Araştırma Makalesi
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Türkiye’de Aktivist Belediyecilik

Yıl 2023, , 240 - 263, 13.06.2023
https://doi.org/10.53376/ap.2023.09

Öz

Birbiriyle çekişmeli bir mücadele yürüten devlet ve toplumsal hareketler uzun süre ayrı iki alan olarak incelenmiştir. Literatürde yoğunlukla toplumsal hareketlerin devleti ve onun kurumlarını şekillendirmesi ele alınırken devletin bazı unsurlarının da toplumsal hareketler gibi davranması gündeme gelmektedir. Özellikle yerel yönetimlerin tepeden inmeci politikaları/projeleri kabul etmeyerek kent hareketleri ile eşgüdüm halinde, protesto dahil çeşitli toplumsal hareket yöntemlerini kullanarak hak aradıkları çekişmeli bir mücadele yöntemini benimsedikleri gözlemlenmektedir. Yerel Yönetimler bünyelerinde toplumsal hareketlerde kısıtlı olan bazı kaynakları da barındırabilmektedirler. Bu makalede Kamu Yönetimi, Yerel Yönetimler ve Toplumsal Hareketler literatürlerini kesen bir araştırma alanı olarak aktivist belediyeciliğin Türkiye’deki tarihsel arka planı, hangi siyasi, ekonomik ve toplumsal koşullarda şekillendiği ve güncel dinamikleri incelenecektir. Yerel yönetimlerin neden aktivizme yöneldiği, bu tür bir aktivizmin hangi konularda yoğunlaştığı ve hangi eylem repertuarlarına başvurduğu ve hangi devlet kurumlarını neden muhatap aldığı incelenecektir. Aktivist belediyeciliğin merkeziyetçi ve kalkınmacı eğilimlerden, yerel demokrasinin yükselişinden ve son olarak da toplumsal hareketlerin sonuç alıcı etkinliğinden kaynaklandığı öne sürülecektir.

Kaynakça

  • 1.Bakırçay Çevre Sempozyumu (1992), (İzmir: Aliağa Belediyesi Yayınları).
  • Aanholt, Jelle van. (2014), Sterker dan Den Haag. Een verkenning van de interactie tussen gemeente en burgers bij het verweer tegen nationaal beleid (Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi) (Amsterdam: University of Amsterdam).
  • Aksakal, Pertev (2007), Fatsa Gerçeği (İstanbul: Penta Yayıncılık).
  • Alıca, Süheyla Suzan Gökalp (2019), Çevresel Etki Değerlendirmesi (Ankara: Adalet Yayınevi).
  • Anadol, Kemal (1990), Termik Santrallere Hayır (Ankara: V Yayınları)
  • Arpini Emilia, Alexander Panez, Andrew Cumbers ve Bethia Pearson (2022), “New Municipalism in South America? Developing theory from experience in Argentina and Chile”, Urban Studies, 1-17. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/00420980221126269
  • Arsel, Murat (2005), “Reflexive Developmentalism? Toward an Environmental Critique of Modernization”, Adaman, Fikret ve Murat Arsel (Der.), Environmentalism in Turkey: Between Democracy (London: Routledge): 1-20.
  • Beyaz Gazete (2012), https://beyazgazete.com/haber/2012/2/23/amasra-da-termik-santral-protestosu-1062485.html (13.12.2022).
  • Banaszak, Lee Ann (2005), “Inside and Outside the State: Movement insider Status, Tactics, and Public Policy Achievements”, Meyer, David S., Valerie Jenness ve Hele Ingram (Der.), Routing the Opposition: Social Movements, Public Policy, and Democracy (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press): 149-176.
  • Barcelona en Comu vd. (2019), Fearless Cities: A Guide to the Global Remunicipalist Movement (Oxford: New Internationalist).
  • Batuman, Bülent (2010), “Toplumcu bir Belediyecilik Modeli: “Yeni Belediyecilik Hareketi” 1973–1977”, Mülkiye Dergisi, 34 (266): 223-241.
