: An American History. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. Kornhauser, W. (1959). The Politics of Mass Society. Glencoe, Ill.: Free Press Laclau, E. (2005). “Populism: What is in a name”, Populism and The Mirror of Democracy. Francisco Panizza (ed). London&New York: Verso, ss.32-49
  • Laclau, E. (2013). Popülist Akıl Üzerine. Nur Betül Çelik (çev). İstanbul: Epos Yayınları
  • Le Bon, G. (2015). Kitlelerin Psikoloji. Fatıma Zehra Bayrak (çev.). İstanbul: Hayat Yayınları
  • Leaman, D. (2004). “Changing Faces of Populism in Latin America: Masks, Make overs, and Enduring Features”. Latin American Research Review. 39(3), 313–326.
  • Levitsky, S. &Roberts, K. M.(2011). The Resurgence of the Latin American Left. LEVITSKY, Steven& ROBERTS Kenneth M.(ed.). Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press.
  • Lipset, S. M. (1960). Political Man: The Social Bases of Politics. New York: Doubleday
  • Mudde, C.&Kaltwasse, C. R. (2017). Populism: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press: New York. Mudde, C. (2004). “The Populist Zeitgeist”. Governmentand Opposition 39(1), 542–563
  • Mudde, C. (2013). Are Populists Friendsor Foes of Constitutionalism?,Policy Brief, Oxford: The Foundation of Law, Justice and Society. Erişim adresi: https://www.fljs.org/sites/www.fljs.org/files/publications/Mudde _0.pdf, Erişim Tarihi 23.07.2020
  • Mudde, C. (2017). “Populism: An Ideational Approach”. The Oxford Handbook of Populism. C.R. Kaltwasser&P. Taggart (ed). Oxford: Oxford University Press, ss. 1-26.
  • Mudde, C. &Kaltwasser C. R. (2013). “Exclusionary vs. Inclusionary Populism: Comparing Europe and Latin America”. Government and Opposition. 48(2), 147-174.
  • Mudde, C. &Kaltwasser, C. R. (2012). “Populism in Europe and the Americas: Threator Corrective for Democracy?”. Populism and Iliberal Democracy, Mudde, Cas&Kaltwasser, C. Rovira (ed). Cambridge: Cambridege University Press, ss.1-26
  • Muller, J-W. (2017). Popülizm Nedir?. İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları
  • Roberts, K. M. (2006). “Populism, Political Conflict, and Grass-Roots Organization in Latin America”. Comparative Politics, 38(2), 127-148.
  • Rousseau, J-J.(1993). Toplum Sözleşmesi, Vedat Günyol (çev). İstanbul: Adam Yayınları.
  • Sartori, G. (2014). Demokrasi Teorisine Geri Dönüş, T. Karamustafaoğlu & M. Turhan (çev). İstanbul: Sentez Yayınevi.
  • Stanley, B. (2008). “The Thin Ideology of Populism”, Journal of Political Ideologies. 13(1), 95–110.
  • Taggart, P. (2002). “Populism and The Pathology of Representative Politics”. Democracies and the Populist Challenge.Yves Meny& Yves Surel (ed). Basingstoke, United Kingdom: Palgrave Macmillan, ss. 62-80.
  • Taggart, P. (2004). Popülizm. Barış Yıldırım (çev). İstanbul: BilgiÜniversitesiYayınları.
  • Urbinati, N. (1998). “Democracy and Populism”. Constellations. 5(1), 110–124.
  • Urbinati, N. (2013). “The popülist Phenomenon”. Raisons Politiques. Sayı 51, 137-154
  • Uslu, C (2020). “Popülist Egemenlik Anlayışının Teorik Kökenleri”, Dicle Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi. 25(42), 3-38
  • Weyland, K. (2001). “Clarifying a Contested Concept: Populism in the Study of Latin American Politics”. Comparative Politics, 34(1), 1-22.
  • Worsley, P. (1969). “The Concept of Populism”, Populism: Its Meanings and National Characteristics. G. Lonescu & E. Gellner (ed). Weidenfeld & Nicolson, ss. 212-221.
Toplam 45 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Cennet Uslu 0000-0002-3481-4104

Yayımlanma Tarihi 22 Şubat 2021
Kabul Tarihi 11 Ocak 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2021 Cilt: 9 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Uslu, C. (2021). Bir İdeoloji Olarak Popülizm. Anemon Muş Alparslan Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 9(1), 217-230. https://doi.org/10.18506/anemon.775626

Anemon Muş Alparslan Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi Creative Commons Atıf-GayriTicari 4.0 Uluslararası Lisansı (CC BY NC) ile lisanslanmıştır.