Farklı Formatlarda Oynatılan Futbola Özgü Oyunların Ruh Hali ve Zihinsel Yük Cevapları

Yıl 2021, , 167 - 179, 28.04.2021

Yusuf Soylu

https://doi.org/10.38021/asbid.909867

Cited By: 3

Öz

Bu araştırmanın amacı, farklı formatlardaki 2v2 dar alan oyunlarında futbolcuların ruh hali ve zihinsel yük cevaplarının incelenmesidir. Araştırmaya 24 amatör futbolcu (yaş: 20.4 ± 3.1) katılmıştır. Araştırmanın yöntem kısmında futbolculara, 3 farklı (kalecili, küçük kaleli ve topa sahip olma) futbola özgü 2v2 dar alan oyunu oynatılmıştır. Oyunlar, 4 set, 2 dakika ve setler arası 2 dakika dinlenme şeklinde oynatılmıştır. Futbolculara oyunlar öncesinde ve sonrasında Brunel Ruh Hali ölçeği ve oyunlar sonrasında NASA TLX zihinsel iş yükü indeksi doldurtulmuştur. Araştırma bulgularına göre, kalecili oyunda bitkinlik, kızgınlık ve dinçlik ruh hallerinde, küçük kaleli oyunda bitkinlik ve dinçlik ve topa sahip olma oyununda ise bitkinlik, depresiflik, kızgınlık ve dinçlik ruh hali cevaplarında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı farklılıkları görülmüştür (p<0.05). Oyunlarda olumsuz ruh hallerinde artış olduğu görülürken, olumlu ruh hallerinde ise azalma olduğu belirlenmiştir. NASA TLX zihinsel iş yükünde ise, topa sahip olma oyunda rahatsızlık boyutunda anlamlı fark olduğu tespit edilmiştir (p<0.05). Oyunlardaki Brunel ve NASA TLX cevapları arasındaki ilişki incelendiğinde, olumlu ve olumsuz ruh halleri ile zihinsel iş yükü arasında ilişki olduğu görülmüştür (p<0.05). Topa sahip olma oyununda oyuncular kendilerini daha stresli, hayal kırıklığına uğramış ve güvensiz hissetmiştir. Araştırma sonuçlarına göre, topa sahip olma oyununda oyuncular daha fazla olumsuz ruh hallerini yaşamaktadır. Olumlu ruh hallerinde ise düşüşler olmaktadır. Antrenörlerin futbola özgü dar alan oyunlarında kullanacakları farklı oyun formatlarında topa sahip olma oyunları yerine oyuncuların algılarını ve dikkatlerini çeşitli yöne çekecek kalecili ve küçük kaleli farklı uygulamalar yapması oyunun zihinsel yükünü azaltacağı gibi futbolcuların keyif ve ruh hallerini de arttıracağı ifade edilebilir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Futbol, Dar alan oyunları, Ruh hali, Zihinsel yük, Performans, Performance, Performance

Mood States and Mental Workload Responses in Different Formats Soccer Spesific Games

Öz

The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of the mood and mental workload (MWL) during 2v2 small-sided games (SSGs) in different formats. Twenty-four amateur soccer players (age: 20.4 ± 3.1) participated in three different soccer-specific 2v2 small-sided games (2v2+goalkeper (GK), mini-goal (MG), possession of the ball (P)). The games were played as 4x2’ and 2’ rest between sets. Mood State and MWL were measured using the Brunel Mood Scale and NASA TLX. Brunel and NASA TLX were collected before and after all SSGs. Fatigue and anger after SSG+GK were higher than the comparison before SSG+MG (p<0.05), and vigour after SSG were decreased before SSG (p <0.05). Fatigue after SSG+MG were higher than comparison before SSGs+MG (p<0.05), and vigour after SSG+MG were decrease before SSG+MG (p <0.05). Fatigue, depression and anger after SSG+P were higher than the comparison before SSG+P (p<0.05), and vigour after SSG+P were decreasing before SSG+P (p <0.05). NASA TLX responses were compared between all of the games result in SSG+P was higher levels of frustration than SSG+GK and, SSG+MG. Correlation coefficients indicate a positive linear relation between Brunel Mood Scale and NASA TLX. It is suggested coaches can use different formats of SSGs in training to different training methods. While possession game can increase physical effort, GK and MG formats of SSGs can use technical and tactical training. In addition SSG with GK or MG lead to decrease MWL and more enjoyment, mood states.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Soccer, Small-sided games, Mood state, Mental workload, Performance

