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Çocukluk Çağı Kanserinden Sağ Kalan Çocuklarda Görülen Psikososyal Sorunlar ve Etkileyen Faktörler

Yıl 2024, Sayı: 9, 76 - 80, 30.08.2024
https://doi.org/10.58252/artukluhealth.1487040

Öz

Giriş: Sağ kalan çocuklarda kanserin akut ve uzun dönem etkilerini inceleyen çalışmalar sürdürülürken çocukların büyümesi, gelişmesi, akademik ve sosyal yaşama uyum sağlaması gibi önemli etkilere sahip olabilecek psikososyal sorunların da ele alınması gerektiği vurgulanmaktadır.
Yöntem: Bu derlemede, çocukluk çağı kanserlerinden sağ kalan çocuklarda görülen psikososyal sorunlar ve bu sorunları etkileyen faktörler literatür taraması ile incelendi.
Bulgular: Kanserden sağ kalan çocuklarda psikososyal sorunlar ile ilgili literatür incelendiğinde; çalışmalarda sosyal yaşama uyumda bozulma, depresyon, anksiyete, post-travmatik stres bozukluğu gibi farklı psikososyal sorunların ele alındığı belirlendi. Araştırmalar, kanserden sağ kalan çocuklarda psikososyal sorun yaşama riskinin; çocuğun cinsiyeti, tanı yaşı, kanser türü, ebeveynlerin stres düzeyleri, sosyal desteğin varlığı, fiziksel geç etki varlığı gibi birçok faktörden etkilendiğini gösterdi. Sağ kalan çocuklarda görülen psikososyal sorunların, onların yaşam kaliteleri, sosyal yaşama uyum sağlama yetenekleri ve işlevsellikleri üzerinde zararlı etkilerinin olabileceği bildirildi.
Sonuç: Literatür incelendiğinde kanserden sağ kalan çocukların çeşitli psikososyal sorunlar yaşayabileceği, büyüme ve gelişme dönemlerinin kendine özgü özelliklerini dikkate alan kapsamlı bir yaklaşımla bu sorunların hafifletilebileceği ortaya çıkmaktadır. Çocuğun ve ailesinin destek ağlarının değerlendirilmesi, izlenmesi ve bu kaynaklara erişimin kolaylaştırılması esastır. Çocuğa ve ailesine psikososyal destek sağlayan hizmetlerin standart bir şekilde geliştirilmesi önerilmektedir.

Etik Beyan

**Bu çalışma 06-07 Nisan 2024 tarihleri arasında İzmir’de düzenlenen 8. Uluslararası Sağlık, Mühendislik ve Fen Bilimleri Kongresi’nde sözel bildiri olarak sunulmuştur.

