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Doğum Korkusu ve Sezaryen Arasındaki İlişki: Eleştirel Bir İnceleme

Yıl 2024, Sayı: 9, 63 - 75, 30.08.2024
https://doi.org/10.58252/artukluhealth.1540352

Öz

Giriş: Annenin isteğiyle sezaryen oranlarındaki artış, dünya çapında yaygın bir klinik sorun olarak giderek daha fazla dikkat çekmektedir, Tokofobi (yoğun doğum korkusu) ise bu sorunda potansiyel olarak kritik bir rol oynamaktadır. Tokophobia, anne-bebek bağlanması ve anne ruh sağlığı üzerindeki etkilerine ek olarak gebeliğin sonlandırılması veya tamamen önlenmesi gibi ciddi komplikasyonlara neden olabilir ve gebe kadınların yaklaşık beşte birinin etkilendiği tahmin edilmektedir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, literatürün multipar ve primipar kadınlar arasında doğum korkusu ile sezaryen doğum (elektif veya acil) arasında herhangi bir ilişki olup olmadığını değerlendirmektir.
Yöntem: EMBASE, MEDLINE, Psych INFO ve CINAHL veri tabanlarında Sistematik İncelemeler için Tercih Edilen Raporlama Öğeleri (PRISMA) kullanılarak sistematik bir yaklaşımla eleştirel bir literatür taraması yapılmış ve Ocak 2007 ile Aralık 2022 arasında yayınlanmış hakemli, nitel çalışmalar tespit edilmiştir. Çalışmaların kalitesini değerlendirmek için bir kalite değerlendirmesi kullanılmıştır.
Bulgular: Bu eleştirel literatür taramasına toplam 6 makale dahil edilmiştir. Üç tema belirlenmiştir: 1) Doğum korkusu ve nedenleri, 2) Bir doğum şekli olarak kabul gören sezaryen doğum ve 3) Sezaryen doğumdan kaynaklanan doğum korkusu.
Sonuç: Bu derlemenin bulguları, annelerin doğumla ilgili korku ve kaygılarının temel nedeninin anne ve bebeğe zarar verme korkusu ve doğum bakımının kalitesine ve personelin bağlılığına olan güven eksikliği olduğunu vurgulamıştır. Bu bulgular, doğum şekline ilişkin karar verme sürecinin karmaşıklığı vurgulamaktadır ve gereksiz yere uygulanan sezaryen doğumları potansiyel olarak azaltacak şekilde doğum korkularını gidermek için daha fazla destek ve müdahalelere ihtiyaç duyulduğunu önermektedir. Anne ve bebek sağlığı açısından daha iyi sonuçlar elde etmek amacıyla, tokofobiyi ve bunun doğum yöntemi seçimi üzerindeki etkisini hafifletmeye yönelik etkili stratejilerin araştırılması için daha fazla araştırma yapılması önerilmektedir.

Destekleyen Kurum

Bu çalışma yazarın yüksek lisans öğrenciliğinin bir parçasıdır ve Türkiye Devleti ve Milli Eğitim Bakanlığı tarafından finanse edilmiştir.