Kaynakça

• Aguiar, M., Botelho, G., Lago, C., Maças, V., & Sampaio, J. (2012). A review on the effects of soccer small-sided games. Journal of Human Kinetics, 33, 103–113. https://doi.org/10.2478/v10078-012-0049-x
• Arslan, E., Alemdaroglu, U., Koklu, Y., Hazir, T., Muniroglu, S., & Karakoc, B. (2017). Effects of Passive and active Rest on Physiological Responses and Time Motion Characteristics in Different Small Sided Soccer Games. Journal of Human Kinetics, 60(1), 123–132. https://doi.org/10.1515/hukin-2017-0095
• Arslan, E., Orer, G., & Clemente, F. (2020). Running-based high-intensity interval training vs. small-sided game training programs: effects on the physical performance, psychophysiological responses and technical skills in young soccer players. Biology of Sport, 37(2), 165–173. https://doi.org/10.5114/biolsport.2020.94237
• Arslan, E., Soylu, Y., Clemente, F., Hazir, T., Kin Isler, A., & Kilit, B. (2021). Short-term effects of on-field combined core strength and small-sided games training on physical performance in young soccer players. Biology of Sport. https://doi.org/10.5114/biolsport.2021.102865
• Bangsbo, J. (1994). The physiology of soccer - With special reference to intense intermittent exercise. Acta Physiologica Scandinavica, Supplement.
• Bujalance-Moreno, P., Latorre-Román, P. Á., & García-Pinillos, F. (2019). A systematic review on small-sided games in football players: Acute and chronic adaptations. Journal of Sports Sciences, 37(8), 921–949. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2018.1535821
• Çakıroğlu, A. A. (2016). Brunel Ruh Hali Ölçeği’nin Yetişkin Sporcularda Geçerlik - Güvenirlik Çalışması (Türkçe Uyarlaması). Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart Üniversitesi.
• Casamichana, D., Castellano, J., & Dellal, A. (2013). Influence of different training regimes on physical and physiological demands during small-sided soccer games: continuous vs. intermittent format. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 27(3), 690–697. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e31825d99dc
• Casamichana, D., Castellano, J., González-Morán, A., García-Cueto, H., & García-López, J. (2011). Physiological demand in small-sided games on soccer with different orientation of space. RICYDE. Revista Internacional de Ciencias Del Deporte, 7(23), 141–154. https://doi.org/10.5232/ricyde2011.02306
• Clemente, F., Couceiro, M. S., Martins, F. M. L., & Mendes, R. (2012). The usefulness of small-sided games on soccer training. Journal of Physical Education and Sport, 12(1), 93–102. https://doi.org/1006394
• Davids, K., Araújo, D., Correia, V., & Vilar, L. (2013). How Small-Sided and Conditioned Games Enhance Acquisition of Movement and Decision-Making Skills. Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews, 41(3), 154–161. https://doi.org/10.1097/JES.0b013e318292f3ec
• DiDomenico, A., & Nussbaum, M. A. (2011). Effects of different physical workload parameters on mental workload and performance. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 41(3), 255–260. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ergon.2011.01.008
• Frazão, D. T., de Farias Junior, L. F., Dantas, T. C. B., Krinski, K., Elsangedy, H. M., Prestes, J., … Costa, E. C. (2016). Feeling of Pleasure to High-Intensity Interval Exercise Is Dependent of the Number of Work Bouts and Physical Activity Status. PLOS ONE, 11(3), e0152752. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0152752
• González-Rodenas, J., Calabuig, F., & Aranda, R. (2015). Effect of the Game Design, the Goal Type and the Number of Players on Intensity of Play in Small-Sided Soccer Games in Youth Elite Players. Journal of Human Kinetics, 49(1), 229–235. https://doi.org/10.1515/hukin-2015-0125
• Greig, M., Marchant, D., Lovell, R., Clough, P., & McNaughton, L. (2007). A continuous mental task decreases the physiological response to soccer-specific intermittent exercise. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 41(12), 908–913. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.2006.030387