Destekleyen Kurum

-

Teşekkür

-

Kaynakça

  • Abdalla, T., Preen, D. B., Pole, J. D., Walwyn, T., Bulsara, M., Ives, A., Choong, C. S., and Ohan, J. L. (2024). Psychiatric disorders in childhood cancer survivors: a retrospective matched cohort study of inpatient hospitalisations and community-based mental health services utilisation in western australia. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 00(0), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1177/00048674241233871
  • Arpacı, T., ve Altay, N. (2021). Çocukluk çağı kanserlerinden sağ kalanların izlemi ve pediatri hemşiresinin rolü. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Hemşirelik Fakültesi Elektronik Dergisi, 14(2), 153-164.
  • Arpacı, T., ve Kılıçarslan Törüner, E. (2017). Kanserden sağ kalan çocuklarda yaşam kalitesi: Literatür taraması. Hemşirelikte Eğitim ve Araştırma Dergisi, 14(1), 86-92.
  • Ay Kaatsız, M. A. (2020). Pediatrik kanserlerde aile merkezli psikososyal bakımın önemi. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Hemşirelik Fakültesi Dergisi, 7(1), 78-85.
  • Barnes, J. M., Johnson, K. J., Grove, J. L., Srivastava, A. J., Osazuwa‐Peters, N., and Perkins, S. M. (2022). Risk of suicide among individuals with a history of childhood cancer. Cancer, 128(3), 624-632. https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.33957
  • Castellano-Tejedor, C., Pérez-Campdepadrós, M., Capdevila, L., and Blasco-Blasco, T. (2016). Surviving cancer: The psychosocial outcomes of childhood cancer survivors and its correlates. Journal of Health Psychology, 21(7), 1491-1502. https://doi.org/10.1177/1359105314557503
  • Children’s Oncology Group. (2023). Long-term follow-up guidelines for survivors of childhood, adolescent, and young adult cancers. Retrieved January 13, 2024 from http://www.survivorshipguidelines.org/pdf/2023/COG_LTFU_Guidelines_Comprehensive_v6.pdf
  • Çavuşoğlu, H. (2015). Onkolojik sorunu olan çocuk ve hemşirelik bakımı. In E. Kılıçarslan Törüner ve N. Altay (Eds.), Çocuk Sağlığı Hemşireliği (12 ed., pp. 275-308). Sistem Ofset Basımevi.
  • Dervic, K., Brent, D. A., and Oquendo, M. A. (2008). Completed suicide in childhood. Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 31(2), 271-291. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psc.2008.01.006
  • Devine, K. A, Christen, S., Mulder, R. L., Brown, M. C., Ingerski, L. M., Mader, L., Potter, E. J., Sleurs, C., Viola, A. S., and Waern, S. (2022). Recommendations for the surveillance of education and employment outcomes in survivors of childhood, adolescent, and young adult cancer: A report from the international late effects of childhood cancer guideline harmonization group. Cancer, 128(13), 2405-2419. https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.34215
  • Doğan, P., Akçay Didişen, N., ve Bal Yılmaz, H. (2021). Pediatri hemşireliğinde önemli bir girişim: atravmatik bakım ve yaklaşımları. İzmir Katip Çelebi Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Fakültesi Dergisi, 6(2), 131-135.
  • Dzolganovski, B. (2009). Progress made through clinical trials. In D. Tomlinson and N. E. Kline (Eds.), Pediatric Oncology Nursing (2 ed., pp. 315-321). Springer.
  • Erdmann, F., Frederiksen, L. E., Bonaventure, A., Mader, L., Hasle, H., Robison, L. L., and Winther, J. F. (2021). Childhood cancer: survival, treatment modalities, late effects and improvements over time. Cancer Epidemiology, 71, 1-20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.canep.2020.101733
  • Ernst, M., Brähler, E., Wild, P. S., Faber, J., Merzenich, H., and Beutel, M. E. (2021). Loneliness predicts suicidal ideation and anxiety symptoms in long-term childhood cancer survivors. International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology, 21(1), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijchp.2020.10.001
  • Fu, X.-L., Wu, H., Qian, Y., Jin, X.-H., Yu, H.-R., Du, L., Chen, H.-L., and Shi, Y.-Q. (2021). Incidence of suicide mortality among childhood cancer survivors: a population-based retrospective study. Psychiatry research, 304, 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2021.114119
  • Ho, K. Y., Li, W. H., Lam, K. W. K., Wei, X., Chiu, S., Chan, C.-F. G., and Chung, O. K. J. (2019). Relationships among fatigue, physical activity, depressive symptoms, and quality of life in Chinese children and adolescents surviving cancer. European Journal of Oncology Nursing, 38, 21-27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejon.2018.11.007
  • Kahalley, L. S., Wilson, S. J., Tyc, V. L., Conklin, H. M., Hudson, M. M., Wu, S., Xiong, X., Stancel, H. H., and Hinds, P. S. (2013). Are the psychological needs of adolescent survivors of pediatric cancer adequately identified and treated? Psycho‐Oncology, 22(2), 447-458. https://doi.org/10.1002/pon.3021