  • Bayraktar, Ulaş (2014), “Kamuyu Kamulaştıran Toplumcu Belediyeler için Geçmişten Alınabilecek İlham Üzerine”, İnan, İzci (Der.), Katılımcı Yerel Yönetim, (İstanbul: Kalkedon Yayınları): 51-68.
  • Bayramoğlu, Sonay (2015), Toplumcu Belediye Nam-ı Diğer Belediye Sosyalizmi (İstanbul: Nota Bene Yayınları).
  • Beveridge, Ross ve Matthias Naumann (2014), “Global norms, local contestation: privatization and de/politicization in Berlin”, Policy & Politics, 42 (2): 275–291.
  • Bröer, Christian (2007), “Aircraft and Risk Politics”, Health Risk and Society, 9: 37-52.
  • Bullmer, Elliot W. (2017), Local Democracy, International IDEA Constitution-Building Primer 13, International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance.
  • Change.org (2023), www.change.org (11.04.2023)
  • Çoban, Aykut (2004), “Community-based Ecological Resistance: The Bergama Movement in Turkey”, Environmental Politics, 13 (2): 438-460.
  • Çoban, Aykut, Fevzi Özlüer ve Sinan Erensü (2015), “Türkiye'de Doğanın Neoliberalleştirilmesi ve Bu Sürece Karşı Mücadeleler,” Çoban, Aykut (Der.), Yerel Yönetim, Kent ve Ekoloji: Can Hamamcı'ya Armağan (Ankara: İmge Yayınevi): 399-456.
  • Diani, Mario (1992), “The Concept of Social Movement”, The Sociological Review, 40 (1): 1–25.
  • Dalokay, Vedat (t.y), Çeşitli Toplum Olayları Hakkında Görüşler, 1973-1977 Arası Basın Toplantıları, Demeçler, Konuşmalar.
  • Doğan, Ozan (2018), “Hozat’ta Sosyalist Belediyecilik Deneyimi (2004-2014)”, Hepkon, Zeliha ve Şükrü Aslan (Der.), Hozat (Ankara: Ütopya Yayınları): 453-472.
  • Emre, Erdal (2018), Komünist Başkan: Ovacık’ta Yeşeren Umut (İstanbul: Siyah Beyaz Yayınları).
  • Ersoy, Zeynal Gökhan (2019), Mobilization Against Waste Facilities of Municipalities in Turkey between 2000 and 2018 (Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi) (İstanbul: Yeditepe Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü).
  • Evrensel (2022), https://www.evrensel.net/haber/468380/bu-tepe-atik-tepe-guzelbahcedeki-tesis-cevre-ve-insan-sagligini-tehdit-ediyor (18.04.2023).
  • Fisk, Jonathan M. (2016), “Fractured Relationships: Exploring Municipal Defiance in Colorado, Texas, and Ohio”, State and Local Government Review, 48 (2): 75–86.
  • Goldstone, Jack Andrew (2003), “Bridging Institutionalized and Noninstitutionalized Politics”, Goldstone, Jack Andrew (Der.), States, Parties and Social Movements (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press): 1-27.
  • Griggs, Steven ve David Howarth (2004), “A Transformative Political Campaign? The New Rhetoric of Protest Against Airport Expansion in the UK”, Journal of Political Ideologies, 9 (2): 181-201.
  • İstanbul Planlama Ajansı (2021), 25 Soruda Kanal İstanbul (İstanbul: İstanbul Büyükşehir Belediyesi).
  • İsvan, Ahmet (2002), Başkent Gölgesinde İstanbul (İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları).
  • Janoschka, Michael ve Mota Fabiola (2021,) “New Municipalism Action or Urban Neoliberalisation Reloaded? An Analysis of Governance Change, Stability and Path Dependence in Madrid (2015-2019)”, Urban Studies, 58 (13): 2814-2830.