• Halouani, J., Chtourou, H., Gabbett, T., Chaouachi, A., & Chamari, K. (2014). Small-Sided Games in Team Sports Training. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 28(12), 3594–3618. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000000564
• Hammami, A., Gabbett, T. J., Slimani, M., & Bouhlel, E. (2018). Does small-sided games training improve physical fitness and team-sport-specific skills? A systematic review and meta-analysis. The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, 58(10), 1446–1455. https://doi.org/10.23736/S0022-4707.17.07420-5
• Hart, S. G., & Staveland, L. E. (1988). Development of NASA-TLX (Task Load Index): Results of Empirical and Theoretical Research. Advances in Psychology, 139–183. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0166-4115(08)62386-9
• Hazir, T., Kose, M. G., & Kin-Isler, A. (2018). The validity of Running Anaerobic Sprint Test to assess anaerobic power in young soccer players. Isokinetics and Exercise Science, 26(3), 201–209. https://doi.org/10.3233/IES-182117
• Helgerud, J., Engen, L. C., Wisloff, U., & Hoff, J. (2001). Aerobic endurance training improves soccer performance. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 33(11), 1925–1931. Retrieved from http://proxy.lib.sfu.ca/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=sph&AN=SPHS-796467&site=ehost-live
• Hoff, J., & Helgerud, J. (2004). Endurance and Strength Training for Soccer Players. Sports Medicine, 34(3), 165–180. https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-200434030-00003
• Hopkins, W. G., Marshall, S. W., Batterham, A. M., & Hanin, J. (2009). Progressive Statistics for Studies in Sports Medicine and Exercise Science. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 41(1), 3–13. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0b013e31818cb278
• Karakoç, B., Akalan, C., Alemdaroğlu, U., & Arslan, E. (2012). The Relationship Between the Yo-Yo Tests, Anaerobic Performance and Aerobic Performance in Young Soccer Players. Journal of Human Kinetics, 35(1), 81–88. https://doi.org/10.2478/v10078-012-0081-x
• Kenttä, G., Hassmén, P., & Raglin, J. S. (2006). Mood state monitoring of training and recovery in elite kayakers. European Journal of Sport Science, 6(4), 245–253. https://doi.org/10.1080/17461390601012652
• Köklü, Y., Alemdaroğlu, U., Dellal, A., & Wong, D. P. (2015). Effect of different recovery durations between bouts in 3-a-side games on youth soccer players’ physiological responses and technical activities. The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, 55(5), 430–438. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25698352
• Köklü, Yusuf, Alemdaroğlu, U., Cihan, H., & Wong, D. P. (2017). Effects of Bout Duration on Players’ Internal and External Loads During Small-Sided Games in Young Soccer Players. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 12(10), 1370–1377. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2016-0584
• Köklü, Yusuf, Ersöz, G., Alemdaroglu, U., Asci, A., & Özkan, A. (2012). Physiological responses and time-motion characteristics of 4-A-side small-sided game in young soccer players: The influence of different team formation methods. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 26(11), 3118–3123. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e318244341d
• Lochbaum, M., Zanatta, T., Kirschling, D., & May, E. (2021). The Profile of Moods States and Athletic Performance: A Meta-Analysis of Published Studies. European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education, 11(1), 50–70. https://doi.org/10.3390/ejihpe11010005
• Los Arcos, A., Vázquez, J. S., Martín, J., Lerga, J., Sánchez, F., Villagra, F., & Zulueta, J. J. (2015). Effects of Small-Sided Games vs. Interval Training in Aerobic Fitness and Physical Enjoyment in Young Elite Soccer Players. PLOS ONE, 10(9), e0137224. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0137224
• Lowther, J., & Lane, A. M. (2002). Relationships Between Mood, Cohesion And Satisfaction With Performance Among Soccer Players. Athletic Insight: The Online Journal of Sport Psychology, 4(3), 57–69.
