Forward, Medial Side and Cross Single Leg Hop Tests in Elite Footballers: Different Competitive Levels

Abstract

Single leg jump tests, which are used to determine the difference in asymmetry, are widely used in football to prevent possible injuries. The aim of this study is to compare single leg jump tests, which are frequently used in the evaluation of lower extremity muscle strength and asymmetry, in elite football players at different league levels. The research was conducted in different league categories (Turkish Football Federation 1st and 2. League) attended by elite level male football players. 1st League (n=21, age 25.58±5.9 years) and 2. Footballers in the league (n=31, age 26.71±3.9 years) groups underwent single leg jump tests in three directions: forward, medial side and diagonal. Independent Samples t and Paired t Test were applied for the comparisons of the obtained data. To determine the percentage of asymmetries, the formula "(strong leg – weak leg)/ strong leg x 100" was used. The analysis of the data was evaluated according to p<0.05 significance in SPSS 23 statistical program. Although there was a statistically significant difference between the two groups in the forward single leg jump test when the advanced, medial side and cross single leg jump tests applied to football players were compared, there was no statistically significant difference between the groups in the cross jump and medial side jump tests (p>0.05). The bilateral asymmetry difference in all directions was found to be lower than 15% on average percentages. These findings show that as the league levels of the footballers increase, the lower extremity muscle asymmetry averages decrease in direct proportion, but the bilateral asymmetry difference is not statistically significant.

Keywords

• Football
• Single Leg Jump Test
• Force Test
• Asymmetry

Elit Futbolcularda İleri, Medial Yan ve Çapraz Tek Bacak Sıçrama Testleri: Farklı Lig Seviyelerinde

Öz

Asimetri farkını belirlemek için kullanılan tek bacak sıçrama testleri futbolda olası sakatlıkları önlemek amacıyla yaygın bir şekilde kullanılmaktadır. Bu araştırmanın amacı, alt ekstremite kas kuvvet ve asimetrisinin değerlendirilmesinde sıklıkla kullanılan tek bacak sıçrama testlerinin, farklı lig seviyelerinde yer alan elit futbolcularda karşılaştırılmasıdır. Araştırmaya farklı lig kategorilerinde (Türkiye Futbol Federasyonu 1. ve 2. Lig) elit düzeyde erkek futbol oyuncuları katıldı. 1. Lig (n=21, yaş 25,58±5,9 yıl) ve 2. Lig (n=31, yaş 26,71±3,9 yıl) gruplarında yer alan futbolculara ileri, medial yan ve çapraz olmak üzere üç yönde tek bacak sıçrama testleri uygulandı. Elde edilen verilerin karşılaştırmaları için Independent Samples t ve Paired t Testi uygulandı. Asimetrilerin yüzdesinin belirlenmesi amacıyla “(güçlü bacak – zayıf bacak)/ güçlü bacak x 100” formülü kullanıldı. Verilerin analizi SPSS 23 istatistik programında p<0.05 anlamlılık derecesine göre değerlendirildi. Futbolculara uygulanan ileri, medial yan ve çapraz tek bacak sıçrama testleri karşılaştırıldığında iki grup arasında ileri tek bacak sıçrama testinde istatiksel açıdan anlamlı fark bulunmasına rağmen çapraz sıçrama ve medial yan sıçrama testlerinde gruplar arasında istatiksel olarak anlamlı bir fark bulunmadı (p>0,05). Tüm yönlerde bilateral asimetri farkı yüzde ortalamaları %15’ten daha düşük bulundu. Bu bulgular, futbolcuların lig seviyeleri yükseldikçe alt ekstremite kas asimetri ortalamalarında doğru orantılı bir şekilde azaldığını fakat bilateral asimetri farkının istatiksel olarak anlamlı olmadığını göstermektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Futbol
• Tek Bacak Sıçrama Testi
• Kuvvet Testi
• Asimetri
• Football
• Single Leg Jump Test
• Force Test
• Asymmetry

