KURUM KÜLTÜRÜ, SÜRDÜRÜLEBİLİR REKABET AVANTAJI, ÇEVRESEL BELİRSİZLİK VE KURUMSAL PERFORMANS İLİŞKİSİ: TÜRK İHRACATÇI FİRMALARI

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 4 Sayı: 6, 49 - 83, 31.08.2021

Mehmet Fatih Burak , Recep Baki Deniz

Öz

Araştırmanın amacı; kurum kültürü, sürdürülebilir rekabet avantajı, çevresel belirsizlik ve kurumsal performans ilişkisinin Türk ihracatçı firmalarında incelenmesidir. Araştırmada değişkenler arası direkt ilişkiler, kurum kültürü ile kurumsal performans arasında sürdürülebilir rekabet avantajının aracılık etkisi ve sürdürülebilir rekabet avantajı ile kurumsal performans arasında çevresel belirsizliğin ılımlaştırıcı etkisi araştırılmıştır. Araştırma modelinde sunulan hipotezler, Türkiye İhracatçılar Meclisi’nin 2018 yılında yayınladığı ilk 1000 ihracatçı işletme listesinde yer alan 260 işletmenin yöneticilerinden anket yoluyla alınan veriler kullanılarak, SPSS 25 ve AMOS 24 programları aracılığıyla test edilmiştir. Araştırma bulgularına göre, adhokrasi, klan, pazar kültürünün sürdürülebilir rekabet avantajını pozitif, hiyerarşi kültürünün ise sürdürülebilir rekabet avantajını negatif etkilediği tespit edilmiştir. Ayrıca adhokrasi, pazar kültürünün kurumsal performansı pozitif etkilediği, hiyerarşi kültürünün ise kurumsal performansı negatif etkilediği tespit edilmiştir. Bununla birlikte sürdürülebilir rekabet avantajının kurumsal performansı pozitif etkilediği tespit edilmiştir. Aracılık etkisi test sonuçlarına bakıldığında ise; adhokrasi, pazar, hiyerarşi kültürü ile kurumsal performans arasındaki ilişkide sürdürülebilir rekabet avantajının kısmi aracılık etkisi olduğu tespit edilmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Kurum Kültürü, Sürdürülebilir Rekabet Avantajı, Çevresel Belirsizlik, Kurumsal Performans

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE, SUSTAINABLE COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE, ENVIRONMENTAL UNCERTAINTY AND ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE: TURKISH EXPORTER COMPANIES

Öz

Purpose of this research; is to examine the relationship between organizational culture, sustainable competitive advantage, environmental uncertainty and organizational performance in Turkish exporter companies. In the research, direct relationships between variables, the mediating effect of sustainable competitive advantage between organizational culture and organizational performance, and the moderating effect of environmental uncertainty between sustainable competitive advantage and organizational performance were investigated. Hypotheses presented in the research model were tested through SPSS 25 and AMOS 24 programs using data obtained through a survey from the managers of 260 enterprises in the list of the first 1000 exporting enterprises published by the Turkish Exporters Assembly in 2018. According to the results of the study, it was determined that adhocracy, clan, and market culture positively affect sustainable competitive advantage, while hierarchy culture negatively affects sustainable competitive advantage. In addition, it was determined that adhocracy and market culture positively affect organizational performance, while hierarchy culture negatively affects organizational performance. Furthermore, it has been determined that sustainable competitive advantage positively affects organizational performance. Looking at the test results of the mediation effect; it has been determined that sustainable competitive advantage has a partial mediating effect in the relationship between adhocracy, market, hierarchy culture and organizational performance.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Organizational Culture, Sustainable Competitive Advantage, Environmental Uncertainty, Organizational Performance