Kaynakça

  • Arfaie, K., Nahidi, F., Simbar, M., and Bakhtiari, M. (2017). The role of fear of childbirth in pregnancy related anxiety in Iranian women: A qualitative research. Electron Physician 25, 9(2), 3733-3740. https://doi.org/10.19082%2F3733
  • Aydın, N., and Yıldız, H., (2018). The effects of traumatic birth experience and intergenerational transfer. Journal of Human Sciences, 15(1), 604-618.
  • Ayers, S., (2014). Fear of childbirth, postnatal post-traumatic stress disorder and midwifery care. Midwifery, 30(2), 145–8.
  • Beebe, K., Lee, K., Carrieri-Kohlman, V., and Humphreys, J., (2007). The effects of childbirth self-efficacy and anxiety during pregnancy on prehospitalization labor. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Neonatal Nurs. 36, 410–418. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.15526909.2007.00170.x.
  • Betran, A. P., Ye, J., Moller, A., Zhang, J., Gulmezoglu, A.M., and Torloni, M. R., (2016). The increasing trend in caesarean section rates: Global, regional and national estimates: 1990-2014. PLOS ONE, 11(2), e0148343.
  • Boslaugh, S., (2017). Secondary analysis for public health: A practical guide. New York, NY: Cambridge. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511618802
  • Braun, V., and Clarke, V., (2013). Successful Qualitative Research: A Practical guide for beginners. London: SAGE.
  • Butun, A., and Hemingway, P., (2018). A qualitative systematic review of the reasons for parental attendance at the emergency department with children presenting with minor illness. International Emergency Nursing, 36(56-62).
  • Critical Appraisal Skills Programme (2018). CASP, Qualitative Study Checklist. [online] Available at: https://casp-uk.net/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/CASP-Qualitative-Checklist-2018_fillable_form.pdf. Accessed: 10.05.2023
  • Dennis, T., (2015). "Women's Experiences With Traumatic Childbirth." Dissertation, Georgia State University [online] Available at: http://scholarworks.gsu.edu/nursing_diss/42
  • D’Souza R., (2013). Caesarean section on maternal request for non- medical reasons: putting the UK national institute of health and clinical excellence guidelines in perspective. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol, 27, 165‐177.
  • Faisal, I., Matinnia, N., Hejar, A.R., Khodakarami, Z. (2014). Why do primigravidae request caesarean section in a normal pregnancy? A qualitative study in Iran. Midwifery, 30(2), 227-33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.midw.2013.08.011
  • Fenwick, J., Staff, L., Gamble, J., Creedy, D. K., and Bayes, S., (2010). Why do women request caesarean section in a normal, healthy first pregnancy? Midwifery Aug, 26(4), 394-400. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.midw.2008.10.011
  • Fenwick, J., Toohill, J., Creedy, D. K., Smith, J., and Gamble, J., (2015). Sources, responses and moderators of childbirth fear in Australian women: A qualitative investigation. Midwifery, 31 (1), 239-46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.midw.2014.09.003
  • Finfgeld-Connett, D., and Johnson, E. D., (2013). Literature search strategies for conducting knowledge-building and theory-generating qualitative systematic reviews. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 69(1), 194–204.
  • Fossheim, S. L., Tollånes, M. C., Lien, L., and Malterud, K., (2019). A sign of increased morbidity with late initiation of antenatal care: a retrospective register study. Scand J Public Health, 47(1), 40-48.
  • Graham, H., and McDermott, E., (2015). Qualitative research and the evidence base of policy: insights from studies of teenage mothers in the UK. J Soc Policy, 35, 21‐27.
  • Haines, H. M., Rubertsson, C., Pallant, J. F., and Hildingsson, I. (2012). The influence of women's fear, attitudes and beliefs of childbirth on mode and experience of birth. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth, 12, 55.
  • Hull, P. M., and Bedwell, C. T. L. (2011). Why do some women prefer birth by caesarean? An Internet survey. BRJ Midwifery, 19, 708‐717
  • Jamshidi, Manesh, M., Jouybari, L., Oskouie, S. F., and Sanagoo, A. (2021). How do women’s decisions process to elective cesarean? A qualitative study. Aust J Basic Appl Sci, 5, 210‐21547
  • Kaya, G. D. (2022). A critical review: Traditional practices surrounding postpartum period impact on breastfeeding in Türkiye and the UK. Journal of Midwifery and Health Sciences, 5(3), 131-138. https://doi.org/10.5152/JMHS.2022.930630
  • Kitzinger S, Green JM, Chalmers B et al., (2006). Why do women go along with this stuff? Birth, 33(2), 154–8.
  • Molgora, S., Fenaroli, V., Cracolici, E., and Saita, E. (2020). Antenatal fear of childbirth and emergency cesarean section delivery: a systematic narrative review. J Reprod Infant Psychol, 38(4), 436-454. https://doi.org/10.1080/02646838.2019.1636216