Kaynakça

1. Akyuz, O. (2022). Forward and multiple directions single leg hop results in soccer players: evaluation of pre-season. Progress in Nutrition, 24. https://doi.org/ARTN e2022069 10.23751/pn.v24iS1.12993
2. Ardern, C. L., Webster, K. E., Taylor, N. F., ve Feller, J. A. (2011). Return to the Preinjury Level of Competitive Sport After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction Surgery Two-thirds of Patients Have Not Returned by 12 Months After Surgery. American Journal of Sports Medicine, 39(3), 538-543. https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546510384798
3. Barber, S. D., Noyes, F. R., Mangine, R., ve Demaio, M. (1992). Rehabilitation after Acl Reconstruction - Function Testing. Orthopedics, 15(8), 969-974. ://WOS:A1992JH85200013
4. Barber, S. D., Noyes, F. R., Mangine, R. E., Mccloskey, J. W., ve Hartman, W. (1990). Quantitative Assessment of Functional Limitations in Normal and Anterior Cruciate Ligament-Deficient Knees. Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research(255), 204-214. ://WOS:A1990DH25500028
5. Baydemir, B., Aksoy, D. . (2017). 17 ve 19 Yaş Amatör Futbolcuların Maksimum Sürat ve Yüksek Hızda Yön Değiştirme Performanslarının Karşılaştırılması. Kilis 7 Aralık Üniversitesi Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 3(1), 1-7.
6. Bell, D. R., Sanfilippo, J. L., Binkley, N., ve Heiderscheit, B. C. (2014). Lean Mass Asymmetry Influences Force and Power Asymmetry During Jumping in Collegiate Athletes. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 28(4), 884-891. https://doi.org/10.1519/Jsc.0000000000000367
7. Bini, R. R., ve Hume, P. A. (2014). Assessment of Bilateral Asymmetry in Cycling Using a Commercial Instrumented Crank System and Instrumented Pedals. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 9(5), 876- 881. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2013-0494
8. Bishop, C. (2021). Interlimb Asymmetries: Are Thresholds a Usable Concept? Strength and Conditioning Journal, 43(1), 32-36. https://doi.org/10.1519/Ssc.0000000000000554