Kaynakça

• Aaker, D. A. (1989). Managing Assets and Skills: The Key To A Sustainable Competitive Advantage. California Management Review, 31 (2), 91-106.
• Alas, R., Ubius, U. ve Gaal, M. A. (2012). Predicting innovation climate using the competing values model. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 62, 540-544.
• Almuslamani, H. A. ve Daud, S. (2018). Organizational Culture and Sustainable Competitive Advantage in Manufacturing Companies in Bahrain. Appl. Math. Inf. Sci., 12 (2), 431-440.
• Bakari, H., ve Hunjra, A. I. (2017). Authentic leadership questionnaire: Case of its validation through structural equation modelling; evidence from Pakistan. Business & Economic Review, 9 (2), 21-48.
• Baron, R. M. ve Kenny, D. A. (1986). The Moderator-Mediator Variable Distinction in Social Psychological Research: Conceptual, Strategic, and Statistical Considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51 (6), 1173-1182.
• Barney, J. B. (1991). Firm Resources And Sustained Competitive Advantage. Journal of Management, 17 (1), 99-120.
• Boujelbene, M. A. ve Affes, H. (2012). The effect of environmental uncertainty and budgetary participation on performance and job satisfaction-evidence from the hotel industry. African journal of hospitality, tourism and leisure, 2 (2), 1-17.
• Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2002). Veri Analizi El Kitabı (1. Baskı), Ankara: Pegem A Yayıncılık.
• Brandts, J., Riedl, A., ve van Winden, F. (2009). Competitive rivalry, social disposition and subjective well-being: an experiment. Journal of Public Economics, 93, 1158–1167.
• Cameron, K. S. ve Quinn, R. E. (2006). Diagnosing and changing organizational culture: Based on the competing values framework (Revised ed.). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
• Chen, H., Mattioda, D. D., ve Daugherty, P. J. (2007). Firm‐wide integration and firm performance. The International Journal of Logistics Management. 18 (1), 5-21.
• Daft, R. L. (2008). Organization theory and design. Cengage Learning.
• Davoodalmousavi, S. M. (2013). The correlation between organizational culture and job satisfaction of employees in biotechnology production companies. European Journal of Experimental Biology, 3 (5), 389-399.
• De Bono, E. (2000). Rekabet Üstü (Sur/Petition). (Çev. O. Özel). İstanbul: Remzi Kitabevi.
• Duncan, R. B. (1972). Characteristics of organizational environments and perceived environmental uncertainty. Administrative science quarterly, 17 (3), 313-327.
• Elbanna, S. ve Alhwarai, M. (2012). The influence of environmental uncertainty and hostility on organization performance. Al Ain, UAEU-FBE-Working Paper Series ISSN, 2079-7141.
• Erdem, A. T. (2020). The Moderator Role of Job Insecurity Perceptions in the Effect of Employees'self-Efficacy Perceptions on the Quality of Work-Life: The Case of Foundation University. Gaziantep Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 2(2), 29-46.
• Erdem, A. T. (2021). Örgütsel Etik İklim Algısının Çalışan Sesliliği Davranışına Etkisinde Psikolojik Güvenliğin Aracı Etkisi: Vakıf Üniversitelerine Yönelik Bir Araştırma. Selçuk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Meslek Yüksekokulu Dergisi, 24(1), 57-70.
• Eren, E. (2008). Örgütsel Davranış ve Yönetim Psikolojisi, İstanbul: Beta Basım Yayım Dağıtım.
• Ergün, E. (2018). The Mediating Role of Empowerment on the Relationship between Organizational Culture and Innovation Performance. Girişimcilik ve İnovasyon Yönetimi Dergisi, 7 (1), 53-74.
• Ferreira, J. ve Fernandes, C. (2017). Resources and capabilities’ effects on firm performance: what are they?. Journal of Knowledge Management, 21 (5), 1202-1217.
• Flamholtz, E. G. (2001). Corporate Culture and the Bottom Line. European Management Journal, 19 (3), 268-275.
• Flamholtz, E. G. ve Randle, Y. (2012). Corporate culture, business models, competitive advantage, strategic assets and the bottom line: Theoretical and measurement issues. Journal of Human Resource Costing & Accounting, 16 (2), 76-94.
