Araştırma Makalesi
BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

The Military as an Internal Security Actor: The Cases of England, France, Mexico, and Turkey

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 15 Sayı: 3, 581 - 607, 19.10.2023
https://doi.org/10.53376/ap.2023.22

Öz

The division of labor between the police and the military is a significant factor in establishing healthy civil-military relations in a country. The military’s involvement in the provision of public security would create negative impacts on civil-military relations. Although these assumptions are the core arguments of civil-military relations literature, militaries have always been involved in domestic security affairs. Militaries in democratic or democratizing countries are deployed inside national borders to combat organized crime, encounter insurgencies, or fight against terrorism. This paper aims at analyzing military call-out legislation and mise en oeuvre of military deployment in domestic security through a comparative analysis. In this context, the paper analyzes the cases of England, France, Turkey, and Mexico to determine the reasons and the degree of the military's involvement in domestic security. As the comparative analysis demonstrates, terrorism –local or global- opens a window of opportunity for the use of the military inside state borders. Yet, the structure of the internal security apparatus and the pattern of civil-military relations, both have a considerable impact on the level of military involvement in domestic security.

Kaynakça

  • Arslan, Mustafa (2018), “İdari Kolluk Uygulamalarında Kolluk Kuvveti Anlayışından Kolluk Hizmeti Anlayışına Geçiş”, Erciyes Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 52: 175-196.
  • Bove, Vincenzo, Mauricio Rivera ve Chiara Ruffa (2020), “Beyond Coups: Terrorism and military involvement in politics”, European Journal of International Security, Special Issue 26 (1): 263-288.
  • Campbell, Donald J. ve Kathleen M. Campbell (2010), “Soldiers as Police Officers/Police Officers as Soldiers: Role evolution and revolution in the United States”, Armed Forces and Society, 36 (2): 327-350.
  • Cerrah, İbrahim (2008), “İç Güvenlik Sektöründe Zihinsel Modernizasyon ve Demokratik Gözetim”, Cizre, Ümit ve İbrahim Cerrah (Der.), Güvenlik Sektörü Yönetişimi: Türkiye ve Avrupa (İstanbul: TESEV Yayınları): 73-100.
  • De Vore, Marc ve Patrick Finnegan (2022), “Britain’s Army at Home”, Collins, Pauline ve Rosalie Arcala Hall (Der.), Military Operation and Engagement in the Domestic Jurisdiction, Comparative Call-Out Laws (Leiden: Brill Nijhoff): 210-242.
  • Desch, Michael C. (1999), Civilian Control of the Military, The Changing Security Environment (US: The John Hopkins University Press).
  • Den Boer, Monica, Eric Bervoets ve Linda Hak (2023), Plural Policing, Security and the COVID Crisis, Comparative European Perspectives (London: Palgrave Macmillan).
  • Emsley, Clive (2019), “The French Gendarmerie Through British Eyes”, Revue Historique des Armées, 2 (295): 12-24.
  • Flores Macias, Gustavo ve Jessica Zarkin (2021), “The militarization of law enforcement: Evidence from Latin America”, Perspectives on Politics, 19 (2): 519-538.
  • Genç Yılmaz, Ayfer (2020), “Pandemi ve Güvenlik, Covid-19 ile Mücadelede Polis ve Ordu”, İstanbul Ticaret Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 19 (37): 30-39.
  • Genç-Yılmaz, Ayfer (2022), “The Missing Piece of the Puzzle: The EMASYA Protocol and Civil-Military Relations in Turkey”, Armed Forces & Society, 49 (2): 470-488.
  • Genç Yılmaz, Ayfer ve Onur Agkaya (2022), “Military Call-Out Powers and Civil-Military Relations: The Case of Turkey”, Collins, Pauline ve Rosalie Arcala Hall (Der.), Military Operation and Engagement in the Domestic Jurisdiction, Comparative Call-Out Laws (Leiden: Brill Nijhoff): 180-209.
  • Greener-Barcham Beth K (2007), “Crossing the Green or Blue Line? Exploring the Military–Police Divide”, Small Wars & Insurgencies, 18 (1): 90-112.