  • National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence. Caesarean Section [CG 132]. 2022; https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg132?unlid=101943648420162265498 Retrieved from https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg132 Accessed:10.07.2022
  • Nieminen, K., Stephansson, O., and Ryding, E. L. (2009). Women’s fear of childbirth and preference for cesarean section-a cross-sectional study at various stages of pregnancy in Sweden. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand, 88(7), 807-13.
  • Nilsson, C., HessmaN, E., Sjöblom, A., Dencker, E., Jangsten, M., Mollberg, H., Patel, C. Sparud-Lundin, H., Wigert C., and Begley et al. (2018). Definitions, measurements and prevalence of fear of childbirth: A systematic review. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 18(28).
  • Nillson, C., and Lundgren, I. (2019). Women's lived experience of fear of childbirth. Midwifery, 25(2), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.midw.2007.01.017
  • O’Connell, M. A., Leahy-Warren, P., Khashan, A. S., Kenny, L. C., and O’Neill, S. M., (2019). Worldwide prevalence of tocophobia in pregnant women: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica, 98(8), 965-975. https://doi.org/10.1111/aogs.13516
  • O'Connell, M., A., Leahy-Warren, P., Khashan, A.S., Kenny, L.C., O'Neill, S.M., (2017). Worldwide prevalence of tocophobia in pregnant women: systematic review and meta-analysis. Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica, 96(8), 907–920. [e-journal] https://doi.org/10.1111/aogs.13138
  • O'Connell, M. A., Khashan, A. S., Leahy-Warren, P., Stewart, F., and O'Neill, S. M. (2021). Interventions for fear of childbirth including tocophobia. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, (7). https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.cd013321.pub2
  • O'Connell, M. A, Martin, C. R., and Jomeen, J. (2021). Reconsidering fear of birth: Language matters. Midwifery. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.midw.2021.103079
  • O'Connell, M. A., Martin, C. R., and Dahlen, H. G. (2022). Time to rectify past mistakes and take a woman-centred approach to labour progress. Obstetrics, Gynaecology & Reproductive Medicine, 32(11), 259-261. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ogrm.2022.08.008
  • Panda, S., Jha, V., and Singh, A. S., (2013). Review of cesarean section on maternal request in a tertiary care institute; scenario in developing country. Kathmandu Univ Med J (KUMJ), 11, 349‐354.
  • Paré, G., Trudel, M.-C., Jaana, M., and Kitsiou, S., (2015). Synthesizing information systems knowledge: A typology of literature reviews. Information & Management, 52(2), 183–199.
  • Poggi, L., Goutaudier, N., Séjourné, N., and Chabrol, H., (2018). When fear of childbirth is pathological: The fear continuum. Maternal and Child Health Journal, 22(8), 772–778 [e-journal] https://doi.org/10.1007/s10995-018-2447-8.
  • Ramvi, E., and Tangerud, M., (2011). Experiences of women who have a vaginal birth after requesting a cesarean section due to a fear of birth: A biographical, narrative, interpretative study. Nurs Health Sci, 13(3), 269-74.
  • Rouhe, H., Salmela-Aro, K., Gissler, M., Halmesmäki, E., and Saisto, T. (2013). Mental health problems common in women with fear of childbirth. BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, 120(1), 75-82. https://doi.org/10.1111/1471-0528.1201.
  • Saisto, T., and Halmesmäki, E., (2003). Fear of childbirth: a neglected dilemma. Acta Obstetricia & Gynecologica Scandinavica, 82(3), 201-8.
  • Salari, P., Firoozi, M., and Sahebi, A. (2015). Study of the Stressor associated with pregnancy. Journal Of Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, 12(3), 34-40.
  • Salomonsson, B., Bertero, C., Alehagen, S. (2013). Self-efficacy in pregnant women with severe fear of childbirth. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Neonatal Nurs., 42, 191–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1552-6909.12024.
  • Serekuş, P., and Okumuş, H. (2009). Fears associated with childbirth among nulliparous women in Türkiye. Midwifery, 25(2), 155-62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.midw.2007.02.005
  • Sereshti, M., Nahidi, F., Simbar, M., Ahmadi, F., Bakhtiari, M., and Zayeri, F. (2016). Mothers’ perception of quality of services from health centers after perinatal loss. Electronic Physician, 8(2), 2006-17. https://doi.org/10.19082/2006
  • Størksen, T .H., Garthus-Niegel, S., Adams, S. S., Vangen, S., and Eberhard-Gran, M., (2015). Fear of childbirth and elective caesarean section: A population-based study. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 15(221), 2-10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-015-0655-4
  • Wiklund, I. (2012). New guidelines for cesarean section on maternal request. Sexual & Reproductive Healthcare, 3(3), 97.
  • Zar, M., Wijma, K., Wijma, B., (2021). Pre – and postpartum fear of childbirth in nulliparous and parous women. Scandinavian Journal of Behavioral Therapy, 30(30), 75-84.

