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İSTİHDAM VE İŞSİZLİK AÇISINDAN AVRUPA BİRLİĞİ ÜYE ÜLKELERİ İLE TÜRKİYE’NİN ÇOK BOYUTLU ÖLÇEKLEME ANALİZİYLE DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 8 Sayı: 4, 257 - 284, 31.10.2021

Öz

Toplumun gereksinimi olan istihdamın sağlanması ülke kalkınması ve toplumun refahı açısından önem taşımaktadır. Ülkeler ekonomik, toplumsal ve bireysel sorunlara yol açan işsizliği gidermek için çözüm yolları aramaktadır. İstihdam ve işsizlik farklı boyutlarda ölçülmeye çalışılmaktadır. Çalışmada işsizliğin ve istihdamın ölçülmesinde toplam işsizlik, genç işsizlik, kadın işsizlik, üniversite mezunu işsizlik, uzun dönem işsizlik, işgücüne katılım ve istihdam oranı göstergeleri ele alınmıştır. Çalışmanın amacı işsizlik ve istihdam göstergelerine dayalı Avrupa Birliği üye ülkeleri ile Türkiye’nin nasıl konumlanmış olduğunu belirlemek ve ülke konumlarını değerlendirmektir. İstihdam ve işsizlik göstergelerine ait veriler Ekonomik İşbirliği ve Kalkınma Teşkilatı ve Dünya Bankası veri tabanlarından alınmıştır. Ülkelerin konumlarının belirlenmesinde çok değişkenli istatistiksel analiz tekniklerinden biri olan çok boyutlu ölçekleme analizi uygulanmıştır. Çok boyutlu ölçekleme analizi sonucu Türkiye’nin AB üye ülkelerinden farklı bir yerde konumlandığı görülmüştür. İstihdam ve işsizlik göstergelerinde Türkiye’nin çoğu AB üye ülkelerinden daha olumsuz seviyede olduğu tespit edilmiştir. İstihdam olanaklarının arttırılması ve işsizliğin azaltılmasında başarı göstermiş ülkelerdeki gelişmelerin takip edilmesinin ve bu gelişmelerin hayata geçirilmesini sağlayacak politikaların uygulanmasının Türkiye için önemli olduğu belirtilmiştir.

Kaynakça

  • Altunöz, U. (2020). Türkiye’de işgücü piyasasında eğitim seviyesi genç işsizlik üzerindeki etkili mi? Ekonometrik analiz. Journal of Ekonomi Türkiye Ekonomisi, I Özel Sayısı(2020), 1–4.
  • Atasoy B. S. (2016). Female labour force participation in Turkey: The role of traditionalism. The European Journal of Development Research, 29(4), 675–706.
  • Avrupa Birliği Başkanlığı (2019, Temmuz). T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı Avrupa Birliği Başkanlığı, Türkiye-Avrupa Birliği İlişkileri. https://www.ab.gov.tr/4.html
  • Aydın, A. (2017). Genç işsizliği sorununun Almanya ve Türkiye mesleki eğitim sistemi çerçevesinde değerlendirilmesi. Sosyal Güvence Dergisi, 6(11), 1-23.
  • Baah-Boateng, W. (2016). The youth unemployment challenge in Africa: What are the drivers?. The Economic and Labour Relations Review, 27(4), 413-431.
  • Bal-Domańska, B. (2021, Ağustos 10). The impact of macroeconomic and structural factors on the unemployment of young women and men. Econ Change Restruct. https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10644-021-09341-9.pdf
  • Bozkır, V. (2002). Türkiye ve Avrupa Birliği'ne Tam Üyelik Süreci, T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı, https://www.mfa.gov.tr/turkiye-ve-avrupa-birligi_ne-tam-uyelik-sureci.tr.mfa adresinden Ağustos 20, 2021 tarihinde ulaşılmıştır.
