İngiliz Dış Politikasında Rusya-Ukrayna Savaşı: Putin Hükümetinin Güvenlikleştirilmesi

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 23 Sayı: 3, 1721 - 1743, 30.11.2023

Melih Dinçer

https://doi.org/10.11616/asbi.1328784

Öz

Bu makalede Birleşik Krallık’ın Putin rejimini güvenlikleştirdiği argümanı ileri sürülmektedir. Çalışmanın amacı Birleşik Krallık’ın Rusya’nın Ukrayna’yı işgaline karşı nasıl bir dış politika izlediğini güvenlikleştirme teorisi üzerinden analiz etmektir. İşgalin ardından Birleşik Krallık nasıl bir dış politika uygulamıştır? Başbakan Boris Johnson’ın açıklamaları, başbakanlık ofisinin resmi açıklamaları, Birleşik Krallık Parlamentosu’ndaki Avam Kamarası ve Lordlar Kamarası’nın görüşme kayıtları ve İngiliz gazeteleri analiz edilmektedir. Liz Truss ve Rishi Sunak dönemlerindeki dış politika analiz edilmektedir. YouGov kuruluşunun yaptığı anketlerden yararlanılmıştır. Yapılan analizin sonucunda Putin rejiminin Avrupa ülkelerinin güvenliği için varoluşsal bir tehdit olarak algılandığı sonucuna varılmıştır. Rusya’ya karşı olağanüstü önlemler alınması gerektiğine karar verilmiştir. YouGov anketlerine göre, Britanyalıların yüzde 64’ü Rusya’yı Avrupa ülkeleri ve Britanya için tehdit olarak görmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Güvenlikleştirme, Birleşik Krallık, Ukrayna-Rusya Savaşı, Putin Rejimi, Avrupa Güvenliği

Teşekkür

Saygıdeğer editör hocalarım merhaba, intihal raporunu metnin özgün olduğunu görmeniz açısından yükledim. Ana makalem TAM METİN başlıklı dosyamdır. İntihal raporunda olan diğer kısımların bir önemi yoktur. Saygılarımla

The Russia-Ukraine War in English Foreign Policy: Securitization of the Putin Government

Öz

This article argues that the UK securitized the Putin regime. The aim of the study is to analyse foreign policy of the United Kingdom against Russia's occupation of Ukraine through securitization theory. What kind of foreign policy did the United Kingdom implement after the occupation? Statements of Prime Minister Boris Johnson, official statements of prime minister's office, meeting records of the House of Commons and the House of Lords in the UK Parliament, and British newspapers are analysed. The foreign policy during periods of Liz Truss and Rishi Sunak is analysed. Surveys made by YouGov are used. As a result of analysis, it is concluded that Putin regime is perceived as an existential threat to security of European countries. It is decided that extraordinary measures should be taken against Russia. According to the surveys of YouGov, 64 percent of Britons see Russia as a threat to European countries and Britain.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Securitisation, the United Kingdom, Ukraine-Russia War, Putin Regime, European Security