The Relationship Between Fear of Childbirth and Caesarean Section: A Critical Review

Yıl 2024, Sayı: 9, 63 - 75, 30.08.2024
https://doi.org/10.58252/artukluhealth.1540352

Öz

Introduction: The increase in caesarean section rates for maternal requests has gained growing attention as a common clinical problem worldwide, with tokophobia—an intense fear of childbirth—playing a potentially critical role. Tokophobia can cause serious complications such as termination or avoidance of pregnancy altogether, in addition to the implications on maternal-infant attachment and maternal mental health. It is estimated that approximately one-fifth of pregnant women are affected. This study aims to assess if the literature suggests any association between fear of childbirth and giving birth by caesarean section delivery (elective or emergency) among multiparous and primiparous women.
Methods: A critical literature review with a systematic approach using Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews (PRISMA) of EMBASE, MEDLINE, PsycINFO, and CINAHL databases were identified with peer-reviewed, qualitative studies published between January 2007 and December 2022. A quality appraisal was used to assess the quality of the studies.
Results: A total of six articles were included in this critical literature review. Three themes were identified: 1) fear of childbirth and causes; 2) as a mode of birth, caesarean section; and 3) fear of childbirth associated with caesarean section.
Conclusion: The findings of this review emphasised that the main reasons for maternal fear and anxiety related to birth are fear of damaging the mother and baby, a lack of confidence in the quality of maternity care, and personal commitment. These findings underscore the complexity of the decision-making process regarding the mode of childbirth and suggest a need for enhanced support and interventions to address childbirth fears, potentially reducing unnecessary C-sections. Further research is recommended to explore effective strategies to mitigate tokophobia and its impact on delivery method choice, aiming for better maternal and infant health outcomes.

Destekleyen Kurum

This study is part of the author's MSc studentship and is funded by the Turkish Government and the Ministry of National Education.