  • Butkus, M, Matuzeviciute, K, Rupliene, D, ve Seputiene J. (2020). Does unemployment responsiveness to output change depend on age, gender, education, and the phase of the business cycle?. Economies, 8(4), 98.
  • Calmfors, L. (2012, April 26). Sweden: From macroeconomic failure to macroeconomic success. CESifo Center for Economic Studies and ifo Institute. https://www.econstor.eu/bitstream/10419/57944/1/71558359X.pdf
  • Clark, A. E., ve Oswald, A. J. (1994). Unhappiness and unemployment. The Economic Journal, 104(424), 648-659.
  • Conteh, K. (2021). Economic growth and unemployment: An empirical assessment of Okun’s law in the case of Liberia (2001-2019). Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development, 12(14), 136-145.
  • Coşkun, S. (2019). Young, educated, unemployed. Collaborative Research Center Transregio. https://www.crctr224.de/en/research-output/discussion-papers/archive/2019/DP134-v1
  • Czech Republic Real Estate (2021, Eylül 1). Why does the Czech Republic have the lowest unemployment rate in all of Europe?, Conbiz. https://sites.google.com/a/conbiz.eu/conbiz-eu/information/articles/why-does-the-czech-republic-have-the-lowest-unemployment-rate-in-europe?overridemobile=true
  • Çondur, F., ve Bölükbaş, M. (2014). Türkiye’de İşgücü Piyasası ve Genç İşsizlik Büyüme İlişkisi Üzerine Bir İnceleme. Amme İdaresi Dergisi, 47(2), 77-93.
  • Ding, C. S. (2018). Fundamentals of applied multidimensional scaling for educational and psychological research. Springer International Publishing.
  • Dixit, J. K., Tiwari, P., Gupta, S. K., Singh, P. ve Gupta, H. (2011, November 10-12). Educated unemployed: A challenge before sustainable education, sustainable manufacturing [Conference presentation]. Proc. of the International Conference on Sustainable Manufacturing: Issues, Trends and Practices (ICSM – 2011), BITS, Pilani, India. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/236618066_Educated_Unemployed_A_Challenge_before_Sustainable_Education
  • Dritsakis, N., ve Stamatiou, P. (2016). The effects of unemployment on economic growth in Greece. An ARDL bound test approach. The Romanian Economic Journal, XIX(62), 53-72.
  • Eichhorst, W., Hinte, H., ve Rinne, U. (2013). Youth unemployment in Europe: What to do about it?. Intereconomics, 48(4), 230-235.
  • Erikli, S., ve Bayat, B. (2019). Üniversite mezunu uzun süreli genç işsizlerin eğitim ve çalışma yaşamı beklentisi: Ankara örneği. Sosyal Politika Çalışmaları Dergisi, 19(43), 297-331. Ernst, C., ve Berg, J. (2009). The Role of Employment and Labour Markets in the Fight against Poverty, Promoting Pro-Poor Growth: Employment–OECD, 41-67. https://www.oecd.org/greengrowth/green-development/43514554.pdf adresinden Ağustos 8, 2021 tarihinde ulaşılmıştır.
  • Hall, R. E., Gordon, R. A., ve Holt, C. (1970). Why is the unemployment rate so high at full employment?. Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, 1970(3), 369- 410.
  • Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., ve Anderson, R.E. (2014). Multivariate data analysis. Pearson Education Limited.
  • Hu, X., Liu, X. He, C. ve Dai, T. (2020). Education policies, pre-college human capital investment and educated unemployment. Journal of Economics, 129, 241–270.
  • International Labour Organization (2010). Global employment trends for youth: August 2010: Special issue on the impact of the global economic crisis on youth, https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_emp/---emp_elm/---trends/documents/publication/wcms_143349.pdf adresinden Ağustos 7, 2021 tarihinde ulaşılmıştır.
  • International Labour Organization (2017). World Employment and Social Outlook: Trends for women 2017 International Labour Office – Geneva, https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---dgreports/---inst/documents/publication/wcms_557245.pdf adresinden Ağustos 7, 2021 tarihinde ulaşılmıştır.