Kaynakça

• Açıkmeşe, S. A. (2008). ‘’Kopenhag Okulu ve Realist Güvenlik Çalışmaları’nda Aktör, Tehdit ve Politika: Avrupa Güvenliği Üzerine Bir Değerlendirme’’, (Ankara Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Uluslararası İlişkiler Ana Bilim Dalı, Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi).
• Açıkmeşe, S. A. (2011). Algı mı, Söylem mi? Kopenhag Okulu ve Yeni-Klasik Gerçekçilikte Güvenlik Tehditleri. Uluslararası İlişkiler, 8 (30), s.43-73.
• Ahsan, S. (2022). Ukrainian health workers respond to war. World Report: 399, (10328), March 5.
• Aliyev, P. (2023). Rusya-Ukrayna Savaşı ve Afrika’da Gıda Güvenliği. Africania, 3 (1), 36-50.
• Aljazeera, (2022). Putin announces Russian annexation of four Ukrainian regions. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/9/30/putin-announces-russian-annexation-of-four-ukrainian-regions (Erişim: 22 Ekim 2023).
• Allison, G. (2023). UK and Poland sign huge £1.9 billion air defence deal. UK Defence Journal, April 28.
• Austin, J. L. (1962). How to Do Things with Words, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
• Bajaj, S. S. ve Stanford, F. C. (2022). The Ukrainian refugee crisis and the pathology of racism. BMJ, 2022;376:o661.
• Baldwin, D. A. (1997). The Concept of Security. Review of International Studies, 23 (1), s.5-26.
• Balzacq, T. (2005). The Three Faces of Securitization: Political Agency, Audience and Context. European Journal of International Relations, 11 (2), s.171-201.
• Baylis, J. (2001). ‘’International and Global Security in the Post-Cold War Era’’ (253-276), John Baylis and Steve Smith (Ed.), the Globalization of World Politics: an Introduction to International Relations, Second Edition, New York: Oxford University Press.
• Baysal, B. ve Lüleci, Ç. (2015). Kopenhag Okulu ve Güvenlikleştirme Teorisi. Güvenlik Stratejileri Dergisi, 11 (22), 61-96.
• Baysal, B. (2020). 20 Years of Securitization: Strengths, Limitations and A New Dual Framework. Uluslararası İlişkiler, 17 (67), s.3-20.
• BBC (2022a). ‘’Boris Johnson neden istifa etti?’’, https://www.bbc.com/turkce/haberler-dunya-62057956 [Erişim: 20 Mart 2023].
• BBC (2022b). ‘’Rusya’nın Ukrayna’yı işgali İngiltere basınında’’, https://www.bbc.com/turkce/haberler-dunya-60518831 [Erişim: 25 Nisan 2022].
• Blackford, I. (2022). The House of Commons Official Report: Parliamentary Debates (Hansard), Vol.709, No.123, Thursday 24 February 2022.
• Boungou, W. ve Yatié, A. (2022). The impact of the Ukraine-Russia war on world stock market returns. Bordeaux Economics Working Papers, BxWP2022-06.
• Bujon, A. L. ve Mendras, M. (2022). En Ukraine et en Russie, Le Temps de la Guerre. Introduction. Esprit, (4), N.484, s.35-38.
• Buzan, B. (1983). People, States and Fear: the National Security Problem in International Relations, Sussex: Wheatsheaf Books.
• Buzan, B., Wæver, O. ve Wilde, J. D. (1998). Security: A New Framework for Analysis, Colorado: Lynne Rienner Publishers.
• Byman, D. ve Speakman, S. (2016). The Syrian Refugee Crisis: Bad and Worse Options. The Washington Quarterly, 39 (2), 45-60.
• Clifton-Brown, G. (2022). The House of Commons Official Report: Parliamentary Debates (Hansard), Vol.710, No.130, Tuesday 8 March 2022.
• Collins, R. E. H. (2022). The House of Lords Official Report: Parliamentary Debates (Hansard), Vol.819, No.123, Friday 25 February 2022.
• Daily Mail, ‘’Kremlin: Boris Is Our No1 Enemy’’, 25 March 2022a.
• Daily Mail, ‘’Boris: I’LL Send In Our Tanks’’, 23 April 2022b.
• Daily Mail, ‘’Daily Mail Comment’’, February 24, 2023.
• Derrida, J. (1976). Of Grammatology, çev. Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak, Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press.
• Dinçer, M. (2023). Montrö Sözleşmesi Bağlamında Karadeniz’de Türkiye-Rusya İlişkileri. Uluslararası İlişkiler ve Politika Dergisi, 3 (1), 50-67.
• Doğan, Z. (2019). Kopenhag Okulu’nun Güvenlikleştirme Teorisi Bağlamında Güvenlik-Medya İlişkisi. İletişim Kuram ve Araştırma Dergisi, 49, 170-186.
• Erol, M. S. ve Başaran, D. (2022). Rusya-Ukrayna Savaşı Bağlamında Polonya’nın Artan Jeopolitik Önemi. Uluslararası Kriz ve Siyaset Araştırmaları Dergisi, 6 (1), 13-39.
• Euronews, (2022). Rusya: Buça'daki savaş suçu ithamlarını reddediyoruz. https://tr.euronews.com/2022/04/03/rusya-buca-daki-savas-sucu-ithamlar-n-reddediyoruz (Erişim: 24 Ekim 2023).