  • Johnston, Hank (2011), States and Social Movements (Cambridge: Polity Press)
  • Kadıköy Belediyesi (2021), https://www.kadikoy.bel.tr/Haberler/kalamis-sahilinin-ozellestirilmesine-karsi-destek-zinciri (10.04.2023).
  • Keleş, Ruşen (2020), “Yerel Demokrasiyi Merkeziyetçilik Virüsünden Arındırmak”, Kent ve Çevre Araştırmaları Dergisi, 2 (1): 1-14.
  • Leopold, Ellen ve David A. McDonald (2021), “Municipal Socialism Then and Now”, Third World Quarterly. 33 (10): 1837-1853.
  • Lipsky, Michael (1970), Protest in City Politics: Rent Strikes, Housing, and the Power of the Poor (Chicago: Rand McNally).
  • Miguel A. Martinez ve Bart Wissink (2023), “The outcomes of residential squatting activism in the context of municipalism and capitalism in Madrid and Barcelona (2015–2019)”, Journal of Urban Affairs, 45 (1): 65-83.
  • McAdam, Doug, John D. McCarthy ve Mayer N. Zald (1996), Comparative Perspectives on Social Movements (New York: Cambridge University Press).
  • McCarthy, John (2005), “Velcro triangles: Elite Mobilization of Local Anti Drug Issue Coalitions”, Meyer, David S., Valerie Jennes ve Helen Ingram (Der.), Routing the Opposition Social Movement, Public Policy and Democracy (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press): 87-115.
  • McCarthy, John ve Mayer Zald (1977), “Resource Mobilizations and Social Movements: A Partial Theory”, American Journal of Sociology, 82 (6): 1212-1241.
  • Meyer, David S. ve Sidney Tarrow (1998), Social Movement Society (New York: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers).
  • Mimarlar Odası (2021), https://www.mimarist.org/kalamis-yat-limaninin-genisletilerek-ozellestirilmesi-cevreye-karsi-islenmis-bir-suc-ve-kiyilarin-ticarilestirilmesidir/ (17.04.2023).
  • Orhon, Derin, Seval Sözen ve Naci Görür (2020), Kanal İstanbul: Çok Disiplinli Bilimsel Bir Değerlendirme (İstanbul: İstanbul Büyükşehir Belediyesi Yayınları).
  • Öner, Şerif (2001), “Belediyelerde Yönetime Katılmada Halkla İlişkilerin Rolü ve Önemi”, DEÜ SBE Dergisi, 3 (2): 100-114.
  • Paker, Hande (2017), “The ‘Politics of Serving’ and Neoliberal Developmentalism: The Megaprojects of the AKP as Tools of Hegemony Building”, Adaman, Fikret, Bengi Akbulut ve Murat Arsel (Der.), Neoliberal Turkey and İts Discontents: Economic Policy and the Environment Under Erdoğan (London: I. B. Tauris): 103-119.
  • Pettinicchio, David (2012), “Institutional Activism: Reconsidering the İnsider/Outsider Dichotomy”, Sociology Compass, 6: 499-510.
  • Rubio-Pueyo, Vicente (2017), Municipalism in Spain: From Barcelona to Madrid and Beyond, Report (New York: Rosa Luxemburg Stiftung New York Office).
  • Russel, Bertie (2019), “Beyond the Local Trap: New Municipalism and the Rise of Fearless Cities”, Antipode, 51 (3): 989-1010.
  • Sakarya, İpek (2018), “Çanakkale’de Kentsel Mekânın Metalaştırılması Karşısında Direnen Kentsel Muhalefet”, Megaron, 13 (3): 431- 441.
  • Sezgin, Sezgin ve Tuğba Canbulut (2021), Toplumcu Belediyecilik: 1970’lerden Günümüze Bir Yerel Yönetim Deneyimi (İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları).
  • Son Dakika (2016), https://www.sondakika.com/haber/haber-eskinat-trakya-nin-hicbir-yerinde-termik-9053428/ 14.12.2022).