  • International Labour Organization (2020). Global Employment Trends for Youth 2020, Technology and the future of jobs, Geneva, https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---dgreports/---dcomm/---publ/documents/publication/wcms_737648.pdf adresinden Ağustos 10, 2021 tarihinde ulaşılmıştır.
  • International Labour Organization (2021a). Indicator description: Unemployment rate. https://ilostat.ilo.org/resources/concepts-and-definitions/description-unemployment-rate/ adresinden Ağustos 11, 2021 tarihinde ulaşılmıştır.
  • International Labour Organization (2021b). The gender gap in employment: What's holding women back?. https://www.ilo.org/infostories/en-GB/Stories/Employment/barriers-women#unemployed-vulnerable adresinden Temmuz 1, 2021 tarihinde ulaşılmıştır.
  • Jobson, J.D. (1992). Applied multivariate data analysis. Springer Science+Business Media.
  • Johnson, R. A., ve Wichern, D. W. (1999). Applied multivariate statistical analysis. Prentice Hall.
  • Jones, L. (1989). Effect of unemployment on women. Affilia Journal, 4(4), 54–67.
  • Junankar, P. N. (2016). Economics of the labour market, unemployment and the costs of unemployment. Palgrave Macmillan Publishers Ltd.
  • Kaiballah, C. (2021). Economic Growth and Unemployment: An Empirical Assessment of Okun’s Law in the Case of Liberia. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3864474 adresinden Temmuz 25, 2021 tarihinde ulaşılmıştır.
  • Karaalp-Orhan, H. S. (2017). What are the trends in women’s labour force participation in Turkey?. European Journal of Sustainable Development, 6(3), 303-312.
  • Karatepe S. G. (2017). Türkiye’de kadın işsizliğinin nedenleri: İstanbul’da eğitimli kadın işsizler üzerine bir alan araştırması [Yayınlanmamış doktora tezi]. İstanbul Üniversitesi.
  • Kreishan, F. M. (2011). Economic growth and unemployment: An empirical analysis. Journal of Social Sciences, 7(2), 228-231.
  • Kruskal, J. B. (1964). Multidimensional scaling by optimizing goodness of fit to a nonmetric hypothesis. Psychometrika, 9(1), 1-27.
  • Lauterbach, A. (1977). Employment, unemployment and underemployment: A conceptual re-examination. The American Journal of Economics and Sociology, 36(3), 283-298.
  • Lewandowska-Gwarda, K. (2018). Female unemployment and its determinants in Poland in 2016 from the spatial perspective. Oeconomia Copernicana, 9(2), 183–204.
  • Lozano, M., ve Rentería, E. (2021). Trends in the length of long-term unemployment in Europe: An approach using working life tables, 2000-2018. https://osf.io/preprints/socarxiv/9c2jp/ adresinden Eylül 16, 2021 tarihinde ulaşılmıştır.
  • Maral, M., Yıldız, F. ve Alpaydın, Y. (2021). Türkiye’de yükseköğretim harcamaları ve genç işsizliği ilişkisi üzerine bir analiz. İktisat Politikası Araştırmaları Dergisi, 8(2), 173-197.
  • Marelli, E., Choudhry, M. T., ve Signorelli, M. (2013). Youth and total unemployment rate: the impact of policies and institutions. Rivista Internazionale Di Scienze Sociali, 121(1), 63–86.
  • Meidani, A. N., ve Zabihi, M. (2011). The dynamic effect of unemployment rate on per capita real GDP in Iran. International Journal of Economics and Finance, 3(5), 170-177.
  • Mishra, S. P. (2018). Female labour force participation and economic growth in India: A cross sectional analysis using census data. International Journal of Research and Analytical Reviews, 5(1), 190-193.