  • Gregory, Shaun (2003), “France and the War on Terrorism”, Terrorism and Political Violence, 15 (1): 124-147.
  • Guittet, Emmanuel-Pierre (2008), “L'implication de l'armée dans la lutte antiterroriste: le cas français”, Bigo, Didier, Bonelli, Laurent ve Thomas Deltombe (Der.), Au nom du 11 Septembre, Les démocraties à l'épreuve de l'antiterrorism (Paris: La Découverte).
  • Haklı, Salih Zeki (2022), “Erken Cumhuriyet Döneminde Polis Teşkilatının Kuruluşu ve Gelişimi”, Güvenlik Çalışmaları Dergisi, 24 (1): 4-30.
  • Harig, Christoph, Nivole Jenne ve Chiara Ruffa (2021), “Operational Experiences, Military Role Conceptions, and Their Influence on Civil-Military Relations”, Introduction to the Special Issue, European Journal of International Security, 7 (1): 1-17.
  • Hémez, Rémy (2017), “The French Army at a Crossroads”, The US Army War College Quarterly: Parameters, 47 (1): 103-112.
  • Huntington, Samuel P. (1956), Civilian Control of the Military: A Theoretical Statement”, Eulau, Heinz, Samuel J. Eldersveld ve Morris Janowitz (Der.), Political Behavior: A Reader in Theory and Research (Glencoe: Free Press).
  • Huntington, Samuel P. (1957), The Soldier and the State: The Theory and Politics of Civil-Military Relations (Cambridge: Harvard University Press).
  • İmset, İsmet G (1992), The PKK: A Report on Separatist Violence in Turkey (1973-1992) (İstanbul: Turkish Daily News Publications).
  • International Crisis Group (2023), “Grafik ve Haritalarla Türkiye’de PKK Çatışması”, https://www.crisisgroup.org/tr/content/grafik-ve-haritalarla-turkiyedeki-pkk-catismasi (15.03.2023).
  • Janowitz, Morris (1971), The Professional Soldier: A Social and Political Portrait (New York: Free Press).
  • Kars Kaynar, Ayşegül (2018), “Making of Military Tutelage in Turkey: The National Security Council in the 1961 and 1982 Constitutions”, Turkish Studies, 19 (3): 451-481.
  • Katsuya, Mathias (2022, 1 Eylül), “Defending the Realm, A Historical Overview of UK Special Forces Involvement in Domestic Terrorism, Action on Armed Violence”, https://aoav.org.uk/2022/defending-the-realm-a-historical-overview-of-uk-special-forces-involvement-in-domestic-counterterrorism-pt-2/ (15.03.2023).
  • Liebenow, J. Gus (1981), “The Liberian Coup in Perspective”, Current History, 80 (464): 101-105, 131-134.
  • Loveman, Brian (2001), “Historical Foundations of Civil-Military Relations in Latin America”, David Pion-Berlin (Der), Civil-Military Relations in Latin America (The University of North Carolina Press).
  • Luc, Jean-Noel (2009), “Fransız Jandarma Teşkilatının Tarihi Hakkındaki Araştırmaların Gelişimi”, Noémi Lévy, Nadir Özbek ve Alexandre Toumarkine (Der.), Jandarma ve Polis, Fransız ve Osmanlı Tarihçiliğine Çapraz Bakışlar (İstanbul: Tarih Vakfı Yurt Yayınları): 20-37.
  • Lutterbeck, Derek (2013), The Paradoxes of Gendarmeries: Between Expansion, Demilitarization, and Dissolution (Ubiquity Press).
  • Meyer, Maureen ve Ximena Suarez-Enriquez (2017, 8 Şubat), “Mexico’s Law on Internal Security: Turning a Blind Eye to Military Abuses in Public Security Operations, WOLA, Advocacy of Human Rights in the Americas”, https://www.wola.org/analysis/mexicos-law-internal-security-turning-blind-eye-military-abuses-public-security-operations/ (15.03.2023).
  • Meyerfeld, Bruno (2023), “Brazil: The limits of Lula’s Armypurge after the January 8 Riots”, https://www.lemonde.fr/en/international/article/2023/01/21/brazil-the-limits-of-lula-s-army-purge-after-the-january-8-riots_6012502_4.html (15.03.2023).
  • Moyano, Inigo Guevara (2020), “Mexico’s National Guard: When Police are not Enough”, Wilson Center, Mexico Institute.
  • Pion Berlin, David (2017), “A Tale of Two Missions: Mexican Military Police Patrols Versus High Value Targeted Operations”, Armed Forces & Society, 43 (1): 53-71.
  • Pion-Berlin, David (2011), “Turkish Civil-Military Relations: A Latin American Comparison”, Turkish Studies, 12 (2): 293-304.