  • Spencer, Sarah ve Nicola Delvino (2019), “Municipal Activism on Irregular Migrants: The Framing of Inclusive Approaches at the Local Level”, Journal of Immigrant & Refugee Studies, 17 (1): 27-43,
  • Stearns, Linda Brewster ve Paul D. Almedia (2004), “The Formation of State Actor-Social Movement Coalitions and Favorable Policy Outcomes”, Social Problems, 51 (4): 478-504.
  • Taşkın, Sefa (1997), Bergama’da Siyanürlü Altın Olayı (İzmir: Bergama Belediyesi Yayınları).
  • Taşkın, Sefa (1998), Siyanürcü Ahtapot (İstanbul: Sel Yayıncılık).
  • Tilly, Charles (1978), From Mobilization to Revolution (Reading, MA: Addison-Welsey).
  • Tilly, Charles (1986), The Contentious French (Cambridge: Harvard University Press).
  • Tilly, Charles (1995), “Contentious Repertoires in Great Britain, 1758-1834”, Traugott, Mark (Der.), Repertoires and Cycles of Collective Action (London: Duke University Press): 15-42.
  • Turhan, Ethemcan, Begüm Özkaynak ve Cem İskender Aydın (2019), “Coal, Ash and Other Tales: The Making and Remaking of Anti-Coal Movement in Aliağa, Turkey”, Turhan, Ethemcan ve Onur İnal (Der.), Transforming Socio-Natures in Turkey: Landscapes, State and Environmental Movements (New York: Routledge). 166-186.
  • Uncu, Baran Alp (2012), Within Borders, Beyond Borders: The Bergama Movement at the Junction of Local, National and Transnational Practices (Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi) (Londra: School of Economics and Political Science).
  • Verhoeven, Imrat ve Christian Bröer (2015), “Contentious Governance: Local Governmental Players as Social Movement Actors”, Duyvendak, Jan Willem ve James M. Jasper (Der.), Breaking Down the State: Protesters Engaged. (Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press): 95-111.
  • Verhoeven, Imrat ve Jan Willem Duyvendak (2017), “Understanding governmental activism”, Social Movement Studies, 16 (5): 564-577.
  • Verhoeven, Imrat, Shannon Spruit, Elisabeth van de Grift ve Eefje Cuppen (2022), “Contentious Governance of Wind Energy Planning: Strategic Dilemmas in Collaborative Resistance by Local Governments and Citizen Action Groups”, Journal of Environmental Policy & Planning, 24 (6): 635-666.
  • Verhoeven, Imrat (2021), “Contentious Governance Around Climate Change Measures in the Netherlands”, Environmental Politics, 30 (3): 376-398.
  • Verhoeven, Imrat, Michale Strange ve Gabriel Siles-Brügge (2022), “The Dynamics of Municipal Contestation: Responses from Local Government to Perceived Policy Threats from Higher Authorities”, Policy & Politics, 50 (4): 587-604.
  • Yavuz, Filiz (2015), Beni “Akkuyu”larda Merdivensiz Bıraktın (İstanbul: Can Yayınevi)
  • Yıldırım, Selahattin (2013a), Yeni Toplumcu Belediyecilik Üstüne (Ankara: Çankaya Belediyesi Yayını).
  • Yıldırım, Selahattin (2013b), Türkiye’de Toplumcu Belediyecilik 1973-1980 (Ankara: Çankaya Belediyesi Yayını).