• Evening Standard (2023): ‘’Finland joining Nato is ‘direct result of Putin’s aggression’, says UK’’, https://www.standard.co.uk/news/politics/finland-rishi-sunak-james-cleverly-sweden-nato-b1072210.html [Erişim: 29 Nisan 2023].
• Ford, V. (2022). The House of Commons Official Report: Parliamentary Debates (Hansard), Vol.711, No.145, Thursday 31 March 2022.
• Goldie, A. M. (2022a). The House of Lords Official Report: Parliamentary Debates (Hansard), Vol.820, No.150, Tuesday 5 April 2022.
• Goldie, A. M. (2022b). The House of Lords Official Report: Parliamentary Debates (Hansard), Vol.820, No.152, Thursday 7 April 2022.
• Gov UK (2022a), ‘’PM statement to the House of Commons on Ukraine: 24 February 2022’’, https://www.gov.uk/government/speeches/pm-statement-to-the-house-of-commons-on-ukraine-24-february-2022 [Erişim: 15 Nisan 2022].
• Gov UK (2022b), ‘’PM call with NATO leaders: 25 February 2022’’, https://www.gov.uk/government/news/pm-call-with-nato-leaders-25-february-2022 [Erişim: 17 Nisan 2022].
• Gov UK (2022c), ‘’Prime Minister's speech in Estonia on the Russian invasion of Ukraine: 1 March 2022’’, https://www.gov.uk/government/speeches/prime-ministers-speech-in-estonia-on-the-russian-invasion-of-ukraine-1-march-2022 [Erişim: 20 Nisan 2022].
• Gov UK (2022d), ‘’PM statement on the vote at the UN General Assembly: 2 March 2022’’, https://www.gov.uk/government/news/pm-statement-on-the-vote-at-the-un-general-assembly-2-march-2022 [Erişim: 23 Nisan 2022].
• Gov UK (2022e), ‘’PM article on Ukraine: 6 March 2022’’, https://www.gov.uk/government/news/pm-article-on-ukraine-6-march-2022 [Erişim: 15 Nisan 2022].
• Gov UK (2022f), ‘’PM statement at joint press conference on Ukraine: 7 March 2022’’, https://www.gov.uk/government/speeches/pm-statement-at-joint-press-conference-on-ukraine-7-march-2022 [Erişim: 18 Nisan 2022].
• Gov UK (2022g), ‘’PM statement at NATO press conference: 24 March 2022’’, https://www.gov.uk/government/speeches/pm-statement-at-nato-press-conference-24-march-2022 [Erişim: 22 Nisan 2022].
• Gov UK (2022h), ‘’Prime Minister Liz Truss’s statement: 6 September 2022’’, https://www.gov.uk/government/speeches/prime-minister-liz-trusss-statement-6-september-2022 [Erişim: 25 Mart 2023].
• Gov UK (2022i), ‘’British Army exercises boost presence across Europe’’, https://www.gov.uk/government/news/british-army-exercises-boost-presence-across-europe [Erişim: 3 Mayıs 2022].
• Guardian (2022). ‘’UK military aid to Ukraine could rise to £500m, MPs told’’, https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2022/apr/25/uk-military-aid-to-ukraine-could-rise-to-500m-mps-told [Erişim: 3 Mayıs 2022].
• Hansard, Ukraine: Challenger 2 Tanks, Wednesday 18 January 2023, House of Lords.
• Howell, A. ve Richter-Montpetit, M. (2020). Is securitization theory racist? Civilizationism, methodological whiteness, and antiblack thought in the Copenhagen School. Security Dialogue, 51 (1), s.3-22.
• Independent, ‘’Wanted for war crimes… and stealing Ukraine’s children’’, March 18, 2023.
• Jenkins, B. M. (2023). Consequences of the War in Ukraine: The Economic Fallout. Rand Corporation.
• Johannesson, J. ve Clowes, D. (2022). Energy Resources and Markets-Perspectives on the Russia–Ukraine War. European Review, 30 (1), s.4-23.
• Lammy, D. (2022). The House of Commons Official Report: Parliamentary Debates (Hansard), Vol.710, No.134, Tuesday 15 March 2022.
• Lord Ahmad (2022a). The House of Lords Official Report: Parliamentary Debates (Hansard), Vol.820, No.148, Friday 1 April 2022.
• Lord Ahmad (2022b). The House of Lords Official Report: Parliamentary Debates (Hansard), Vol.820, No.149, Monday 4 April 2022.
• Lord Newby (2022). The House of Lords Official Report: Parliamentary Debates (Hansard), Vol.819, No.122, Thursday 24 February 2022.
• Malik, S. (2015). ‘’Framing a discipline’’ (3-11), Peter Hough et al. (Ed.), International Security Studies: Theory and Practice, New York: Routledge.
• Marsh, N. (2023). Responding to needs: military aid to Ukraine during the first year after the 2022 invasion. Defense & Security Analysis, 39 (3), 329-352.
• Mbah, R. E. ve Wasum, D. F. (2022). Russian-Ukraine 2022 War: A Review of the Economic Impact of Russian-Ukraine Crisis on the USA, UK, Canada, and Europe. Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal, 9 (3), s.144-153.
