İslâm Dini’nde ‘insan’ mefhûmu, onu her yönüyle
maddî-manevî/dünyevî-uhrevî kapsayan bir anlayışa sahiptir. Onun insanı
inceleme ve anlama yaklaşımı, diğer bütün düşünce sistemleri ve felsefî bakış
açılarından daha ileridedir. Zira insan, yeryüzünde Allah’ın ‘halifesi’ olarak
tayin edilmiştir ve yine insan, O’nun kutlu vekili mertebesindedir. Düşünce
akımlarının ortaya çıkış nedenine bakıldığında, hemen hemen tamamının, bilgiye
nasıl ulaşılacağı noktasında birleştikleri görülür ve elbette ki, ana tema
insandır. Pek çok düşünce akımında insan, kimi yerde topluma kurban edilir,
kimi yerde toplum insana feda edilir; kimi yerde bir piyon hükmünde
pasifleştirilen insan bütün melekelerinden soyutlanır, kimi yerde de süflî bir
varlık olarak yerden yere vurulur. Dolayısıyla, bir kısım felsefî yaklaşımların
etkisiyle Batı düşünce dünyası, insanın en değerli özelliği olan ‘akıl’
konusunda bazı sapmalar yaşamıştır. Dikkat çekici olan ise, insanın ruhsal
yönünü, onun çevresiyle kurduğu ilişkiyi ele alıp inceleyen Psikoloji biliminin,
en son gelişmiş bilimlerden biri olmasıdır. Bilindiği üzere, çeşitli konuları
ayrı ayrı, felsefe disiplini altında hararetle işlenmiş olan bu çok geç
isimlendirilmiş bilimin tarihi çok eskilere uzanır. Batı dünyası için
Psikoloji, 19. yüzyılın son çeyreğinde doğmuş bir sosyal bilim iken İslâm
âlimleri 7. yüzyıldan itibaren konuya eğilmeye başlamışlardır. Bu makalede,
akıl, nefs ve ruh kavramları üzerinde durulacak, erken dönem bazı İslâm
âlimlerinin görüşlerine yer verilecek ve onların Psikolojiye olan katkılarından
söz edilecektir.
Hatay Mustafa Kemal Üniversitesi - İlahiyat Fakültesi
Science is a regular and consistent knowledge of the universe, the subject of facts and events in the world, a way of using methods and experimentation, and reaching several codes based on reality. And methodical and systematic information obtained by the method and validated by the application, always and everywhere with validity and certainty qualities. From this point of view, the subject of psychology, which is a branch of science, is mentioned as the emotions, thoughts, and behaviors of living beings. However, psychology has defined for a long time as the science of behavior and mind includes the study of conscious and unconscious phenomena, as well as feelings and thoughts. Nowadays, psychology is living its modern period, because, today, psychology has become an experimental science which uses the methods of the sciences. The first signs of this period, with the adoption of these scientific methods psychology, began to manifest itself in the last quarter of the 19th century. Also, it should be noted here that psychology, because of its behavioral science, raises the underlying causes of behavior and develops treatments against possible diseases. In a sense, it also undertakes a duty such as 'preventive medicine' before being mentally ill. Psychologists are started to focus on examining the individual’s religious beliefs and practices in the modern period of psychology. Until this time, in the resources which are called ‘classical period of psychology,’ topics covered and discussed by theologians and philosophers who mostly focused on ‘human and the nature of human.’ However, with the development of modern psychology, complex issues such as examining the concept of soul and revealing the relationship between soul and body are left to the branch of philosophy. Therefore, the direct link has ended between experimental psychology and religion. Nevertheless, the purpose of the Psychology of Religion is to bring religion and psychology back together. Thus, the psychology of religion was born as a result of the efforts of Psychology which became a science by itself, separated from the history of religion and philosophy. In 1899, Edwin Starbuck became the first psychologist to use the name ‘Psychology of Religion.’ However, after its emergence, for a variety of social reasons, the Psychology of Religion has made plodding progress, but after 1960, it has been on a rapid rise. As a result, as revealed in this study, Islamic scholars have put forward various views in the field of psychology under the titles of Philosophy, Kalam, and Sufism starting from the 7th century. Hâris al-Muhâsibî, Mevlanâ, Gazzâlî, al-Kindî, İbn Sînâ, İbn Rushd and Farabî who has mentioned in this study are just a few of these names. Many of these thinkers, based on their own life experiences, have made regular examinations and recorded their results in their works. As mentioned earlier, although the Islamic scholars have greatly influenced by the views of the ancient Greek philosophers, they combined their philosophy with Islamic beliefs and thoughts and presented their own original ideas. It should be mentioned here again, examining the concepts of intelligence, soul, and spirit which they briefly discussed in this article, is not a research that every individual should do. It will be in everyone’s best interest to leave this task to the scholars who have the research qualifications. Learning the meaning of these concepts and their functions in the body would be sufficient for individuals.
Intelligence Soul Spirit Psychology Psychology of Religion Islamic Scholars
Birincil Dil | Türkçe |
---|---|
Konular | Din Araştırmaları |
Bölüm | Araştırma Makaleleri |
Yazarlar | |
Yayımlanma Tarihi | 24 Haziran 2019 |
Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2019 Cilt: 2 Sayı: 1 |