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IN TERMS OF EMPLOYMENT AND UNEMPLOYMENT EVALUATION OF EUROPEAN UNION MEMBER COUNTRIES AND TURKEY WITH MULTIDIMENSIONAL SCALING ANALYSIS

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 8 Sayı: 4, 257 - 284, 31.10.2021

Öz

Providing employment that society needs is essential for the development of the country and the welfare of the society. Countries are looking for solution paths to eradicate unemployment that causes economic, social and individual problems. Employment and unemployment are tried to be measured in different dimensions. In the study, the indicators of total unemployment, youth unemployment, female unemployment, university graduate unemployment, long-term unemployment, labor force participation and employment rate were treated in measuring unemployment and employment. The aim of the study is to determine and evaluate how the European Union member states and Turkey are positioned based on unemployment and employment indicators. The aim of the study is to determine the position of the European Union member countries with Turkey based on employment and unemployment indicators and to evaluate the positions of the countries. Data on employment and unemployment indicators were gathered from The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development and the World Bank databases. Multidimensional scaling analysis, one of the multivariate statistical analysis techniques, was applied to determine the locations of the countries. As a result of multidimensional scaling analysis, it has been seen that Turkey is located in a different location than EU member countries. It has been determined that Turkey is at a more negative level than most EU member countries in terms of employment and unemployment indicators. It has been stated that it is important for Turkey to follow the developments in the countries that achieve success in increasing employment opportunities and reducing unemployment, and to implement policies to ensure the realization of these developments.

Kaynakça

  • Altunöz, U. (2020). Türkiye’de işgücü piyasasında eğitim seviyesi genç işsizlik üzerindeki etkili mi? Ekonometrik analiz. Journal of Ekonomi Türkiye Ekonomisi, I Özel Sayısı(2020), 1–4.
  • Atasoy B. S. (2016). Female labour force participation in Turkey: The role of traditionalism. The European Journal of Development Research, 29(4), 675–706.
  • Avrupa Birliği Başkanlığı (2019, Temmuz). T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı Avrupa Birliği Başkanlığı, Türkiye-Avrupa Birliği İlişkileri. https://www.ab.gov.tr/4.html
  • Aydın, A. (2017). Genç işsizliği sorununun Almanya ve Türkiye mesleki eğitim sistemi çerçevesinde değerlendirilmesi. Sosyal Güvence Dergisi, 6(11), 1-23.
  • Baah-Boateng, W. (2016). The youth unemployment challenge in Africa: What are the drivers?. The Economic and Labour Relations Review, 27(4), 413-431.
  • Bal-Domańska, B. (2021, Ağustos 10). The impact of macroeconomic and structural factors on the unemployment of young women and men. Econ Change Restruct. https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10644-021-09341-9.pdf
  • Bozkır, V. (2002). Türkiye ve Avrupa Birliği'ne Tam Üyelik Süreci, T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı, https://www.mfa.gov.tr/turkiye-ve-avrupa-birligi_ne-tam-uyelik-sureci.tr.mfa adresinden Ağustos 20, 2021 tarihinde ulaşılmıştır.
  • Butkus, M, Matuzeviciute, K, Rupliene, D, ve Seputiene J. (2020). Does unemployment responsiveness to output change depend on age, gender, education, and the phase of the business cycle?. Economies, 8(4), 98.
  • Calmfors, L. (2012, April 26). Sweden: From macroeconomic failure to macroeconomic success. CESifo Center for Economic Studies and ifo Institute. https://www.econstor.eu/bitstream/10419/57944/1/71558359X.pdf
  • Clark, A. E., ve Oswald, A. J. (1994). Unhappiness and unemployment. The Economic Journal, 104(424), 648-659.
  • Conteh, K. (2021). Economic growth and unemployment: An empirical assessment of Okun’s law in the case of Liberia (2001-2019). Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development, 12(14), 136-145.