• McDonald, M. (2008). Securitization and the Construction of Security. European Journal of International Relations, 14 (4), s.563-587.
• McInnes, C. ve Rushton, S. (2013). HIV/AIDS and securitization theory. European Journal of International Relations, 19 (1), s.115-138.
• Mills, C. Sanctions against Russia, The House of Commons: Research Briefing, 20 April 2022. NATO, https://www.nato.int/nato-on-the-map/#lat=65.51945129368599&lon =20.396882909862224&zoom=0&layer-1
• New York Times, (2023). Troop Deaths and Injuries in Ukraine War Near 500,000, U.S. Officials Say. https://www.nytimes.com/2023/08/18/us/politics/ukraine-russia-war-casualties.html (Erişim: 22 Ekim 2023).
• Nyman, J. (2013). ‘’Securitization Theory’’ (51-62), Laura J. Shepherd (Ed.), Critical Approaches to Security: An Introduction to Theories and Methods, New York: Routledge.
• Robathan, A. R. G. (2022). The House of Lords Official Report: Parliamentary Debates (Hansard), Vol.820, No.152, Thursday 7 April 2022.
• SIPRI, https://milex.sipri.org/sipri [Erişim: 29 Nisan 2023].
• Smith, A. E. (2022). The House of Lords Official Report: Parliamentary Debates (Hansard), Vol.819, No.122, Thursday 24 February 2022.
• Sputnik, (2023). 30 yıl aradan sonra bir ilk: İngiliz Challenger 2 tankı Ukrayna’da yok edildi. https://sputniknews.com.tr/20230906/30-yil-aradan-sonra-bir-ilk-ingiliz-challenger-2-tanki-ukraynada-yok-edildi-1075226076.html (Erişim: 23 Ekim 2023).
• Sula, İ. E. (2021). Güvenlikleştirme Kuramında ‘Söz Edim’ ve ‘Pratikler’: Türkçe Güvenlikleştirme Yazınında ‘Yöntem’ Arayışı. Güvenlik Stratejileri Dergisi, 17 (37), s.85-118.
• The Sun, ‘’Sick Putin Plumbs New Depths’’, 10 March 2022.
• Tichý, L. (2019). EU-Russia Energy Relations: A Discursive Approach. Switzerland: Springer Nature.
• Twitter, (2022a). https://twitter.com/BorisJohnson/status/1496709938973917186 [Erişim: 15 Nisan 2022].
• Twitter, (2022b). https://twitter.com/BorisJohnson/status/1496784638584360961 [Erişim: 17 Nisan 2022].
• Twitter, (2022c). https://twitter.com/BorisJohnson/status/1496818439222087684 [Erişim: 17 Nisan 2022].
• Twitter, (2022d). https://twitter.com/BorisJohnson/status/1500949857074307072 [Erişim: 20 Nisan 2022].
• Twitter, (2022e). https://twitter.com/BorisJohnson/status/1501175422268149764 [Erişim: 19 Nisan 2022].
• Twitter, (2022f). https://twitter.com/BorisJohnson/status/1506271558926544901 [Erişim: 20 Nisan 2022].
• Twitter, (2022g). https://twitter.com/BorisJohnson/status/1511733917618999305 [Erişim: 23 Nisan 2022].
• Twitter, (2022h). https://twitter.com/BorisJohnson/status/1516513234622234628 [Erişim: 23 Nisan 2022].
• Twitter, (2022i). https://twitter.com/BorisJohnson/status/1517925295180988419 [Erişim: 24 Nisan 2022].
• UNHCR, (2023). ‘’Refugees from Ukraine recorded across Europe’’, https://data2.unhcr.org/en/situations /ukraine [Erişim: 6 Mayıs 2022].
• U.S. Department of State, (2023). U.S. Security Cooperation with Ukraine. https://www.state.gov/u-s-security-cooperation-with-ukraine/ (Erişim: 22 Ekim 2023).
• Wilkinson, C. (2007). The Copenhagen School on Tour in Kyrgyzstan: Is Securitization Theory Useable Outside Europe? Security Dialogue, 38 (1), s.5-25.
• Williams, M. C. (2003). Words, Images, Enemies: Securitization and International Politics. International Studies Quarterly, 47, s.511-531.
• Wolfers, A. (1952). "National Security" as an Ambiguous Symbol. Political Science Quarterly, 67 (4), s.481-502.
• Yenginar, A. (2022). Rusya-Ukrayna Savaşının Bir Sonucu Olarak İmzalanan Tahıl Koridoru Anlaşmasının Montrö Boğazlar Sözleşmesi Çerçevesinde Değerlendirilmesi. Journal of Marine and Engineering Technology, 2 (2), 101-110.
• YouGov (2022a). ‘’Invasion of Ukraine shifts public attitudes to Russia… and the USA’’, https://yougov.co.uk/topics/politics/articles-reports/2022/03/01/invasion-ukraine-shifts-public-attitudes-russia-an [Erişim: 30 Nisan 2022].
• YouGov (2022b), ‘’European reaction to the Russian invasion of Ukraine’’, https://yougov.co.uk/topics/politics/articles-reports/2022/02/28/european-reaction-russian-invasion-ukraine [Erişim: 30 Nisan 2022].
• Zora, K. (2015). Güvenlikleştirme: Hukuksal Meşruiyetten Siyasal Meşruiyete Evrilme ve Kopenhag Okulu. Selçuk Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, 23 (2), s.111-126.