  • Pion Berlin, David ve Rafa Martinez (2022), “The legal regulation of missions in Latin America”, Collins, Pauline ve Rosalie Arcahala Hall (Der.), Military Operation and Engagement in the Domestic Jurisdiction, Comparative Call-Out Laws (Brill Nijhoff): 31-56.
  • Pion Berlin, David (2019), “Military Use in Public Security Operations: Is It Ever Advisable?”, Revista IUS, 13 (44): 13-28.
  • Pusane, Özlem Kayhan (2016), “Turkey’s Struggle with the PKK and Civilian Control Over the Turkish Armed Forces”, Conflict, Security & Development, 16 (3): 263-287.
  • Rouquié, Alain (1986), Latin Amerika’da Asker ve Devlet (İstanbul: Alan Yayıncılık).
  • Ruffa, Chiara (2018), “L'Armée Entre Menaces Intérieures et Extérieures? Enjeux et Défis en Perspective Comparée”, Champs de Mars, Science Po, Les Presses, 30: 79-87, DOI : 10.3917/lcdm.030.0163.
  • Ruffa, Chiara ve Yagil Levy (2021, 23 Haziran), “The Shifting State of French Civil-Military Relations, The Political Violence at a Glance”, https://politicalviolenceataglance.org/2021/06/23/the-shifting-state-of-french-civil-military-relations/ (15.03.2023).
  • Salt, James ve M. I. R. Smith (2005), “Reassessing Military Assistance to the Civil Powers Are British Anti-terrorist Responses Still Effective”, Law Intensity Conflict & Law Enforcement, 12 (3): 227-249.
  • Sanchez Lara, Gerardo R. ve Maria Paula Montserrat Aguilar Romero (2020), “The Mexican Armed Forces Public Security: Path Dependance and Power Conflicts”, Revista de Relaciones Internacionales, 15 (1): 61-78.
  • Satana, Nil ve Tijen Demirel-Pegg (2020), “Military Counterterrorism Measures, Civil-Military Relations, and Democracy: The Cases of Turkey and the U.S”, Studies in Conflict and Terrorism, 43 (9): 815-836.
  • Sinclair, Georgina (2008), “The Irish policeman and the Empire: influencing the policing of the British Empire-Commonwealth”, Irish Historical Studies, 36 (142): 137-187.
  • Staniland, Paul (2008), “Explaining Civil-Military Relations in Complex Political Environments: India and Pakistan in Comparative Perspective”, Security Studies, 17 (2): 322–362.
  • Stepan, Alfred (1973), “The New Professionalism of Internal Warfare and Military Role Expansion”, Stepan, Alfred (Der.), Authoritarian Brazil Origins, Policies, and Future (1. Baskı, Yale University Press): 47-68.
  • Stevenson, Jonathan (2005), “The Role of the Armed Forces of the United Kingdom in Securing the State against Terrorism”, Connections, 4 (3): 121-133.
  • Succi Junior, David P. (2023), “What is Blurred? Legitimizing Domestic Military Operations in Contemporary Brazil”, Critical Military Studies, DOI: 10.1080/23337486.2023.2201983.
  • TBMM İnsan Hakları İnceleme Komisyonu (2013), Terör ve Şiddet Olayları Kapsamında Yaşam Hakkı İhlallerini İnceleme Raporu, 23. Dönem, 3. Yasama Yılı, https://www.tbmm.gov.tr/Files/Komisyonlar/insanHaklari/belge/TERÖR%20VE%20ŞİDDET%20OLAYLARI%20KAPSAMINDA%20YAŞAM%20HAKKI%20İHLALLERİNİ%20İNCELEME%20RAPORU.pdf (15.03.2023).
  • Tenenbaum, Elie (2016), “La sentinelle égarée? L’armée de Terre face au terrorisme”, Focus stratégique 68, Paris: IFRI.
  • Tilly, Charles (1986), The Contentious French (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).
  • “Troops and Police Train Together to Hunt Down Terrorists”, Army Be the Best, 1 Aralık 2021, https://www.army.mod.uk/news-and-events/news/2021/11/counter-terrorism-exercise-with-police-and-military/
  • Ülman, Burak (1998), “Doksanlarda Türkiye’nin Yeni Güvenlik Algılamaları ve ‘Bölücülük’”, Özcan, Gencer ve Sule Kut (Der.), Türkiye’nin Ulusal Güvenlik ve Dış Politika Gündeminde Doksanlı Yıllar: En Uzun Onyıl (İstanbul: Boyut Kitapları): 101-134.
  • Vennesson, Pascal (2003), “Civil-Military Relations in France: Is There a Gap?”, Journal of Strategic Studies, 26 (2): 29-42.
  • Weiss, Tomas (2011), “The Blurring Border between the Police and the Military, A debate without foundations”, Cooperation and Conflict, 46 (3): 396-405.
  • Wendt, Alexander ve Michael Barnett (1993), “Dependent State Formation and Third World Militarization”, Review of International Studies, 19 (4): 321-347.

