Taekwondo Tekme Performansını Etkileyen Faktörlerin Belirlenmesi

Öz

Bu çalışmanın amacı, taekwondo tekme sürati ve çabukluğu ile ilişkili fiziksel, antropometrik ve motorik özelliklerin belirlenmesidir. Çalışma, en az 1. dan/pum kemer seviyesinde, lisanslı ve aktif yarışmacı 21 elit erkek sporcunun gönüllü katılımı ile yapıldı. Sporcuların tekme performansı ile ilgili olabilecek fiziksel ve antropometrik özelliklerinin tespiti amacıyla boy uzunluğu, vücut ağırlığı, vücut kitle indeksi, bacak boyu ve uyluk çevresi ölçümleri yapıldı. Sporcuların tekme sürati ve çabukluğuna ait performansları Taekwondo Performans Protokolü (TPP) ile, motor beceri performansları sırt kuvveti, bacak kuvveti, 20 m sürat, illinois çeviklik, dikey sıçrama ve anaerobik güç testleri ile tespit edildi. Elde edilen bulgular, sporcuların tekme performansları ile antropometrik özellikleri (ICC: 441-856; p<0,05) ve motor becerileri (ICC: 444-751; p<0,05) arasında anlamlı ilişkiler olduğunu, fakat her bir özelliğin etkileyebildiği TPP diliminin farklı olduğunu gösterdi. Taekwondo tekme sürati ve çabukluğunu; antropometrik özelliklerin ve kuvvet parametrelerinin genel olarak 15. saniyeden sonra, patlayıcı güç ve hız faktörlerinin daha etkin olduğu motor becerilerin ise 5. saniyeden sonra etkileyebildiği tespit edildi. Sonuç olarak, antropometrik özellikler ve temel motor beceriler, taekwondo tekme performansının niteliğini orta- yüksek düzey aralığında etkileyebilmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Tekme performansı
• Motor beceri
• Motor test
• Antropometri

Determination of Factors Affecting Taekwondo Kicking Performance

Öz

The aim of this study is to determine the physical, anthropometric, and motoric characteristics associated with taekwondo kick speed and quickness. The study was conducted with the voluntary participation of 21 elite male athletes, licensed and active competitors, at least at the 1st dan/pum belt level. Body height, body weight, body mass index, leg length and thigh circumference measurements were taken in order to determine the physical and anthropometric characteristics of the athletes that may be related to kick performance. Kicking speed and quickness performances of the athletes were determined by the Taekwondo Performance Protocol (TPP), and their motor skill performances were determined by back strength, leg strength, 20 m speed, illinois agility, vertical jump, and anaerobic power tests. The findings show that there are significant relationships between the kicking performances of the athletes and their anthropometric characteristics (ICC: 441-856; p<0.05) and motor skills (ICC: 444-751; p<0.05), but it showed that the TPP stage that each feature can affect is different. It was determined that anthropometric characteristics and strength parameters can affect taekwondo kick speed and quickness after the 15th second in general, and motor skills, where explosive power and speed factors are more effective, after the 5th second. As a result, anthropometric characteristics and basic motor skills can affect the quality of taekwondo kick performance in the medium-high range.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Kick performance
• Motor skill
• Motor test