Kaynakça

  • Arfaie, K., Nahidi, F., Simbar, M., and Bakhtiari, M. (2017). The role of fear of childbirth in pregnancy related anxiety in Iranian women: A qualitative research. Electron Physician 25, 9(2), 3733-3740. https://doi.org/10.19082%2F3733
  • Aydın, N., and Yıldız, H., (2018). The effects of traumatic birth experience and intergenerational transfer. Journal of Human Sciences, 15(1), 604-618.
  • Ayers, S., (2014). Fear of childbirth, postnatal post-traumatic stress disorder and midwifery care. Midwifery, 30(2), 145–8.
  • Beebe, K., Lee, K., Carrieri-Kohlman, V., and Humphreys, J., (2007). The effects of childbirth self-efficacy and anxiety during pregnancy on prehospitalization labor. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Neonatal Nurs. 36, 410–418. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.15526909.2007.00170.x.
  • Betran, A. P., Ye, J., Moller, A., Zhang, J., Gulmezoglu, A.M., and Torloni, M. R., (2016). The increasing trend in caesarean section rates: Global, regional and national estimates: 1990-2014. PLOS ONE, 11(2), e0148343.
  • Boslaugh, S., (2017). Secondary analysis for public health: A practical guide. New York, NY: Cambridge. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511618802
  • Braun, V., and Clarke, V., (2013). Successful Qualitative Research: A Practical guide for beginners. London: SAGE.
  • Butun, A., and Hemingway, P., (2018). A qualitative systematic review of the reasons for parental attendance at the emergency department with children presenting with minor illness. International Emergency Nursing, 36(56-62).
  • Critical Appraisal Skills Programme (2018). CASP, Qualitative Study Checklist. [online] Available at: https://casp-uk.net/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/CASP-Qualitative-Checklist-2018_fillable_form.pdf. Accessed: 10.05.2023
  • Dennis, T., (2015). "Women's Experiences With Traumatic Childbirth." Dissertation, Georgia State University [online] Available at: http://scholarworks.gsu.edu/nursing_diss/42
  • D’Souza R., (2013). Caesarean section on maternal request for non- medical reasons: putting the UK national institute of health and clinical excellence guidelines in perspective. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol, 27, 165‐177.
  • Faisal, I., Matinnia, N., Hejar, A.R., Khodakarami, Z. (2014). Why do primigravidae request caesarean section in a normal pregnancy? A qualitative study in Iran. Midwifery, 30(2), 227-33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.midw.2013.08.011
  • Fenwick, J., Staff, L., Gamble, J., Creedy, D. K., and Bayes, S., (2010). Why do women request caesarean section in a normal, healthy first pregnancy? Midwifery Aug, 26(4), 394-400. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.midw.2008.10.011
  • Fenwick, J., Toohill, J., Creedy, D. K., Smith, J., and Gamble, J., (2015). Sources, responses and moderators of childbirth fear in Australian women: A qualitative investigation. Midwifery, 31 (1), 239-46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.midw.2014.09.003
  • Finfgeld-Connett, D., and Johnson, E. D., (2013). Literature search strategies for conducting knowledge-building and theory-generating qualitative systematic reviews. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 69(1), 194–204.
  • Fossheim, S. L., Tollånes, M. C., Lien, L., and Malterud, K., (2019). A sign of increased morbidity with late initiation of antenatal care: a retrospective register study. Scand J Public Health, 47(1), 40-48.
  • Graham, H., and McDermott, E., (2015). Qualitative research and the evidence base of policy: insights from studies of teenage mothers in the UK. J Soc Policy, 35, 21‐27.
  • Haines, H. M., Rubertsson, C., Pallant, J. F., and Hildingsson, I. (2012). The influence of women's fear, attitudes and beliefs of childbirth on mode and experience of birth. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth, 12, 55.
  • Hull, P. M., and Bedwell, C. T. L. (2011). Why do some women prefer birth by caesarean? An Internet survey. BRJ Midwifery, 19, 708‐717
  • Jamshidi, Manesh, M., Jouybari, L., Oskouie, S. F., and Sanagoo, A. (2021). How do women’s decisions process to elective cesarean? A qualitative study. Aust J Basic Appl Sci, 5, 210‐21547
  • Kaya, G. D. (2022). A critical review: Traditional practices surrounding postpartum period impact on breastfeeding in Türkiye and the UK. Journal of Midwifery and Health Sciences, 5(3), 131-138. https://doi.org/10.5152/JMHS.2022.930630
  • Kitzinger S, Green JM, Chalmers B et al., (2006). Why do women go along with this stuff? Birth, 33(2), 154–8.
  • Molgora, S., Fenaroli, V., Cracolici, E., and Saita, E. (2020). Antenatal fear of childbirth and emergency cesarean section delivery: a systematic narrative review. J Reprod Infant Psychol, 38(4), 436-454. https://doi.org/10.1080/02646838.2019.1636216
  • National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence. Caesarean Section [CG 132]. 2022; https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg132?unlid=101943648420162265498 Retrieved from https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg132 Accessed:10.07.2022