  • Coşkun, S. (2019). Young, educated, unemployed. Collaborative Research Center Transregio. https://www.crctr224.de/en/research-output/discussion-papers/archive/2019/DP134-v1
  • Czech Republic Real Estate (2021, Eylül 1). Why does the Czech Republic have the lowest unemployment rate in all of Europe?, Conbiz. https://sites.google.com/a/conbiz.eu/conbiz-eu/information/articles/why-does-the-czech-republic-have-the-lowest-unemployment-rate-in-europe?overridemobile=true
  • Çondur, F., ve Bölükbaş, M. (2014). Türkiye’de İşgücü Piyasası ve Genç İşsizlik Büyüme İlişkisi Üzerine Bir İnceleme. Amme İdaresi Dergisi, 47(2), 77-93.
  • Ding, C. S. (2018). Fundamentals of applied multidimensional scaling for educational and psychological research. Springer International Publishing.
  • Dixit, J. K., Tiwari, P., Gupta, S. K., Singh, P. ve Gupta, H. (2011, November 10-12). Educated unemployed: A challenge before sustainable education, sustainable manufacturing [Conference presentation]. Proc. of the International Conference on Sustainable Manufacturing: Issues, Trends and Practices (ICSM – 2011), BITS, Pilani, India. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/236618066_Educated_Unemployed_A_Challenge_before_Sustainable_Education
  • Dritsakis, N., ve Stamatiou, P. (2016). The effects of unemployment on economic growth in Greece. An ARDL bound test approach. The Romanian Economic Journal, XIX(62), 53-72.
  • Eichhorst, W., Hinte, H., ve Rinne, U. (2013). Youth unemployment in Europe: What to do about it?. Intereconomics, 48(4), 230-235.
  • Erikli, S., ve Bayat, B. (2019). Üniversite mezunu uzun süreli genç işsizlerin eğitim ve çalışma yaşamı beklentisi: Ankara örneği. Sosyal Politika Çalışmaları Dergisi, 19(43), 297-331. Ernst, C., ve Berg, J. (2009). The Role of Employment and Labour Markets in the Fight against Poverty, Promoting Pro-Poor Growth: Employment–OECD, 41-67. https://www.oecd.org/greengrowth/green-development/43514554.pdf adresinden Ağustos 8, 2021 tarihinde ulaşılmıştır.
  • Hall, R. E., Gordon, R. A., ve Holt, C. (1970). Why is the unemployment rate so high at full employment?. Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, 1970(3), 369- 410.
  • Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., ve Anderson, R.E. (2014). Multivariate data analysis. Pearson Education Limited.
  • Hu, X., Liu, X. He, C. ve Dai, T. (2020). Education policies, pre-college human capital investment and educated unemployment. Journal of Economics, 129, 241–270.
  • International Labour Organization (2010). Global employment trends for youth: August 2010: Special issue on the impact of the global economic crisis on youth, https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_emp/---emp_elm/---trends/documents/publication/wcms_143349.pdf adresinden Ağustos 7, 2021 tarihinde ulaşılmıştır.
  • International Labour Organization (2017). World Employment and Social Outlook: Trends for women 2017 International Labour Office – Geneva, https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---dgreports/---inst/documents/publication/wcms_557245.pdf adresinden Ağustos 7, 2021 tarihinde ulaşılmıştır.
  • International Labour Organization (2020). Global Employment Trends for Youth 2020, Technology and the future of jobs, Geneva, https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---dgreports/---dcomm/---publ/documents/publication/wcms_737648.pdf adresinden Ağustos 10, 2021 tarihinde ulaşılmıştır.
  • International Labour Organization (2021a). Indicator description: Unemployment rate. https://ilostat.ilo.org/resources/concepts-and-definitions/description-unemployment-rate/ adresinden Ağustos 11, 2021 tarihinde ulaşılmıştır.
  • International Labour Organization (2021b). The gender gap in employment: What's holding women back?. https://www.ilo.org/infostories/en-GB/Stories/Employment/barriers-women#unemployed-vulnerable adresinden Temmuz 1, 2021 tarihinde ulaşılmıştır.