• Mallo, J., & Navarro, E. (2008). Physical load imposed on soccer players during small-sided training games. Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, 48(2), 166–171. https://doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.19132-0
• Manuel Clemente, F., Ramirez-Campillo, R., Nakamura, F. Y., & Sarmento, H. (2021). Effects of high-intensity interval training in men soccer player’s physical fitness: A systematic review with meta-analysis of randomized-controlled and non-controlled trials. Journal of Sports Sciences, 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2020.1863644
• Rampinini, E., Impellizzeri, M. F., Castagna, C., Abt, G., Chamari, K., Sassi, A., & Marcora, S. M. (2007). Factors influencing physiological responses to small-sided soccer games. Journal of Sports Sciences, 25(6), 659–666. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640410600811858
• Ric, A., Hristovski, R., Gonçalves, B., Torres, L., Sampaio, J., & Torrents, C. (2016). Timescales for exploratory tactical behaviour in football small-sided games. Journal of Sports Sciences, 34(18), 1723–1730. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2015.1136068
• Sarmento, H., Clemente, F. M., Harper, L. D., Costa, I. T. da, Owen, A., & Figueiredo, A. J. (2018). Small sided games in soccer – a systematic review. International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport, 18(5), 693–749. https://doi.org/10.1080/24748668.2018.1517288
• Sassi, R., Reilly, T., & Impellizzeri, F. A. (2004). A comparison of small sided games and interval training in elite professional soccer players. Journal of Sports Sciences, 22, 562.
• Selmi, O. (2017). Effect of Verbal Coach Encouragement on Rating Perceived Exertion and Mood State during Small Sided Games in Professional Soccer Players. MOJ Sports Medicine, 1(4). https://doi.org/10.15406/mojsm.2017.01.00022
• Selmi, O., Haddad, M., Majed, L., Ben Khalifa, W., Hamza, M., & Chamari, K. (2018a). Soccer training: high-intensity interval training is mood disturbing while small sided games ensure mood balance. The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, 58(7–8), 1163–1170. https://doi.org/10.23736/S0022-4707.17.07292-9
• Selmi, O., Haddad, M., Majed, L., Ben Khalifa, W., Hamza, M., & Chamari, K. (2018b). Soccer training: high-intensity interval training is mood disturbing while small sided games ensure mood balance. The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, 58(7–8), 1163–1170. https://doi.org/10.23736/S0022-4707.17.07292-9
• Smit, A. S., Eling, P. A. T. M., Hopman, M. T., & Coenen, A. M. L. (2005). Mental and physical effort affect vigilance differently. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 57(3), 211–217. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2005.02.001
• Sparkes, W., Turner, A., Weston, M., Russell, M., Johnston, M., & Kilduff, L. (2018). Neuromuscular, Biochemical, Endocrine, and Mood Responses to Small-Sided Gamesʼ Training in Professional Soccer. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 32(9), 2569–2576. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000002424
• Stølen, T., Chamari, K., Castagna, C., & Wisløff, U. (2005). Physiology of Soccer. Sports Medicine, 35(6), 501–536. https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-200535060-00004
• Terry, P. C., Lane, A. M., & Fogarty, G. J. (2003). Construct validity of the Profile of Mood States - Adolescents for use with adults. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 4(2), 125–139. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1469-0292(01)00035-8
• Terry, Peter C., Lane, A. M., Lane, H. J., & Keohane, L. (1999). Development and validation of a mood measure for adolescents. Journal of Sports Sciences, 17(11), 861–872. https://doi.org/10.1080/026404199365425
• Tomporowski, P. D., & Ganio, M. S. (2006). Short‐term effects of aerobic exercise on executive processing, memory, and emotional reactivity. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 4(1), 57–72. https://doi.org/10.1080/1612197X.2006.9671784