  • Kim, D. H., and Im, Y. J. (2015). The influence of family management style on psychosocial problems of childhood cancer survivors in Korea. European Journal of Oncology Nursing, 19(2), 107-112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejon.2014.10.010
  • Kunin‐Batson, A. S., Lu, X., Balsamo, L., Graber, K., Devidas, M., Hunger, S. P., Carroll, W. L., Winick, N. J., Mattano Jr, L. A., and Maloney, K. W. (2016). Prevalence and predictors of anxiety and depression after completion of chemotherapy for childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a prospective longitudinal study. Cancer, 122(10), 1608-1617. https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.29946
  • Kutluk, M. T., and Yeşilipek, A. (2022). Pediatric cancer registry in Turkey 2009-2021 (TPOG & TPHD). Journal of Clinical Oncology, 40(16), e22020. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2022.40.16_suppl.e22020
  • Lee, A. R. Y. B., Yau, C. E., Low, C. E., Li, J., Ho, R. C., and Ho, C. S. H. (2023). Severity and longitudinal course of depression, anxiety and post-traumatic stress in paediatric and young adult cancer patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 12(5), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12051784
  • Marchak, J. G., Christen, S., Mulder, R. L., Baust, K., Blom, J. M., Brinkman, T. M., ... and Michel, G. (2022). Recommendations for the surveillance of mental health problems in childhood, adolescent, and young adult cancer survivors: A report from the International Late Effects of Childhood Cancer Guideline Harmonization Group. The Lancet Oncology, 23(4), e184-e196. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1470-2045(21)00750-6
  • McDonnell, G. A., Salley, C. G., Barnett, M., DeRosa, A. P., Werk, R. S., Hourani, A., Hoekstra, A. B., and Ford, J. S. (2017). Anxiety among adolescent survivors of pediatric cancer. Journal of Adolescent Health, 61(4), 409-423. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28729145/
  • Mertens, A. C., and Marchak, J. G. (2015). Mental health status of adolescent cancer survivors. Clinical Oncology in Adolescents and Young Adults, 2015(5), 87-95. https://doi.org/10.2147/COAYA.S49174
  • Murphy, K. M., Siembida, E., Lau, N., Berkman, A., Roth, M., and Salsman, J. M. (2023). A systematic review of health-related quality of life outcomes in psychosocial intervention trials for adolescent and young adult cancer survivors. Critical Reviews in Oncology/Hematology, 188, 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.critrevonc.2023.104045
  • Musci, R. J., Hart, S. R., Ballard, E. D., Newcomer, A., Van Eck, K., Ialongo, N., and Wilcox, H. (2016). Trajectories of suicidal ideation from sixth through tenth grades in predicting suicide attempts in young adulthood in an urban African American cohort. Suicide and Life‐Threatening Behavior, 46(3), 255-265. https://doi.org/10.1111/sltb.12191
  • National Cancer Institute. (2024). Childhood cancers. Retrieved February 13, 2024 from https://www.cancer.gov/types/childhood-cancers
  • Ortiz, R., Vásquez, L., Giri, B., Kapambwe, S., Dille, I., Mahmoud, L., Bolormaa, S., Kasymova, N., and Ilbawi, A. (2023). Developing and sustaining high-quality care for children with cancer: the who global initiative for childhood cancer. Revista Panamericana de Salud Pública, 47, 1-5. https://doi.org/10.26633/rpsp.2023.164
  • Oswald, K. A., Richard, A., Hodges, E., and Heinrich, K. P. (2021). Sleep and neurobehavioral functioning in survivors of pediatric cancer. Sleep Medicine, 78, 153-159. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33444972/
  • Sargın Yıldırım, N., Demirkaya, M., Sevinir, B. B., Güler, S., Vural, A. P., Demiröz, C., and Çırpan Kantarcıoğlu, A. (2017). A prospective follow-up of quality of life, depression, andanxiety in children with lymphoma and solid tumors. Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences, 47(4), 1078-1088. https://doi.org/10.3906/sag-1510-9
  • Taylor, N., Absolom, K., Snowden, J., Eiser, C., and Sheffield, L. E. G. (2012). Need for psychological follow‐up among young adult survivors of childhood cancer. European Journal of Cancer Care, 21(1), 52-58. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2354.2011.01281.x
  • Tremolada, M., and Bonichini, S. (2016). Post-traumatic stress symptoms and post-traumatic growth in 223 childhood cancer survivors: Predictive risk factors. Frontiers in Psychology, 7(287), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00287
  • World Health Organization. (2021). Cureall framework: who global initiative for childhood cancer. Introducing childhood cancer. Retrieved March 10, 2024 from https://iris.who.int/bitstream/handle/10665/347370/9789240025271-eng.pdf?sequence=1
  • Yılmaz, M. C., Yıldırım Sarı, H., Çetingül, N., Kantar, M., Erermis, S., and Aksoylar, S. (2014). Determination of school-related problems in children treated for cancer. The Journal of School Nursing, 30(5), 376-384. https://doi.org/10.1177/1059840513506942