Governmental Activism in Turkey

Yıl 2023, , 240 - 263, 13.06.2023
https://doi.org/10.53376/ap.2023.09

Öz

The state and social movements, which are in a contentious struggle with each other, have been studied as two separate fields for a long time. While social movements’ capacity to shape the state and its institutions are widely discussed, a new phenomenon is emerging focusing on the certain government agencies which are imitating social movements. Local governments do not accept top-down policies/projects and adopt a method of contentious struggle in which they claim rights by using various social movement methods, including protest, in coordination with urban movements. Local governments can also mobilize some resources that are limited in social movements. This study benefiting from the literature of Public Administration, Local Governments and Social Movements, focuses on the historical background of governmental activism in Turkey, discusses the political, economic and social conditions that shape this type of activism and its current dynamics. We will examine why local governments turn to activism, on which areas such activism concentrates, which action repertoires it resorts to, and which state institutions it addresses. It will be argued that governmental activism stems from centralist and developmental tendencies, the rise of local democracy, and finally, the effectiveness of social movements.

Kaynakça

  • 1.Bakırçay Çevre Sempozyumu (1992), (İzmir: Aliağa Belediyesi Yayınları).
  • Aanholt, Jelle van. (2014), Sterker dan Den Haag. Een verkenning van de interactie tussen gemeente en burgers bij het verweer tegen nationaal beleid (Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi) (Amsterdam: University of Amsterdam).
  • Aksakal, Pertev (2007), Fatsa Gerçeği (İstanbul: Penta Yayıncılık).
  • Alıca, Süheyla Suzan Gökalp (2019), Çevresel Etki Değerlendirmesi (Ankara: Adalet Yayınevi).
  • Anadol, Kemal (1990), Termik Santrallere Hayır (Ankara: V Yayınları)
  • Arpini Emilia, Alexander Panez, Andrew Cumbers ve Bethia Pearson (2022), “New Municipalism in South America? Developing theory from experience in Argentina and Chile”, Urban Studies, 1-17. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/00420980221126269
  • Arsel, Murat (2005), “Reflexive Developmentalism? Toward an Environmental Critique of Modernization”, Adaman, Fikret ve Murat Arsel (Der.), Environmentalism in Turkey: Between Democracy (London: Routledge): 1-20.
  • Beyaz Gazete (2012), https://beyazgazete.com/haber/2012/2/23/amasra-da-termik-santral-protestosu-1062485.html (13.12.2022).
  • Banaszak, Lee Ann (2005), “Inside and Outside the State: Movement insider Status, Tactics, and Public Policy Achievements”, Meyer, David S., Valerie Jenness ve Hele Ingram (Der.), Routing the Opposition: Social Movements, Public Policy, and Democracy (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press): 149-176.
  • Barcelona en Comu vd. (2019), Fearless Cities: A Guide to the Global Remunicipalist Movement (Oxford: New Internationalist).
  • Batuman, Bülent (2010), “Toplumcu bir Belediyecilik Modeli: “Yeni Belediyecilik Hareketi” 1973–1977”, Mülkiye Dergisi, 34 (266): 223-241.
  • Bayraktar, Ulaş (2014), “Kamuyu Kamulaştıran Toplumcu Belediyeler için Geçmişten Alınabilecek İlham Üzerine”, İnan, İzci (Der.), Katılımcı Yerel Yönetim, (İstanbul: Kalkedon Yayınları): 51-68.
  • Bayramoğlu, Sonay (2015), Toplumcu Belediye Nam-ı Diğer Belediye Sosyalizmi (İstanbul: Nota Bene Yayınları).
  • Beveridge, Ross ve Matthias Naumann (2014), “Global norms, local contestation: privatization and de/politicization in Berlin”, Policy & Politics, 42 (2): 275–291.
  • Bröer, Christian (2007), “Aircraft and Risk Politics”, Health Risk and Society, 9: 37-52.
  • Bullmer, Elliot W. (2017), Local Democracy, International IDEA Constitution-Building Primer 13, International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance.
  • Change.org (2023), www.change.org (11.04.2023)
  • Çoban, Aykut (2004), “Community-based Ecological Resistance: The Bergama Movement in Turkey”, Environmental Politics, 13 (2): 438-460.
  • Çoban, Aykut, Fevzi Özlüer ve Sinan Erensü (2015), “Türkiye'de Doğanın Neoliberalleştirilmesi ve Bu Sürece Karşı Mücadeleler,” Çoban, Aykut (Der.), Yerel Yönetim, Kent ve Ekoloji: Can Hamamcı'ya Armağan (Ankara: İmge Yayınevi): 399-456.