• Fornell, C. ve Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating Structural Equation Models with Unobservable Variables and Measurement Error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18 (1), 39-50.
• Ge, B., Yang, Y., Jiang, D., Gao, Y., Du, X. ve Zhou, T. (2018). An empirical study on green innovation strategy and sustainable competitive advantages: Path and boundary. Sustainability, 10 (10), 3631.
• Guimarães, J. C. F. D., Severo, E. A. ve Vasconcelos, C. R. M. D. (2017). Sustainable competitive advantage: a survey of companies in Southern Brazil. BBR. Brazilian Business Review, 14 (3), 352-367.
• Guimarães, J. C. F. D., Severo, E. A. ve Vasconcelos, C. R. M. D. (2018). The influence of entrepreneurial, market, knowledge management orientations on cleaner production and the sustainable competitive advantage. Journal of cleaner production, 174, 1653-1663.
• Gürbüz, S. ve Bayık, M. E. (2018). Aracılık Modellerinin Analizinde Modern Yaklaşım: Baron ve Kenny Yöntemi Artık Terk edilmeli mi? 6. Örgütsel Davranış Kongresi Bildiriler Kitabı, 2-3 Kasım 2018/Isparta.
• Hair, J. F., Black, W., Babin, B. J., Anderson, R. E. ve Tatham, R. L. (2010). Multivariate Data Analysis: A Global Perspective [Elektronik Sürüm]. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall.
• Hair, J. F., Risher, J. J., Sarstedt, M. ve Ringle, C. M. (2019). When to use and how to report the results of PLS-SEM. European Business Review, 31 (1), 2-24.
• Hao, M. J. ve Yazdanifard, R. (2015). How effective leadership can facilitate change in organizations through improvement and innovation. Global Journal of Management And Business Research, 15 (9), 1-6.
• Hayes, A. F. (2017). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach. Guilford publications.
• Henseler, J., Ringle, C. M. ve Sarstedt, M. (2015). A new criterion for assessing discriminant validity in variance-based structural equation modeling. Journal of the academy of marketing science, 43 (1), 115-135.
• Hisrich, R. D., Peters, M. P. ve Shepherd, D. A. (2017). Entrepreneurship (10 th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Education.
• Hoffman, N. P. (2000). An Examination of the "Sustainable Competitive Advantage" Concept: Past, Present, and Future. Academy of Marketing Science Review, 2000 (4), 1-16.
• Hoque, Z. (2004). A contingency model of the association between strategy, environmental uncertainty and performance measurement: impact on organizational performance. International business review, 13 (4), 485-502.
• Hosseini, A. S., Soltani, S. ve Mehdizadeh, M. (2018). Competitive Advantage and Its Impact on New Product Development Strategy (Case Study: Toos Nirro Technical Firm). Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity, 4 (2), 1-12.
• Jones, G. R. ve George, J. M. (1998). The experience and evolution of trust: Implications for cooperation and teamwork. Academy of management review, 23 (3), 531-546.
• Joseph, O. O. ve Kibera, F. (2019). Organizational culture and performance: Evidence from microfinance institutions in Kenya. SAGE Open, 9 (1), 1-11.
• Karagöz, Y. (2016). İstatistiksel Analizler, SPSS ve AMOS 23 Uygulamalı. 1. Baskı. Ankara: Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık.
• Karatay, M. (2008). Araştırmada örnekleme. Ankara Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 2 (5), 1-9.
• Khan, S. Z., Yang, Q. ve Waheed, A. (2019). Investment in intangible resources and capabilities spurs sustainable competitive advantage and firm performance. Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, 26 (2), 285-295.
• Klein, J. (2002). Beyond competitive advantage. Strategic Change, 11 (6), 317-327.
• Kline, R. B. (2011). Principles and Practice of Structural Equation Modeling (D. A. Kenny & T. D. Little Eds. Third ed.). New York: The Guılford Press: A Division of Guilford Publications, Inc.
• Kotter, J. P. ve Heskett, J. L. (1992). Corporate Culture and Performance. New York: Free Press.
• Kramer, L. (2018). What strategies do companies employ to increase market share?, Erişim Adresi: https://www.investopedia.com/ask/answers/031815/what-strategies-do-companies-employ-increase-market-share.asp (18.04.2019).