Psychosocial Problems and Affecting Factors in Children Survivors of Childhood Cancer

Yıl 2024, Sayı: 9, 76 - 80, 30.08.2024
https://doi.org/10.58252/artukluhealth.1487040

Öz

Introduction: Studies have been conducted in recent years examining the acute and long-term effects cancer on surviving children, there has been a growing emphasis on the need to address the psychosocial challenges faced by children, which can have a significant impact on their growth, development, and ability to adapt to academic and social environments.
Methods: In this review, psychosocial problems and affecting factors in children surviving childhood cancers were examined through a literature review.
Results: A review of the literature on psychosocial problems in children who have survived cancer reveals that the studies address a range of issues, including difficulties in adapting to social life, depression, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress disorder. Studies have indicated that the risk of living psychosocial problem in children who have survived cancer is influenced by a range of factors, including the child's gender, age at diagnosis, type of cancer, parental stress levels, the availability of social support, and the presence of physical late effects. It has been reported that psychosocial problems seen in surviving children may have detrimental effects on their quality of life, their ability to adapt to social life and their functionality.
Conclusion: A review of the literature reveals that children who survive cancer may experience a range of psychosocial problems, which can be mitigated through a comprehensive approach that considers the unique characteristics of their growth and development period. It is essential to assess and monitor the child and their family's support networks and to facilitate access to these resources. It is recommended that services providing psychosocial support to the child and child’s family should be developed in a standardised manner.

Etik Beyan

**This study was presented as an oral presentation at the 8th International Health, Engineering and Science Congress held in Izmir between 06-07 April 2024.