Bir İç Güvenlik Aktörü Olarak Ordu: İngiltere, Fransa, Meksika ve Türkiye Örnekleri

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 15 Sayı: 3, 581 - 607, 19.10.2023
https://doi.org/10.53376/ap.2023.22

Öz

Sağlıklı bir biçimde işleyen asker-sivil ilişkilerinin oluşması için gerekli başlıca unsurlardan biri polis ve ordu arasındaki iş bölümüdür. Kamu güvenliğinin sağlanmasında askeri personelin kullanılması asker-sivil ilişkileri üzerinde olumsuz etki yaratmaktadır. Buna rağmen, ordular her zaman iç güvenlik meselelerine dâhil olmuştur. Demokratik veya demokratikleşmekte olan ülkelerdeki ordular örgütlü suçla savaşım, kalkışmaların bastırılması ve terörizmle mücadele amacıyla ülke sınırları içerisinde kullanılmaktadır. Bu çalışma, iç güvenlik ile ilişkili askerin göreve çağrılmasına dair yasaları ve askerin kullanımının nasıl işlediğini analiz etmek niyetindedir. Meksika, Türkiye, Fransa ve Birleşik Krallık örneklerinin karşılaştırmalı analizi üzerinden çalışma, orduların iç güvenlik alanına dahil olmasının mikro ve makro düzeydeki nedenlerini anlamak niyetindedir. Karşılaştırmalı analizin gösterdiği üzere, yerel veya küresel terörizm ordunun içeride kullanımı için bir fırsat penceresi açmaktadır. Ancak, güvenlik aygıtının yapısı ve asker-sivil ilişkileri örüntüsü, her ikisi de ordunun içeride kullanımının seviyesi üzerinde kayda değer bir etkiye sahiptir.