  • Nieminen, K., Stephansson, O., and Ryding, E. L. (2009). Women’s fear of childbirth and preference for cesarean section-a cross-sectional study at various stages of pregnancy in Sweden. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand, 88(7), 807-13.
  • Nilsson, C., HessmaN, E., Sjöblom, A., Dencker, E., Jangsten, M., Mollberg, H., Patel, C. Sparud-Lundin, H., Wigert C., and Begley et al. (2018). Definitions, measurements and prevalence of fear of childbirth: A systematic review. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 18(28).
  • Nillson, C., and Lundgren, I. (2019). Women's lived experience of fear of childbirth. Midwifery, 25(2), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.midw.2007.01.017
  • O’Connell, M. A., Leahy-Warren, P., Khashan, A. S., Kenny, L. C., and O’Neill, S. M., (2019). Worldwide prevalence of tocophobia in pregnant women: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica, 98(8), 965-975. https://doi.org/10.1111/aogs.13516
  • O'Connell, M., A., Leahy-Warren, P., Khashan, A.S., Kenny, L.C., O'Neill, S.M., (2017). Worldwide prevalence of tocophobia in pregnant women: systematic review and meta-analysis. Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica, 96(8), 907–920. [e-journal] https://doi.org/10.1111/aogs.13138
  • O'Connell, M. A., Khashan, A. S., Leahy-Warren, P., Stewart, F., and O'Neill, S. M. (2021). Interventions for fear of childbirth including tocophobia. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, (7). https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.cd013321.pub2
  • O'Connell, M. A, Martin, C. R., and Jomeen, J. (2021). Reconsidering fear of birth: Language matters. Midwifery. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.midw.2021.103079
  • O'Connell, M. A., Martin, C. R., and Dahlen, H. G. (2022). Time to rectify past mistakes and take a woman-centred approach to labour progress. Obstetrics, Gynaecology & Reproductive Medicine, 32(11), 259-261. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ogrm.2022.08.008
  • Panda, S., Jha, V., and Singh, A. S., (2013). Review of cesarean section on maternal request in a tertiary care institute; scenario in developing country. Kathmandu Univ Med J (KUMJ), 11, 349‐354.
  • Paré, G., Trudel, M.-C., Jaana, M., and Kitsiou, S., (2015). Synthesizing information systems knowledge: A typology of literature reviews. Information & Management, 52(2), 183–199.
  • Poggi, L., Goutaudier, N., Séjourné, N., and Chabrol, H., (2018). When fear of childbirth is pathological: The fear continuum. Maternal and Child Health Journal, 22(8), 772–778 [e-journal] https://doi.org/10.1007/s10995-018-2447-8.
  • Ramvi, E., and Tangerud, M., (2011). Experiences of women who have a vaginal birth after requesting a cesarean section due to a fear of birth: A biographical, narrative, interpretative study. Nurs Health Sci, 13(3), 269-74.
  • Rouhe, H., Salmela-Aro, K., Gissler, M., Halmesmäki, E., and Saisto, T. (2013). Mental health problems common in women with fear of childbirth. BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, 120(1), 75-82. https://doi.org/10.1111/1471-0528.1201.
  • Saisto, T., and Halmesmäki, E., (2003). Fear of childbirth: a neglected dilemma. Acta Obstetricia & Gynecologica Scandinavica, 82(3), 201-8.
  • Salari, P., Firoozi, M., and Sahebi, A. (2015). Study of the Stressor associated with pregnancy. Journal Of Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, 12(3), 34-40.
  • Salomonsson, B., Bertero, C., Alehagen, S. (2013). Self-efficacy in pregnant women with severe fear of childbirth. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Neonatal Nurs., 42, 191–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1552-6909.12024.
  • Serekuş, P., and Okumuş, H. (2009). Fears associated with childbirth among nulliparous women in Türkiye. Midwifery, 25(2), 155-62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.midw.2007.02.005
  • Sereshti, M., Nahidi, F., Simbar, M., Ahmadi, F., Bakhtiari, M., and Zayeri, F. (2016). Mothers’ perception of quality of services from health centers after perinatal loss. Electronic Physician, 8(2), 2006-17. https://doi.org/10.19082/2006
  • Størksen, T .H., Garthus-Niegel, S., Adams, S. S., Vangen, S., and Eberhard-Gran, M., (2015). Fear of childbirth and elective caesarean section: A population-based study. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 15(221), 2-10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-015-0655-4
  • Wiklund, I. (2012). New guidelines for cesarean section on maternal request. Sexual & Reproductive Healthcare, 3(3), 97.
  • Zar, M., Wijma, K., Wijma, B., (2021). Pre – and postpartum fear of childbirth in nulliparous and parous women. Scandinavian Journal of Behavioral Therapy, 30(30), 75-84.
Toplam 45 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Ebelik (Diğer)
Bölüm Derlemeler
Yazarlar

Guldane Kaya 0000-0002-3085-1071

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Ağustos 2024
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024 Sayı: 9

Kaynak Göster

APA Kaya, G. (2024). The Relationship Between Fear of Childbirth and Caesarean Section: A Critical Review. Artuklu Health(9), 63-75. https://doi.org/10.58252/artukluhealth.1540352

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