Kaynakça

  • Abdalla, T., Preen, D. B., Pole, J. D., Walwyn, T., Bulsara, M., Ives, A., Choong, C. S., and Ohan, J. L. (2024). Psychiatric disorders in childhood cancer survivors: a retrospective matched cohort study of inpatient hospitalisations and community-based mental health services utilisation in western australia. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 00(0), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1177/00048674241233871
  • Arpacı, T., ve Altay, N. (2021). Çocukluk çağı kanserlerinden sağ kalanların izlemi ve pediatri hemşiresinin rolü. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Hemşirelik Fakültesi Elektronik Dergisi, 14(2), 153-164.
  • Arpacı, T., ve Kılıçarslan Törüner, E. (2017). Kanserden sağ kalan çocuklarda yaşam kalitesi: Literatür taraması. Hemşirelikte Eğitim ve Araştırma Dergisi, 14(1), 86-92.
  • Ay Kaatsız, M. A. (2020). Pediatrik kanserlerde aile merkezli psikososyal bakımın önemi. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Hemşirelik Fakültesi Dergisi, 7(1), 78-85.
  • Barnes, J. M., Johnson, K. J., Grove, J. L., Srivastava, A. J., Osazuwa‐Peters, N., and Perkins, S. M. (2022). Risk of suicide among individuals with a history of childhood cancer. Cancer, 128(3), 624-632. https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.33957
  • Castellano-Tejedor, C., Pérez-Campdepadrós, M., Capdevila, L., and Blasco-Blasco, T. (2016). Surviving cancer: The psychosocial outcomes of childhood cancer survivors and its correlates. Journal of Health Psychology, 21(7), 1491-1502. https://doi.org/10.1177/1359105314557503
  • Children’s Oncology Group. (2023). Long-term follow-up guidelines for survivors of childhood, adolescent, and young adult cancers. Retrieved January 13, 2024 from http://www.survivorshipguidelines.org/pdf/2023/COG_LTFU_Guidelines_Comprehensive_v6.pdf
  • Çavuşoğlu, H. (2015). Onkolojik sorunu olan çocuk ve hemşirelik bakımı. In E. Kılıçarslan Törüner ve N. Altay (Eds.), Çocuk Sağlığı Hemşireliği (12 ed., pp. 275-308). Sistem Ofset Basımevi.
  • Dervic, K., Brent, D. A., and Oquendo, M. A. (2008). Completed suicide in childhood. Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 31(2), 271-291. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psc.2008.01.006
  • Devine, K. A, Christen, S., Mulder, R. L., Brown, M. C., Ingerski, L. M., Mader, L., Potter, E. J., Sleurs, C., Viola, A. S., and Waern, S. (2022). Recommendations for the surveillance of education and employment outcomes in survivors of childhood, adolescent, and young adult cancer: A report from the international late effects of childhood cancer guideline harmonization group. Cancer, 128(13), 2405-2419. https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.34215
  • Doğan, P., Akçay Didişen, N., ve Bal Yılmaz, H. (2021). Pediatri hemşireliğinde önemli bir girişim: atravmatik bakım ve yaklaşımları. İzmir Katip Çelebi Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Fakültesi Dergisi, 6(2), 131-135.
  • Dzolganovski, B. (2009). Progress made through clinical trials. In D. Tomlinson and N. E. Kline (Eds.), Pediatric Oncology Nursing (2 ed., pp. 315-321). Springer.
  • Erdmann, F., Frederiksen, L. E., Bonaventure, A., Mader, L., Hasle, H., Robison, L. L., and Winther, J. F. (2021). Childhood cancer: survival, treatment modalities, late effects and improvements over time. Cancer Epidemiology, 71, 1-20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.canep.2020.101733
  • Ernst, M., Brähler, E., Wild, P. S., Faber, J., Merzenich, H., and Beutel, M. E. (2021). Loneliness predicts suicidal ideation and anxiety symptoms in long-term childhood cancer survivors. International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology, 21(1), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijchp.2020.10.001
  • Fu, X.-L., Wu, H., Qian, Y., Jin, X.-H., Yu, H.-R., Du, L., Chen, H.-L., and Shi, Y.-Q. (2021). Incidence of suicide mortality among childhood cancer survivors: a population-based retrospective study. Psychiatry research, 304, 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2021.114119
  • Ho, K. Y., Li, W. H., Lam, K. W. K., Wei, X., Chiu, S., Chan, C.-F. G., and Chung, O. K. J. (2019). Relationships among fatigue, physical activity, depressive symptoms, and quality of life in Chinese children and adolescents surviving cancer. European Journal of Oncology Nursing, 38, 21-27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejon.2018.11.007
  • Kahalley, L. S., Wilson, S. J., Tyc, V. L., Conklin, H. M., Hudson, M. M., Wu, S., Xiong, X., Stancel, H. H., and Hinds, P. S. (2013). Are the psychological needs of adolescent survivors of pediatric cancer adequately identified and treated? Psycho‐Oncology, 22(2), 447-458. https://doi.org/10.1002/pon.3021
  • Kim, D. H., and Im, Y. J. (2015). The influence of family management style on psychosocial problems of childhood cancer survivors in Korea. European Journal of Oncology Nursing, 19(2), 107-112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejon.2014.10.010