Kaynakça

  • Arslan, Mustafa (2018), “İdari Kolluk Uygulamalarında Kolluk Kuvveti Anlayışından Kolluk Hizmeti Anlayışına Geçiş”, Erciyes Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 52: 175-196.
  • Bove, Vincenzo, Mauricio Rivera ve Chiara Ruffa (2020), “Beyond Coups: Terrorism and military involvement in politics”, European Journal of International Security, Special Issue 26 (1): 263-288.
  • Campbell, Donald J. ve Kathleen M. Campbell (2010), “Soldiers as Police Officers/Police Officers as Soldiers: Role evolution and revolution in the United States”, Armed Forces and Society, 36 (2): 327-350.
  • Cerrah, İbrahim (2008), “İç Güvenlik Sektöründe Zihinsel Modernizasyon ve Demokratik Gözetim”, Cizre, Ümit ve İbrahim Cerrah (Der.), Güvenlik Sektörü Yönetişimi: Türkiye ve Avrupa (İstanbul: TESEV Yayınları): 73-100.
  • De Vore, Marc ve Patrick Finnegan (2022), “Britain’s Army at Home”, Collins, Pauline ve Rosalie Arcala Hall (Der.), Military Operation and Engagement in the Domestic Jurisdiction, Comparative Call-Out Laws (Leiden: Brill Nijhoff): 210-242.
  • Desch, Michael C. (1999), Civilian Control of the Military, The Changing Security Environment (US: The John Hopkins University Press).
  • Den Boer, Monica, Eric Bervoets ve Linda Hak (2023), Plural Policing, Security and the COVID Crisis, Comparative European Perspectives (London: Palgrave Macmillan).
  • Emsley, Clive (2019), “The French Gendarmerie Through British Eyes”, Revue Historique des Armées, 2 (295): 12-24.
  • Flores Macias, Gustavo ve Jessica Zarkin (2021), “The militarization of law enforcement: Evidence from Latin America”, Perspectives on Politics, 19 (2): 519-538.
  • Genç Yılmaz, Ayfer (2020), “Pandemi ve Güvenlik, Covid-19 ile Mücadelede Polis ve Ordu”, İstanbul Ticaret Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 19 (37): 30-39.
  • Genç-Yılmaz, Ayfer (2022), “The Missing Piece of the Puzzle: The EMASYA Protocol and Civil-Military Relations in Turkey”, Armed Forces & Society, 49 (2): 470-488.
  • Genç Yılmaz, Ayfer ve Onur Agkaya (2022), “Military Call-Out Powers and Civil-Military Relations: The Case of Turkey”, Collins, Pauline ve Rosalie Arcala Hall (Der.), Military Operation and Engagement in the Domestic Jurisdiction, Comparative Call-Out Laws (Leiden: Brill Nijhoff): 180-209.
  • Greener-Barcham Beth K (2007), “Crossing the Green or Blue Line? Exploring the Military–Police Divide”, Small Wars & Insurgencies, 18 (1): 90-112.
  • Gregory, Shaun (2003), “France and the War on Terrorism”, Terrorism and Political Violence, 15 (1): 124-147.
  • Guittet, Emmanuel-Pierre (2008), “L'implication de l'armée dans la lutte antiterroriste: le cas français”, Bigo, Didier, Bonelli, Laurent ve Thomas Deltombe (Der.), Au nom du 11 Septembre, Les démocraties à l'épreuve de l'antiterrorism (Paris: La Découverte).
  • Haklı, Salih Zeki (2022), “Erken Cumhuriyet Döneminde Polis Teşkilatının Kuruluşu ve Gelişimi”, Güvenlik Çalışmaları Dergisi, 24 (1): 4-30.
  • Harig, Christoph, Nivole Jenne ve Chiara Ruffa (2021), “Operational Experiences, Military Role Conceptions, and Their Influence on Civil-Military Relations”, Introduction to the Special Issue, European Journal of International Security, 7 (1): 1-17.
  • Hémez, Rémy (2017), “The French Army at a Crossroads”, The US Army War College Quarterly: Parameters, 47 (1): 103-112.
  • Huntington, Samuel P. (1956), Civilian Control of the Military: A Theoretical Statement”, Eulau, Heinz, Samuel J. Eldersveld ve Morris Janowitz (Der.), Political Behavior: A Reader in Theory and Research (Glencoe: Free Press).