  • Diani, Mario (1992), “The Concept of Social Movement”, The Sociological Review, 40 (1): 1–25.
  • Dalokay, Vedat (t.y), Çeşitli Toplum Olayları Hakkında Görüşler, 1973-1977 Arası Basın Toplantıları, Demeçler, Konuşmalar.
  • Doğan, Ozan (2018), “Hozat’ta Sosyalist Belediyecilik Deneyimi (2004-2014)”, Hepkon, Zeliha ve Şükrü Aslan (Der.), Hozat (Ankara: Ütopya Yayınları): 453-472.
  • Emre, Erdal (2018), Komünist Başkan: Ovacık’ta Yeşeren Umut (İstanbul: Siyah Beyaz Yayınları).
  • Ersoy, Zeynal Gökhan (2019), Mobilization Against Waste Facilities of Municipalities in Turkey between 2000 and 2018 (Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi) (İstanbul: Yeditepe Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü).
  • Evrensel (2022), https://www.evrensel.net/haber/468380/bu-tepe-atik-tepe-guzelbahcedeki-tesis-cevre-ve-insan-sagligini-tehdit-ediyor (18.04.2023).
  • Fisk, Jonathan M. (2016), “Fractured Relationships: Exploring Municipal Defiance in Colorado, Texas, and Ohio”, State and Local Government Review, 48 (2): 75–86.
  • Goldstone, Jack Andrew (2003), “Bridging Institutionalized and Noninstitutionalized Politics”, Goldstone, Jack Andrew (Der.), States, Parties and Social Movements (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press): 1-27.
  • Griggs, Steven ve David Howarth (2004), “A Transformative Political Campaign? The New Rhetoric of Protest Against Airport Expansion in the UK”, Journal of Political Ideologies, 9 (2): 181-201.
  • İstanbul Planlama Ajansı (2021), 25 Soruda Kanal İstanbul (İstanbul: İstanbul Büyükşehir Belediyesi).
  • İsvan, Ahmet (2002), Başkent Gölgesinde İstanbul (İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları).
  • Janoschka, Michael ve Mota Fabiola (2021,) “New Municipalism Action or Urban Neoliberalisation Reloaded? An Analysis of Governance Change, Stability and Path Dependence in Madrid (2015-2019)”, Urban Studies, 58 (13): 2814-2830.
  • Johnston, Hank (2011), States and Social Movements (Cambridge: Polity Press)
  • Kadıköy Belediyesi (2021), https://www.kadikoy.bel.tr/Haberler/kalamis-sahilinin-ozellestirilmesine-karsi-destek-zinciri (10.04.2023).
  • Keleş, Ruşen (2020), “Yerel Demokrasiyi Merkeziyetçilik Virüsünden Arındırmak”, Kent ve Çevre Araştırmaları Dergisi, 2 (1): 1-14.
  • Leopold, Ellen ve David A. McDonald (2021), “Municipal Socialism Then and Now”, Third World Quarterly. 33 (10): 1837-1853.
  • Lipsky, Michael (1970), Protest in City Politics: Rent Strikes, Housing, and the Power of the Poor (Chicago: Rand McNally).
  • Miguel A. Martinez ve Bart Wissink (2023), “The outcomes of residential squatting activism in the context of municipalism and capitalism in Madrid and Barcelona (2015–2019)”, Journal of Urban Affairs, 45 (1): 65-83.
  • McAdam, Doug, John D. McCarthy ve Mayer N. Zald (1996), Comparative Perspectives on Social Movements (New York: Cambridge University Press).
  • McCarthy, John (2005), “Velcro triangles: Elite Mobilization of Local Anti Drug Issue Coalitions”, Meyer, David S., Valerie Jennes ve Helen Ingram (Der.), Routing the Opposition Social Movement, Public Policy and Democracy (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press): 87-115.