  • Kunin‐Batson, A. S., Lu, X., Balsamo, L., Graber, K., Devidas, M., Hunger, S. P., Carroll, W. L., Winick, N. J., Mattano Jr, L. A., and Maloney, K. W. (2016). Prevalence and predictors of anxiety and depression after completion of chemotherapy for childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a prospective longitudinal study. Cancer, 122(10), 1608-1617. https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.29946
  • Kutluk, M. T., and Yeşilipek, A. (2022). Pediatric cancer registry in Turkey 2009-2021 (TPOG & TPHD). Journal of Clinical Oncology, 40(16), e22020. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2022.40.16_suppl.e22020
  • Lee, A. R. Y. B., Yau, C. E., Low, C. E., Li, J., Ho, R. C., and Ho, C. S. H. (2023). Severity and longitudinal course of depression, anxiety and post-traumatic stress in paediatric and young adult cancer patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 12(5), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12051784
  • Marchak, J. G., Christen, S., Mulder, R. L., Baust, K., Blom, J. M., Brinkman, T. M., ... and Michel, G. (2022). Recommendations for the surveillance of mental health problems in childhood, adolescent, and young adult cancer survivors: A report from the International Late Effects of Childhood Cancer Guideline Harmonization Group. The Lancet Oncology, 23(4), e184-e196. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1470-2045(21)00750-6
  • McDonnell, G. A., Salley, C. G., Barnett, M., DeRosa, A. P., Werk, R. S., Hourani, A., Hoekstra, A. B., and Ford, J. S. (2017). Anxiety among adolescent survivors of pediatric cancer. Journal of Adolescent Health, 61(4), 409-423. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28729145/
  • Mertens, A. C., and Marchak, J. G. (2015). Mental health status of adolescent cancer survivors. Clinical Oncology in Adolescents and Young Adults, 2015(5), 87-95. https://doi.org/10.2147/COAYA.S49174
  • Murphy, K. M., Siembida, E., Lau, N., Berkman, A., Roth, M., and Salsman, J. M. (2023). A systematic review of health-related quality of life outcomes in psychosocial intervention trials for adolescent and young adult cancer survivors. Critical Reviews in Oncology/Hematology, 188, 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.critrevonc.2023.104045
  • Musci, R. J., Hart, S. R., Ballard, E. D., Newcomer, A., Van Eck, K., Ialongo, N., and Wilcox, H. (2016). Trajectories of suicidal ideation from sixth through tenth grades in predicting suicide attempts in young adulthood in an urban African American cohort. Suicide and Life‐Threatening Behavior, 46(3), 255-265. https://doi.org/10.1111/sltb.12191
  • National Cancer Institute. (2024). Childhood cancers. Retrieved February 13, 2024 from https://www.cancer.gov/types/childhood-cancers
  • Ortiz, R., Vásquez, L., Giri, B., Kapambwe, S., Dille, I., Mahmoud, L., Bolormaa, S., Kasymova, N., and Ilbawi, A. (2023). Developing and sustaining high-quality care for children with cancer: the who global initiative for childhood cancer. Revista Panamericana de Salud Pública, 47, 1-5. https://doi.org/10.26633/rpsp.2023.164
  • Oswald, K. A., Richard, A., Hodges, E., and Heinrich, K. P. (2021). Sleep and neurobehavioral functioning in survivors of pediatric cancer. Sleep Medicine, 78, 153-159. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33444972/
  • Sargın Yıldırım, N., Demirkaya, M., Sevinir, B. B., Güler, S., Vural, A. P., Demiröz, C., and Çırpan Kantarcıoğlu, A. (2017). A prospective follow-up of quality of life, depression, andanxiety in children with lymphoma and solid tumors. Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences, 47(4), 1078-1088. https://doi.org/10.3906/sag-1510-9
  • Taylor, N., Absolom, K., Snowden, J., Eiser, C., and Sheffield, L. E. G. (2012). Need for psychological follow‐up among young adult survivors of childhood cancer. European Journal of Cancer Care, 21(1), 52-58. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2354.2011.01281.x
  • Tremolada, M., and Bonichini, S. (2016). Post-traumatic stress symptoms and post-traumatic growth in 223 childhood cancer survivors: Predictive risk factors. Frontiers in Psychology, 7(287), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00287
  • World Health Organization. (2021). Cureall framework: who global initiative for childhood cancer. Introducing childhood cancer. Retrieved March 10, 2024 from https://iris.who.int/bitstream/handle/10665/347370/9789240025271-eng.pdf?sequence=1
  • Yılmaz, M. C., Yıldırım Sarı, H., Çetingül, N., Kantar, M., Erermis, S., and Aksoylar, S. (2014). Determination of school-related problems in children treated for cancer. The Journal of School Nursing, 30(5), 376-384. https://doi.org/10.1177/1059840513506942
Toplam 34 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Çocuk Sağlığı ve Hastalıkları Hemşireliği
Bölüm Derlemeler
Yazarlar

Sevil Özkan 0000-0001-9180-1660

Seda Nur Köstekli 0009-0000-2467-0381

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Ağustos 2024
Gönderilme Tarihi 20 Mayıs 2024
Kabul Tarihi 12 Temmuz 2024
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024 Sayı: 9

Kaynak Göster

APA Özkan, S., & Köstekli, S. N. (2024). Çocukluk Çağı Kanserinden Sağ Kalan Çocuklarda Görülen Psikososyal Sorunlar ve Etkileyen Faktörler. Artuklu Health(9), 76-80. https://doi.org/10.58252/artukluhealth.1487040

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