  • Huntington, Samuel P. (1957), The Soldier and the State: The Theory and Politics of Civil-Military Relations (Cambridge: Harvard University Press).
  • İmset, İsmet G (1992), The PKK: A Report on Separatist Violence in Turkey (1973-1992) (İstanbul: Turkish Daily News Publications).
  • International Crisis Group (2023), “Grafik ve Haritalarla Türkiye’de PKK Çatışması”, https://www.crisisgroup.org/tr/content/grafik-ve-haritalarla-turkiyedeki-pkk-catismasi (15.03.2023).
  • Janowitz, Morris (1971), The Professional Soldier: A Social and Political Portrait (New York: Free Press).
  • Kars Kaynar, Ayşegül (2018), “Making of Military Tutelage in Turkey: The National Security Council in the 1961 and 1982 Constitutions”, Turkish Studies, 19 (3): 451-481.
  • Katsuya, Mathias (2022, 1 Eylül), “Defending the Realm, A Historical Overview of UK Special Forces Involvement in Domestic Terrorism, Action on Armed Violence”, https://aoav.org.uk/2022/defending-the-realm-a-historical-overview-of-uk-special-forces-involvement-in-domestic-counterterrorism-pt-2/ (15.03.2023).
  • Liebenow, J. Gus (1981), “The Liberian Coup in Perspective”, Current History, 80 (464): 101-105, 131-134.
  • Loveman, Brian (2001), “Historical Foundations of Civil-Military Relations in Latin America”, David Pion-Berlin (Der), Civil-Military Relations in Latin America (The University of North Carolina Press).
  • Luc, Jean-Noel (2009), “Fransız Jandarma Teşkilatının Tarihi Hakkındaki Araştırmaların Gelişimi”, Noémi Lévy, Nadir Özbek ve Alexandre Toumarkine (Der.), Jandarma ve Polis, Fransız ve Osmanlı Tarihçiliğine Çapraz Bakışlar (İstanbul: Tarih Vakfı Yurt Yayınları): 20-37.
  • Lutterbeck, Derek (2013), The Paradoxes of Gendarmeries: Between Expansion, Demilitarization, and Dissolution (Ubiquity Press).
  • Meyer, Maureen ve Ximena Suarez-Enriquez (2017, 8 Şubat), “Mexico’s Law on Internal Security: Turning a Blind Eye to Military Abuses in Public Security Operations, WOLA, Advocacy of Human Rights in the Americas”, https://www.wola.org/analysis/mexicos-law-internal-security-turning-blind-eye-military-abuses-public-security-operations/ (15.03.2023).
  • Meyerfeld, Bruno (2023), “Brazil: The limits of Lula’s Armypurge after the January 8 Riots”, https://www.lemonde.fr/en/international/article/2023/01/21/brazil-the-limits-of-lula-s-army-purge-after-the-january-8-riots_6012502_4.html (15.03.2023).
  • Moyano, Inigo Guevara (2020), “Mexico’s National Guard: When Police are not Enough”, Wilson Center, Mexico Institute.
  • Pion Berlin, David (2017), “A Tale of Two Missions: Mexican Military Police Patrols Versus High Value Targeted Operations”, Armed Forces & Society, 43 (1): 53-71.
  • Pion-Berlin, David (2011), “Turkish Civil-Military Relations: A Latin American Comparison”, Turkish Studies, 12 (2): 293-304.
  • Pion Berlin, David ve Rafa Martinez (2022), “The legal regulation of missions in Latin America”, Collins, Pauline ve Rosalie Arcahala Hall (Der.), Military Operation and Engagement in the Domestic Jurisdiction, Comparative Call-Out Laws (Brill Nijhoff): 31-56.
  • Pion Berlin, David (2019), “Military Use in Public Security Operations: Is It Ever Advisable?”, Revista IUS, 13 (44): 13-28.
  • Pusane, Özlem Kayhan (2016), “Turkey’s Struggle with the PKK and Civilian Control Over the Turkish Armed Forces”, Conflict, Security & Development, 16 (3): 263-287.
  • Rouquié, Alain (1986), Latin Amerika’da Asker ve Devlet (İstanbul: Alan Yayıncılık).