9. Bishop, C., Read, P., Chavda, S., ve Turner, A. (2016). Asymmetries of the Lower Limb: The Calculation Conundrum in Strength Training and Conditioning. Strength and Conditioning Journal, 38(6), 27-32. https://doi.org/10.1519/Ssc.0000000000000264
10. Bishop, C., Read, P., McCubbine, J., ve Turner, A. (2021). Vertical and Horizontal Asymmetries Are Related to Slower Sprinting and Jump Performance in Elite Youth Female Soccer Players. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 35(1), 56-63. https://doi.org/10.1519/Jsc.0000000000002544
11. Bishop, C., Turner, A., ve Read, P. (2018). Effects of inter-limb asymmetries on physical and sports performance: a systematic review. Journal of Sports Sciences, 36(10), 1135-1144. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2017.1361894
12. Bracic, M., Supej, M., Peharec, S., Bacic, P., ve Coh, M. (2010). An Investigation of the Influence of Bilateral Deficit on the Counter-Movement Jump Performance in Elite Sprinters. Kinesiology, 42(1), 73-81. ://WOS:000279896700008
13. Burr, J. F., Jamnik, V. K., Dogra, S., ve Gledhill, N. (2007). Evaluation of jump protocols to assess leg power and predict hockey playing potential. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 21(4), 1139-1145. ://WOS:000251628400027
14. Clark, N. C. (2001). Functional performance testing following knee ligament injury. Phys. Ther. Sport(2), 91–105.
15. Dilber, A. O., Lağap, B., Akyüz, Ö., Çoban, C., Akyüz, M., Taş, M., Özkan, A. (2016). Erkek futbolcularda 8 haftalık kor antrenmanının performansla ilgili fiziksel uygunluk değişkenleri üzerine etkisi. CBÜ Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 11(2), 77-82.
16. Ghigiarelli, J. J. (2011). Combine Performance Descriptors and Predictors of Recruit Ranking for the Top High School Football Recruits from 2001 to 2009: Differences between Position Groups. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 25(5), 1193-1203. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e318215f546
17. Gonzalo-Skok, O., Moreno-Azze, A., Arjol-Serrano, J. L., Tous-Fajardo, J., ve Bishop, C. (2019). A Comparison of 3 Different Unilateral Strength Training Strategies to Enhance Jumping Performance and Decrease Interlimb Asymmetries in Soccer Players. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 14(9), 1256-1264. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2018-0920
18. Gonzalo-Skok, O., Tous-Fajardo, J., Suarez-Arrones, L., Arjol-Serrano, J. L., Casajus, J. A., ve Mendez-Villanueva, A. (2017). Single-Leg Power Output and Between-Limbs Imbalances in Team-Sport Players: Unilateral Versus Bilateral Combined Resistance Training. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 12(1), 106-114. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2015-0743
19. Greenberger, H. B., ve Paterno, M. V. (1995). Relationship of Knee Extensor Strength and Hopping Test-Performance in the Assessment of Lower-Extremity Function. Journal of Orthopaedic ve Sports Physical Therapy, 22(5), 202-206. https://doi.org/DOI 10.2519/jospt.1995.22.5.202
20. Hardesty, K., Hegedus, E. J., Ford, K. R., Nguyen, A. D., ve Taylor, J. B. (2017). Determination of Clinically Relevant Differences in Frontal Plane Hop Tests in Women's Collegiate Basketball and Soccer Players. International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy, 12(2), 182-189. ://WOS:000404134600003
21. Hoffman JR, R. N., Klatt M, Faigenbaum AD, Kang J. . (2007). Do bilateral power deficits influence direction-specific movement patterns? . Res Sports Med 15, 1–8.
22. Hoog, P., Warren, M., Smith, C. A., ve Chimera, N. J. (2016). Functional Hop Tests and Tuck Jump Assessment Scores between Female Division I Collegiate Athletes Participating in High Versus Low Acl Injury Prone Sports: A Cross Sectional Analysis. International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy, 11(6), 945-953. ://WOS:000409799800010
23. Impellizzeri, F. M., Rampinini, E., Maffiuletti, N., ve Marcora, S. M. (2007). A vertical jump force test for assessing bilateral strength asymmetry in athletes. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 39(11), 2044-2050. https://doi.org/10.1249/mss.0b013e31814fb55c
24. Jones, P. A., ve Bampouras, T. M. (2010). A Comparison of Isokinetic and Functional Methods of Assessing Bilateral Strength Imbalance. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 24(6), 1553-1558. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181dc4392
25. Keeley, D. W., Plummer, H. A., ve Oliver, G. D. (2011). Predicting Asymmetrical Lower Extremity Strength Deficits in College-Aged Men and Women Using Common Horizontal and Vertical Power Field Tests: A Possible Screening Mechanism. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 25(6), 1632-1637. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181ddf690
26. Kivlan, B. R., Carcia, C. R., Christoforetti, J. J., ve Martin, R. L. (2016). Comparison of Range of Motion, Strength, and Hop Test Performance of Dancers with and without a Clinical Diagnosis of Femoroacetabular Impingement. International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy, 11(4), 527-535. ://WOS:000409696500005
27. Lockie, R. G., Murphy, A. J., Knight, T. J., ve de Jonge, X. A. K. J. (2011). Factors That Differentiate Acceleration Ability in Field Sport Athletes. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 25(10), 2704-2714. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e31820d9f17
28. Lockie, R. G., Schultz, A. B., Jeffriess, M. D., ve Callaghan, S. J. (2012). The relationship between bilateral differences of knee flexor and extensor isokinetic strength and multi-directional speed. Isokinetics and Exercise Science, 20(3), 211-219. https://doi.org/10.3233/Ies-2012-0461
29. Meylan, C., McMaster, T., Cronin, J., Mohammad, N. I., Rogers, C., ve DeKlerk, M. (2009). Single-Leg Lateral, Horizontal, and Vertical Jump Assessment: Reliability, Interrelationships, and Ability to Predict Sprint and Change-of-Direction Performance. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 23(4), 1140-1147. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e318190f9c2
30. Noyes, F. R., Barber, S. D., ve Mangine, R. E. (1991). Abnormal Lower-Limb Symmetry Determined by Function Hop Tests after Anterior Cruciate Ligament Rupture. American Journal of Sports Medicine, 19(5), 513-518. https://doi.org/Doi 10.1177/036354659101900518
31. Nunn K, M. J. (1988). Comparison of three methods of assessing strength imbalances at the knee. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther, 10, 134–137.
32. Reid, A., Birmingham, T. B., Stratford, P. W., Alcock, G. K., ve Giffin, J. R. (2007). Hop testing provides a reliable and valid outcome measure during rehabilitation after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Physical Therapy, 87(3), 337-349. https://doi.org/10.2522/ptj.20060143
33. Rohman, E., Steubs, J. T., ve Tompkins, M. (2015). Changes in Involved and Uninvolved Limb Function During Rehabilitation After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction: Implications for Limb Symmetry Index Measures. American Journal of Sports Medicine, 43(6), 1391-1398. https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546515576127
34. Sierer, S. P., Battaglini, C. L., Mihalik, J. P., Shields, E. W., ve Tomasini, N. T. (2008). The National Football League Combine: Performance differences between drafted and nondrafted players entering the 2004 and 2005 drafts. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 22(1), 6-12. https://doi.org/DOI 10.1519/JSC.0b013e31815ef90c
35. Taş, M., Sevim, Özkan, A., Akyüz, M., Akyüz, Ö. Akyüz, Ö., Uslu, S. (2013). The Role of Some Values Obtained from Environmental Measurements in Determining the Anaerobic Performance and Strength Values of Female Athletes in the Star Basketball National Team. International Journal of Sport Culture and Science,, 1(3), 14-23.
36. Turna, B. Futbolcularda Müsabaka Dönemi Antrenmanlarının Antropometrik Özellikler Üzerine Etkileri. Akdeniz Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 2(1), 15-27.
37. Wilk, K. E., Reinold, M. M., ve Hooks, T. R. (2003). Recent advances in the rehabilitation of isolated and combined anterior cruciate ligament injuries. Orthopedic Clinics of North America, 34(1), 107-+. https://doi.org/Pii S0030-5898(02)00064-0 Doi 10.1016/S0030-5898(02)00064-0
38. Young, W., ve Farrow, D. (2006). A review of agility: Practical applications for strength and conditioning. Strength and Conditioning Journal, 28(5), 24-29. https://doi.org/Doi 10.1519/1533-4295(2006)28[24:Aroapa]2.0.Co;2