  • McCarthy, John ve Mayer Zald (1977), “Resource Mobilizations and Social Movements: A Partial Theory”, American Journal of Sociology, 82 (6): 1212-1241.
  • Meyer, David S. ve Sidney Tarrow (1998), Social Movement Society (New York: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers).
  • Mimarlar Odası (2021), https://www.mimarist.org/kalamis-yat-limaninin-genisletilerek-ozellestirilmesi-cevreye-karsi-islenmis-bir-suc-ve-kiyilarin-ticarilestirilmesidir/ (17.04.2023).
  • Orhon, Derin, Seval Sözen ve Naci Görür (2020), Kanal İstanbul: Çok Disiplinli Bilimsel Bir Değerlendirme (İstanbul: İstanbul Büyükşehir Belediyesi Yayınları).
  • Öner, Şerif (2001), “Belediyelerde Yönetime Katılmada Halkla İlişkilerin Rolü ve Önemi”, DEÜ SBE Dergisi, 3 (2): 100-114.
  • Paker, Hande (2017), “The ‘Politics of Serving’ and Neoliberal Developmentalism: The Megaprojects of the AKP as Tools of Hegemony Building”, Adaman, Fikret, Bengi Akbulut ve Murat Arsel (Der.), Neoliberal Turkey and İts Discontents: Economic Policy and the Environment Under Erdoğan (London: I. B. Tauris): 103-119.
  • Pettinicchio, David (2012), “Institutional Activism: Reconsidering the İnsider/Outsider Dichotomy”, Sociology Compass, 6: 499-510.
  • Rubio-Pueyo, Vicente (2017), Municipalism in Spain: From Barcelona to Madrid and Beyond, Report (New York: Rosa Luxemburg Stiftung New York Office).
  • Russel, Bertie (2019), “Beyond the Local Trap: New Municipalism and the Rise of Fearless Cities”, Antipode, 51 (3): 989-1010.
  • Sakarya, İpek (2018), “Çanakkale’de Kentsel Mekânın Metalaştırılması Karşısında Direnen Kentsel Muhalefet”, Megaron, 13 (3): 431- 441.
  • Sezgin, Sezgin ve Tuğba Canbulut (2021), Toplumcu Belediyecilik: 1970’lerden Günümüze Bir Yerel Yönetim Deneyimi (İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları).
  • Son Dakika (2016), https://www.sondakika.com/haber/haber-eskinat-trakya-nin-hicbir-yerinde-termik-9053428/ 14.12.2022).
  • Spencer, Sarah ve Nicola Delvino (2019), “Municipal Activism on Irregular Migrants: The Framing of Inclusive Approaches at the Local Level”, Journal of Immigrant & Refugee Studies, 17 (1): 27-43,
  • Stearns, Linda Brewster ve Paul D. Almedia (2004), “The Formation of State Actor-Social Movement Coalitions and Favorable Policy Outcomes”, Social Problems, 51 (4): 478-504.
  • Taşkın, Sefa (1997), Bergama’da Siyanürlü Altın Olayı (İzmir: Bergama Belediyesi Yayınları).
  • Taşkın, Sefa (1998), Siyanürcü Ahtapot (İstanbul: Sel Yayıncılık).
  • Tilly, Charles (1978), From Mobilization to Revolution (Reading, MA: Addison-Welsey).
  • Tilly, Charles (1986), The Contentious French (Cambridge: Harvard University Press).
  • Tilly, Charles (1995), “Contentious Repertoires in Great Britain, 1758-1834”, Traugott, Mark (Der.), Repertoires and Cycles of Collective Action (London: Duke University Press): 15-42.
  • Turhan, Ethemcan, Begüm Özkaynak ve Cem İskender Aydın (2019), “Coal, Ash and Other Tales: The Making and Remaking of Anti-Coal Movement in Aliağa, Turkey”, Turhan, Ethemcan ve Onur İnal (Der.), Transforming Socio-Natures in Turkey: Landscapes, State and Environmental Movements (New York: Routledge). 166-186.