  • Ruffa, Chiara (2018), “L'Armée Entre Menaces Intérieures et Extérieures? Enjeux et Défis en Perspective Comparée”, Champs de Mars, Science Po, Les Presses, 30: 79-87, DOI : 10.3917/lcdm.030.0163.
  • Ruffa, Chiara ve Yagil Levy (2021, 23 Haziran), “The Shifting State of French Civil-Military Relations, The Political Violence at a Glance”, https://politicalviolenceataglance.org/2021/06/23/the-shifting-state-of-french-civil-military-relations/ (15.03.2023).
  • Salt, James ve M. I. R. Smith (2005), “Reassessing Military Assistance to the Civil Powers Are British Anti-terrorist Responses Still Effective”, Law Intensity Conflict & Law Enforcement, 12 (3): 227-249.
  • Sanchez Lara, Gerardo R. ve Maria Paula Montserrat Aguilar Romero (2020), “The Mexican Armed Forces Public Security: Path Dependance and Power Conflicts”, Revista de Relaciones Internacionales, 15 (1): 61-78.
  • Satana, Nil ve Tijen Demirel-Pegg (2020), “Military Counterterrorism Measures, Civil-Military Relations, and Democracy: The Cases of Turkey and the U.S”, Studies in Conflict and Terrorism, 43 (9): 815-836.
  • Sinclair, Georgina (2008), “The Irish policeman and the Empire: influencing the policing of the British Empire-Commonwealth”, Irish Historical Studies, 36 (142): 137-187.
  • Staniland, Paul (2008), “Explaining Civil-Military Relations in Complex Political Environments: India and Pakistan in Comparative Perspective”, Security Studies, 17 (2): 322–362.
  • Stepan, Alfred (1973), “The New Professionalism of Internal Warfare and Military Role Expansion”, Stepan, Alfred (Der.), Authoritarian Brazil Origins, Policies, and Future (1. Baskı, Yale University Press): 47-68.
  • Stevenson, Jonathan (2005), “The Role of the Armed Forces of the United Kingdom in Securing the State against Terrorism”, Connections, 4 (3): 121-133.
  • Succi Junior, David P. (2023), “What is Blurred? Legitimizing Domestic Military Operations in Contemporary Brazil”, Critical Military Studies, DOI: 10.1080/23337486.2023.2201983.
  • TBMM İnsan Hakları İnceleme Komisyonu (2013), Terör ve Şiddet Olayları Kapsamında Yaşam Hakkı İhlallerini İnceleme Raporu, 23. Dönem, 3. Yasama Yılı, https://www.tbmm.gov.tr/Files/Komisyonlar/insanHaklari/belge/TERÖR%20VE%20ŞİDDET%20OLAYLARI%20KAPSAMINDA%20YAŞAM%20HAKKI%20İHLALLERİNİ%20İNCELEME%20RAPORU.pdf (15.03.2023).
  • Tenenbaum, Elie (2016), “La sentinelle égarée? L’armée de Terre face au terrorisme”, Focus stratégique 68, Paris: IFRI.
  • Tilly, Charles (1986), The Contentious French (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).
  • “Troops and Police Train Together to Hunt Down Terrorists”, Army Be the Best, 1 Aralık 2021, https://www.army.mod.uk/news-and-events/news/2021/11/counter-terrorism-exercise-with-police-and-military/
  • Ülman, Burak (1998), “Doksanlarda Türkiye’nin Yeni Güvenlik Algılamaları ve ‘Bölücülük’”, Özcan, Gencer ve Sule Kut (Der.), Türkiye’nin Ulusal Güvenlik ve Dış Politika Gündeminde Doksanlı Yıllar: En Uzun Onyıl (İstanbul: Boyut Kitapları): 101-134.
  • Vennesson, Pascal (2003), “Civil-Military Relations in France: Is There a Gap?”, Journal of Strategic Studies, 26 (2): 29-42.
  • Weiss, Tomas (2011), “The Blurring Border between the Police and the Military, A debate without foundations”, Cooperation and Conflict, 46 (3): 396-405.
  • Wendt, Alexander ve Michael Barnett (1993), “Dependent State Formation and Third World Militarization”, Review of International Studies, 19 (4): 321-347.
Toplam 56 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Uluslararası Güvenlik
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Ayfer Genç 0000-0002-4714-0639