Kaynakça

1. Akcan, İ. O., Ölmez, C., & Öztaş, M. (2021). Effect of dynamic training program designed based on the tabata protocol on balance and strength parameters of elite level combat athletes. European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science, 7(5), 19–34.
2. Araujo, M. P., Nóbrega, A. C. L., Espinosa, G., Hausen, M. R., Castro, R. R. T., Soares, P. P., & Gurgel, J. L. (2017). Proposal of a new specific cardiopulmonary exercise test for taekwondo athletes. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 31(6), 1525–1535. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000001312
3. Aydemir, B., Yüksek, S., Ölmez, C., & Şar, H. (2021). Taekwondo temalı pliometrik antrenmanların 12-14 yaş taekwondo sporcularının motorik özellikleri üzerine etkisi. International Journal of Contemporary Educational Studies (IntJCES), 7(1), 335–351.
4. Bridge, C. A., Ferreira Da Silva Santos, J., Chaabène, H., Pieter, W., & Franchini, E. (2014). Physical and physiological profiles of Taekwondo athletes. Sports Medicine, 44(6), 713–733. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-014-0159-9
5. Bridge, C. A., Jones, M. A., & Drust, B. (2011). The activity profile in international taekwondo competition is modulated by weight category. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 6(3), 344–357. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.6.3.344
6. Campos, F. A. D., Bertuzzi, R., Dourado, A. C., Santos, V. G. F., & Franchini, E. (2012). Energy demands in taekwondo athletes during combat simulation. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 112(4), 1221–1228. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-011-2071-4
7. Fox, E. L., & Mathews, D. K. (1974). Interval Training: Conditioning for Sports and General Fitness. Saunders.
8. Getchell, B. (1979). Physical Fitness: A Way of Life. In John Wiley and Sons, Inc. (2nd ed.). John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