  • Jobson, J.D. (1992). Applied multivariate data analysis. Springer Science+Business Media.
  • Johnson, R. A., ve Wichern, D. W. (1999). Applied multivariate statistical analysis. Prentice Hall.
  • Jones, L. (1989). Effect of unemployment on women. Affilia Journal, 4(4), 54–67.
  • Junankar, P. N. (2016). Economics of the labour market, unemployment and the costs of unemployment. Palgrave Macmillan Publishers Ltd.
  • Kaiballah, C. (2021). Economic Growth and Unemployment: An Empirical Assessment of Okun’s Law in the Case of Liberia. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3864474 adresinden Temmuz 25, 2021 tarihinde ulaşılmıştır.
  • Karaalp-Orhan, H. S. (2017). What are the trends in women’s labour force participation in Turkey?. European Journal of Sustainable Development, 6(3), 303-312.
  • Karatepe S. G. (2017). Türkiye’de kadın işsizliğinin nedenleri: İstanbul’da eğitimli kadın işsizler üzerine bir alan araştırması [Yayınlanmamış doktora tezi]. İstanbul Üniversitesi.
  • Kreishan, F. M. (2011). Economic growth and unemployment: An empirical analysis. Journal of Social Sciences, 7(2), 228-231.
  • Kruskal, J. B. (1964). Multidimensional scaling by optimizing goodness of fit to a nonmetric hypothesis. Psychometrika, 9(1), 1-27.
  • Lauterbach, A. (1977). Employment, unemployment and underemployment: A conceptual re-examination. The American Journal of Economics and Sociology, 36(3), 283-298.
  • Lewandowska-Gwarda, K. (2018). Female unemployment and its determinants in Poland in 2016 from the spatial perspective. Oeconomia Copernicana, 9(2), 183–204.
  • Lozano, M., ve Rentería, E. (2021). Trends in the length of long-term unemployment in Europe: An approach using working life tables, 2000-2018. https://osf.io/preprints/socarxiv/9c2jp/ adresinden Eylül 16, 2021 tarihinde ulaşılmıştır.
  • Maral, M., Yıldız, F. ve Alpaydın, Y. (2021). Türkiye’de yükseköğretim harcamaları ve genç işsizliği ilişkisi üzerine bir analiz. İktisat Politikası Araştırmaları Dergisi, 8(2), 173-197.
  • Marelli, E., Choudhry, M. T., ve Signorelli, M. (2013). Youth and total unemployment rate: the impact of policies and institutions. Rivista Internazionale Di Scienze Sociali, 121(1), 63–86.
  • Meidani, A. N., ve Zabihi, M. (2011). The dynamic effect of unemployment rate on per capita real GDP in Iran. International Journal of Economics and Finance, 3(5), 170-177.
  • Mishra, S. P. (2018). Female labour force participation and economic growth in India: A cross sectional analysis using census data. International Journal of Research and Analytical Reviews, 5(1), 190-193.
  • Miyamoto, H., Suphaphiphat, N., ve Jaewoo L. J. (2020). Mitigating long-term unemployment in Europe. International Monetary Fund, 2020(168), 1-23.
  • Moeis, J. P. (1992). Educated unemployment in Indonesia: Search theory. Ekonomi Dan Keuangan Indonesia, 21(2), 107–134.
  • Mosikari, T. J. (2013). The effect of unemployment rate on gross domestic product: Case of South Africa. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, 4(6), 429-434.
  • Nanavyan, A. M. (2021). Unemployment and indicators of its assessment. International Journal of Economics and Management Systems, 6, 112-118.
  • Ni, T. V., Yusof, Z. M., Misiran, M. ve Supadi, S. S. (2021). Assessing youth unemployment rate in Malaysia using multiple linear regression, Journal of Mathematics and Computing Science, 7(1), 23-34.
  • Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. (2021, Ağustos 5). Employment rate definition. https://data.oecd.org/emp/employment-rate.htm
  • Özer, M. A. (2009). Avrupa Birliği’ne tam üyeliğin eşiğinde Türkiye. Yönetim ve Ekonomi Dergisi, 16(1) , 89-105.
  • Pacitti, A. (2020). The cost of job loss, long-term unemployment, and wage growth. Journal of Post Keynesian Economics, 1-28.
  • Pastore, F. (2018). Why is youth unemployment so high and different across countries?. IZA World of Labor 2018: 420, https://wol.iza.org/articles/why-is-youth-unemployment-so-high-and-different-across-countries/long adresinden Ağustos 1, 2021 tarihinde ulaşılmıştır.
  • Paul, K. I., ve Moser, K. (2009). Unemployment impairs mental health: Meta-analyses. Journal Vocat. Behaviour, 74(3), 264–82.
  • Pissarides, R., ve Wadsworth, J. (1992). Unemployment Risks. E. McLaughlin (Ed.), Understanding Unemployment New Perspectives on Active Labour Market Policies içinde (1inci baskı, sayfa 58-79). Routledge Chapman and Hall.
  • Ross, C. E., ve Mirowsky, J. (1995). Does employment affect health?. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 36(3), 230–243.
  • Selmonaj, D., ve Morina, F. (2021, Haziran 9-12). The effect of unemployment on the crime rate: comparative analysis between western Balkan countries and selected EU countries (2012 - 2018). 12th International Odyssey Conference on Economics and Business, Šibenik, Croatia.
  • Setyadi, D., Sudarso, Y., ve Sugiyanta, M. N. (2019). Duration of educated unemployment, Economic Journal of Emerging Markets, 11(2), 213-222.
  • Sever, E., ve İğdeli, A. (2018). The determining factors of youth unemployment in developing countries: The case of Turkey. Uluslararası Sosyal ve Ekonomik Bilimler Dergisi, 8(1), 75-83.
  • Severini, F., Felici, F., Ferracuti, N., Pretaroli, R., ve Socci, C. (2019). Gender policy and female employment: a CGE model for Italy, Economic Systems Research, 31(1), 92-113.
  • Tansel, A. (2001). Economic development and female labor force participation in Turkey: Time series evidence and cross province estimates. Cairo, Egypt: Economic research forum (ERF) Working Paper. https://erc.metu.edu.tr/en/system/files/menu/series01/0105.pdf
  • Tervo, H. (2006). Regional unemployment, self-employment and family background. Applied Economics, 38(9), 1055-1062.
  • Uğurlu, Ş. (Ed.). (2021). Current Studies on Employment and Unemployment. Gazi Kitabevi.
  • Vogel, P. (2015). Generation Jobless? Turning the youth unemployment crisis into opportunity. Palgrave Macmillan.
  • World Bank (2019). World Bank, Bulgaria Emerges as Champion in Women Legal Rights Affecting Work, Sofia, March 1, 2019, https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2019/03/01/bulgaria-emerges-as-champion-in-women-legal-rights-affecting-work, adresinden Eylül 19, 2021 tarihinde ulaşılmıştır.
  • Yıldız, E., ve Yıldız, N. (2019). Türkiye’de kamu eğitim harcamalarının cinsiyete göre işgücü katılımına etkisi, Dumlupınar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, (60), 41-57.
Toplam 65 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Aylin Alkaya 0000-0001-5932-5553

Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Ekim 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2021 Cilt: 8 Sayı: 4

Kaynak Göster

APA Alkaya, A. (2021). İSTİHDAM VE İŞSİZLİK AÇISINDAN AVRUPA BİRLİĞİ ÜYE ÜLKELERİ İLE TÜRKİYE’NİN ÇOK BOYUTLU ÖLÇEKLEME ANALİZİYLE DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ. Avrasya Sosyal Ve Ekonomi Araştırmaları Dergisi, 8(4), 257-284.