Yayımlanma Tarihi 19 Ekim 2023
Gönderilme Tarihi 15 Mart 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Cilt: 15 Sayı: 3

Kaynak Göster

APA Genç, A. (2023). Bir İç Güvenlik Aktörü Olarak Ordu: İngiltere, Fransa, Meksika ve Türkiye Örnekleri. Alternatif Politika, 15(3), 581-607. https://doi.org/10.53376/ap.2023.22
AMA Genç A. Bir İç Güvenlik Aktörü Olarak Ordu: İngiltere, Fransa, Meksika ve Türkiye Örnekleri. Altern. Polit. Ekim 2023;15(3):581-607. doi:10.53376/ap.2023.22
Chicago Genç, Ayfer. “Bir İç Güvenlik Aktörü Olarak Ordu: İngiltere, Fransa, Meksika Ve Türkiye Örnekleri”. Alternatif Politika 15, sy. 3 (Ekim 2023): 581-607. https://doi.org/10.53376/ap.2023.22.
EndNote Genç A (01 Ekim 2023) Bir İç Güvenlik Aktörü Olarak Ordu: İngiltere, Fransa, Meksika ve Türkiye Örnekleri. Alternatif Politika 15 3 581–607.
IEEE A. Genç, “Bir İç Güvenlik Aktörü Olarak Ordu: İngiltere, Fransa, Meksika ve Türkiye Örnekleri”, Altern. Polit., c. 15, sy. 3, ss. 581–607, 2023, doi: 10.53376/ap.2023.22.
ISNAD Genç, Ayfer. “Bir İç Güvenlik Aktörü Olarak Ordu: İngiltere, Fransa, Meksika Ve Türkiye Örnekleri”. Alternatif Politika 15/3 (Ekim 2023), 581-607. https://doi.org/10.53376/ap.2023.22.
JAMA Genç A. Bir İç Güvenlik Aktörü Olarak Ordu: İngiltere, Fransa, Meksika ve Türkiye Örnekleri. Altern. Polit. 2023;15:581–607.
MLA Genç, Ayfer. “Bir İç Güvenlik Aktörü Olarak Ordu: İngiltere, Fransa, Meksika Ve Türkiye Örnekleri”. Alternatif Politika, c. 15, sy. 3, 2023, ss. 581-07, doi:10.53376/ap.2023.22.
Vancouver Genç A. Bir İç Güvenlik Aktörü Olarak Ordu: İngiltere, Fransa, Meksika ve Türkiye Örnekleri. Altern. Polit. 2023;15(3):581-607.