• Lakhal, L. (2009). Impact of quality on competitive advantage and organizational performance, Journal of the Operational Research Society, 60 (5), 637-645.
• Leal-Rodríguez, A. L., Albort-Morant, G. ve Martelo-Landroguez, S. (2017). Links between entrepreneurial culture, innovation, and performance: The moderating role of family firms. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 13, 819-835.
• Lebas, M. J. (1995). Performance measurement and performance management. International journal of production economics, 41 (1-3), 23-35.
• Lee, J. S. ve Hsieh, C. J. (2010). A research in relating entrepreneurship, marketing capability, innovative capability and sustained competitive advantage. Journal of Business & Economics Research, 8 (9), 109-119.
• Lee, M. ve Kim, H. (2017). Exploring the organizational culture’s moderating role of effects of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) on firm performance: Focused on corporate contributions in Korea. Sustainability, 9 (10):1883, 1-18.
• Lei, H., Le, P. B. ve Nguyen, H. T. H. (2017). How collaborative culture supports for competitive advantage: the mediating role of organizational learning. International Journal of Business Administration, 8 (2), 73-85.
• Li, S., Ragu-Nathan, B., Ragu-Nathan, T. S. ve Rao, S. S. (2006). The impact of supply chain management practices on competitive advantage and organizational performance. Omega, 34 (2), 107-124.
• Lynch, D. F., Keller, S. B. ve Ozment, J. (2000). The effects of logistics capabilities and strategy on firm performance. Journal of business logistics, 21 (2), 47-67.
• Madu, B. C. (2012). Organization Culture as Driver of Competitive Advantage. Journal of Academic and Business Ethics, 2 (4), 1-9.
• Madueke, C. V. ve Emerole, I. C. (2017). Organizational Culture and Employee Retention of Selected Commercial Banks in Anambra State. Saudi Journal of Business and Management Studies, 2 (3), 244-252.
• Majeed, S. (2011). The impact of competitive advantage on organizational performance. European Journal of Business and Management, 3 (4), 191-196.
• Masrek, M. N. ve Gaskin, J. E. (2016). Assessing users satisfaction with web digital library: the case of Universiti Teknologi Mara. The International Journal of Information and Learning Technology, 33 (1), 36-56.
• Matanda, M. ve Schroder, B. (2002). Environmental factors, supply chain capabilities and business performance in horticultural marketing channels. Journal on Chain and Network Science, 2 (1), 47-60.
• McClure, R. E. (2010). The influence of organizational culture and conflict on market orientation. Journal of Business & Industrial Marketing, 25 (7), 514-524.
• Morais, L. F. ve Graça, L. M. (2013). A glance at the competing values framework of Quinn and the Miles & Snow strategic models: Case studies in health organizations. Revista Portuguesa de Saúde Pública, 31 (2), 129-144.
• Munizu, M. (2013). The impact of total quality management practices towards competitive advantage and organizational performance: Case of fishery industry in South Sulawesi province of Indonesia. Pakistan Journal of Commerce and Social Sciences, 7 (1), 184-197.
• Naher, L., Asma, M. A. ve Ahmed, O. (2019). The Psychometrıc Propertıes Of The Academıc Self-Esteem Scale-Bangla. Bulgarian Journal of Science & Education Policy, 13 (2), 135-147.
• Naranjo-Valencia, J. C., Jiménez-Jiménez, D. ve Sanz-Valle, R. (2016). Studying the links between organizational culture, innovation, and performance in Spanish companies. Revista Latinoamericana de Psicología, 48 (1), 30-41.
• Newbert, S. L. (2008). Value, rareness, competitive advantage, and performance: a conceptual‐level empirical investigation of the resource‐based view of the firm. Strategic management journal, 29 (7), 745-768.
• Ojo, O. (2010). Organisational culture and corporate performance: Empirical evidence from Nigeria. Journal of Business System, Governance and Ethics, 5 (2), 1-12.
• Ojo, O. (2012). Influence of organizational culture on employee work behavior. International Journal of Contemporary Business Studies, 3 (11), 46-57.