  • Uncu, Baran Alp (2012), Within Borders, Beyond Borders: The Bergama Movement at the Junction of Local, National and Transnational Practices (Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi) (Londra: School of Economics and Political Science).
  • Verhoeven, Imrat ve Christian Bröer (2015), “Contentious Governance: Local Governmental Players as Social Movement Actors”, Duyvendak, Jan Willem ve James M. Jasper (Der.), Breaking Down the State: Protesters Engaged. (Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press): 95-111.
  • Verhoeven, Imrat ve Jan Willem Duyvendak (2017), “Understanding governmental activism”, Social Movement Studies, 16 (5): 564-577.
  • Verhoeven, Imrat, Shannon Spruit, Elisabeth van de Grift ve Eefje Cuppen (2022), “Contentious Governance of Wind Energy Planning: Strategic Dilemmas in Collaborative Resistance by Local Governments and Citizen Action Groups”, Journal of Environmental Policy & Planning, 24 (6): 635-666.
  • Verhoeven, Imrat (2021), “Contentious Governance Around Climate Change Measures in the Netherlands”, Environmental Politics, 30 (3): 376-398.
  • Verhoeven, Imrat, Michale Strange ve Gabriel Siles-Brügge (2022), “The Dynamics of Municipal Contestation: Responses from Local Government to Perceived Policy Threats from Higher Authorities”, Policy & Politics, 50 (4): 587-604.
  • Yavuz, Filiz (2015), Beni “Akkuyu”larda Merdivensiz Bıraktın (İstanbul: Can Yayınevi)
  • Yıldırım, Selahattin (2013a), Yeni Toplumcu Belediyecilik Üstüne (Ankara: Çankaya Belediyesi Yayını).
  • Yıldırım, Selahattin (2013b), Türkiye’de Toplumcu Belediyecilik 1973-1980 (Ankara: Çankaya Belediyesi Yayını).
Toplam 68 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Yerel Yönetimler
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Barış Gençer Baykan 0000-0002-3018-5339

Yayımlanma Tarihi 13 Haziran 2023
Gönderilme Tarihi 20 Ocak 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023

Kaynak Göster

APA Baykan, B. G. (2023). Türkiye’de Aktivist Belediyecilik. Alternatif Politika, 15(2), 240-263. https://doi.org/10.53376/ap.2023.09
AMA Baykan BG. Türkiye’de Aktivist Belediyecilik. Altern. Polit. Haziran 2023;15(2):240-263. doi:10.53376/ap.2023.09
Chicago Baykan, Barış Gençer. “Türkiye’de Aktivist Belediyecilik”. Alternatif Politika 15, sy. 2 (Haziran 2023): 240-63. https://doi.org/10.53376/ap.2023.09.
EndNote Baykan BG (01 Haziran 2023) Türkiye’de Aktivist Belediyecilik. Alternatif Politika 15 2 240–263.
IEEE B. G. Baykan, “Türkiye’de Aktivist Belediyecilik”, Altern. Polit., c. 15, sy. 2, ss. 240–263, 2023, doi: 10.53376/ap.2023.09.
ISNAD Baykan, Barış Gençer. “Türkiye’de Aktivist Belediyecilik”. Alternatif Politika 15/2 (Haziran 2023), 240-263. https://doi.org/10.53376/ap.2023.09.
JAMA Baykan BG. Türkiye’de Aktivist Belediyecilik. Altern. Polit. 2023;15:240–263.
MLA Baykan, Barış Gençer. “Türkiye’de Aktivist Belediyecilik”. Alternatif Politika, c. 15, sy. 2, 2023, ss. 240-63, doi:10.53376/ap.2023.09.
Vancouver Baykan BG. Türkiye’de Aktivist Belediyecilik. Altern. Polit. 2023;15(2):240-63.