9. Guyton, A. C. (1958). Textbook of Medical Physiology. Southern Medical Journal, 51(3), 412. https://doi.org/10.1097/00007611-195803000-00032
10. Heyward, V. (2002). Advanced Fitness Assessment & Exercise Prescription (4th ed.). Human Kinetics.
11. Jacobs, I., Tesch, P. A., Bar-Or, O., Karlsson, J., & Dotan, R. (1983). Lactate in human skeletal muscle after 10 and 30 s of supramaximal exercise. Journal of Applied Physiology Respiratory Environmental and Exercise Physiology, 55(2), 365–367. https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1983.55.2.365
12. Kazemi, M., Casella, C., & Perri, G. (2009). 2004 olympic tae kwon do athlete profile. The Journal of the Canadian Chiropractic Association, 53(2), 152.
13. Kazemi, M., de Ciantis, M. G., & Rahman, A. (2013). A profile of the youth olympic taekwondo athlete. The Journal of the Canadian Chiropractic Association, 57(4), 293–300.
14. Kazemi, M., Perri, G., & Soave, D. (2010). A profile of 2008 olympic taekwondo competitors. The Journal of the Canadian Chiropractic Association, 54(4), 249.
15. Kazemi, M., Waalen, J., Morgan, C., & White, A. R. (2006). A profile of olympic taekwondo competitors. Journal of Sports Science and Medicine, 5(CSSI-1), 114–121.
16. Kim, J. W., Kwon, M. S., Yenuga, S. S., & Kwon, Y. H. (2010). The effects of target distance on pivot hip, trunk, pelvis, and kicking leg kinematics in Taekwondo roundhouse kicks. Sports Biomechanics, 9(2), 98–114. https://doi.org/10.1080/14763141003799459
17. Marković, G., Mišigoj-Duraković, M., & Trninić, S. (2005). Fitness profile of elite croatian female taekwondo athletes. Collegium Antropologicum, 29(1), 93–99.
18. Mouelhi, J., Dardouri, W., Gmada, N., Haj Sassi, R., Mahfoudhi, M. E., & Haj Yahmed, M. (2007). Relationship between the five-jump test, 30 m sprint test and vertical jump. Science & Sports, 22(5), 246–247. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.SCISPO.2007.07.001
19. Ölmez, C. (2017). Müzikli ritim çalışmaları ile yapılan taekwondo eğitiminin çocukların teknik ve motorik gelişimlerine etkisi. Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi. Karadeniz Teknik Üniversitesi, Trabzon.
20. Ölmez, C. (2021). Determining the motor skills affecting the distance to the opponent in taekwondo. Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences, 15(10), 2999–3003. https://doi.org/10.53350/PJMHS2115102999
21. Ölmez, C., & Akcan, I. O. (2021). Repetitive sprint or calisthenics training: which is more successful for athletic performance? Acta Kinesiologica, 15(2), 42–48. https://doi.org/10.51371/issn.1840-2976.2021.15.2.5
22. Ölmez, C., & Yüksek, S. (2021). Development of the taekwondo performance protocol to determine technical speed and quickness specific to taekwondo. International Aegean Symposiums on Social Sciences & Humanities-III, 204–216.
23. Ouergui, I., Messaoudi, H., Chtourou, H., Wagner, M. O., Bouassida, A., Bouhlel, E., Franchini, E., & Engel, F. A. (2020). Repeated sprint training vs. repeated high-intensity technique training in adolescent taekwondo athletes- a randomized controlled trial. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(12), 4506. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17124506
24. Pieter, F., & Pieter, W. (1995). Speed and force in selected taekwondo techniques. Biology of Sport, 12, 257–266.
25. Şahin, M., Saraç, H., Çoban, O., & Coşkuner, Z. (2012). Taekwondo antrenmanlarının çocukların motor gelişim düzeylerine etkisinin incelenmesi. Spor ve Performans Araştırmaları Dergisi, 3(1), 5–14.
26. Sant’Ana, J., Diefenthaeler, F., Dal Pupo, J., Detanico, D., Guglielmo, L. G. A., & Santos, S. G. (2014). Anaerobic evaluation of taekwondo athletes. International SportMed Journal, 15(4), 492–499.
27. Santos, J. F. da S., & Franchini, E. (2018). Frequency speed of kick test performance comparison between female taekwondo athletes of different competitive levels. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 32(10), 2934–2938. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000002552
28. Santos, J. F. da S., Loturco, I., & Franchini, E. (2018a). Relationship between frequency speed of kick test performance, optimal load, and anthropometric variables in black-belt taekwondo athletes. Ido Movement for Culture. Journal of Martial Arts Anthropology, 18(1), 39–44. https://doi.org/10.14589/ido.18.1.6
29. Santos, J. F. da S., Loturco, I., & Franchini, E. (2018b). Relationship between frequency speed of kick test performance, optimal load, and anthropometric variables in black-belt taekwondo athletes. Ido Movement for Culture, 18(1), 39–44. https://doi.org/10.14589/ido.18.1.6
30. Santos, J. F., & Franchini, E. (2016). Is frequency speed of kick test responsive to training? A study with taekwondo athletes. Sport Sciences for Health, 12(3), 377–382. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11332-016-0300-2
31. Santʼ Ana, J., Franchini, E., Murias, J. M., & Diefenthaeler, F. (2019). Validity of a taekwondo-specific test to measure VO2peak and the heart rate deflection point. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 33(9), 2523–2529. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000002153
32. Singh, A., Sathe, A., & Sandhu, J. (2017). Effect of a 6-week agility training program on performance indices of Indian taekwondo players. Saudi Journal of Sports Medicine, 17(3), 143. https://doi.org/10.4103/sjsm.sjsm_19_17
33. Tan, Y. L., & Krasilshchikov, O. (2015). Diversity of attacking actions in Malaysian junior and senior taekwondo players. International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport, 15(3), 913–923. https://doi.org/10.1080/24748668.2015.11868840
34. World Medical Association. (2013). World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki: Ethical principles for medical research involving human subjects. JAMA, 310(20), 2191–2194. https://doi.org/10.1001/JAMA.2013.281053
35. Wu, Y.-N., Tsai, M.-C., & Chiu, P.-K. (2016). Case Study in Technical Patterns for an Elite Female Taekwondo. Journal of Taekwondo Sports, 3, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.3966/251969952016120003001
36. Xiangjun, L. I. (2012). Score Skills of the 16th Asian Games of Taekwondo Competition in New Rules. Journal of Shenyang Sport University, 2, 34.
37. Xiang-jun, L. I. (2014). Study on Development Trend of Taekwondo Tactical From the16th Asian Games of Taekwondo Competition. Journal of Lanzhou University of Arts and Science (Natural Science Edition), 5, 20.
38. Yibo, L., & Minghong, W. (2012). On the Influence of New Rules upon Techniques Application of China Tae Kwon Do Players. Wushu Science, 5, 31.
39. Yüksek, S., & Ölmez, C. (2020). Development of Olmez & Yuksek taekwondo kyorugi performance evaluation scale. Research in Sports Science, 10(1), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.5152/rss.2020.20004