• Özsomer, A., Calantone, R. J. ve Di Bonetto, A. (1997). What makes firms more innovative? A look at organizational and environmental factors. Journal of Business & Industrial Marketing, 12 (6), 400-416.
• Papatya, N. (2007). Sürdürülebilir Rekabetçi Üstünlük Sağlamada Stratejik Yönetim ve Pazarlama Odağı, Kaynak Tabanlı Görüş, Kavramsal ve Kuramsal Yaklaşım. 2. Baskı, Ankara: Asil Yayın Dağıtım.
• Pettigrew, A. M. (1979). On Studying Organizational Cultures. Administrative science quarterly, 24 (4), 570-581.
• Phusavat, K. ve Photaranon, W. (2006). Productivity/performance measurement. Industrial Management and Data Systems, 106 (9), 1272-1287.
• Porter, M. E. (1985). Competitive Advantage. New York: Free Press.
• Potjanajaruwit, P. (2018). Competitive advantage effects on firm performance: A Case study of startups in Thailand. Journal of International Studies, 11 (3), 104-111.
• Potter, P. W. (2014). Organizational Adaptation: Interorganizational Relationships and Environmental Uncertainty. Journal of Business and Economics, 5 (6), 896-903.
• Quynh, D. V. X. ve Huy, N. H. (2018). Supply Chain Management Practices, Competitive Advantages and Firm Performance: A Case of Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) in Vietnam. Journal of Modern Accounting and Auditing, 14 (3), 136-146.
• Ramadan, W. H. (2010). The Influence of Organizational Culture on Sustainable Competitive Advantage of Small & Medium Sized Establishments, E-Leader, Budapest. Rekabet Kurumu. (2014). Rekabet Terimleri Sözlüğü, Ankara.
• Richard, P. J., Devinney, T. M., Yip, G. S. ve Johnson, G. (2009). Measuring organizational performance: Towards methodological best practice. Journal of management, 35 (3), 718-804.
• Robbins, S. P. ve Judge, T. A. (2013). Organisational Behavior. 15th edition, Pearson Education Limited.
• Šalkauskienė, L. (2017). The Links between teamwork and sustainable development concepts to increase the competitiveness of the organisation. Profesinės studijos: teorija ir praktika, 3 (18), 51-57.
• Sanz-Valle, R., Naranjo-Valencia, J. C., Jiménez-Jiménez, D., ve Perez-Caballero, L. (2011). Linking organizational learning with technical innovation and organizational culture. Journal of Knowledge Management, 15 (6), 997-1015.
• Setyawati, S. M., Rosiana, M. ve Shariff, M. N. M. (2017). Competitive advantage as mediating variable on the relationship between innovation and business performance on SMES in Purwokerto Province. Saudi Journal of Business and Management Studies, 2 (7), 693-699.
• Silverthorne, C. (2004). The impact of organizational culture and person-organization fit on organizational commitment and job satisfaction in Taiwan. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 25 (7), 592-599.
• Singh, N. P. (2020). Managing environmental uncertainty for improved firm financial performance: the moderating role of supply chain risk management practices on managerial decision making. International Journal of Logistics Research and Applications, 23 (3), 270-290.
• Sørensen, J. B. (2002). The strength of corporate culture and the reliability of firm performance. Administrative science quarterly, 47 (1), 70-91.
• Tabachnick, B. G. ve Fidell, L. S. (2013). Using Multivariate Statistics, Sixth Edition. Pearson Education.
• Taouab, O. ve Issor, Z. (2019). Firm Performance: Definition and Measurement Models. European Scientific Journal, 15 (1), 93-106.
• Tseng, S. M. (2010). The correlation between organizational culture and knowledge conversion on corporate performance. Journal of knowledge management, 14 (2), 269-284.
• Tuan, N. P. ve Yoshi, T. (2010). Organisational capabilities, competitive advantage and performance in supporting industries in Vietnam. Asian Academy of Management Journal, 15 (1), 1-21.
• Tutar, H., ve Erdem, A. T. (2020). Örnekleriyle Bilimsel Araştırma Yöntemleri Ve-Spss Uygulamaları. Seçkin Yayıncılık.
• Uzunçarşılı, Ü., Toprak, M. ve Ersun, O. (2000). Şirket Kültürü ve İş Prensipleri. İstanbul Ticaret Odası, Yayın No: 2000-4.
• Valmohammadi, C. ve Roshanzamir, S. (2015). The guidelines of improvement: Relations among organizational culture, TQM and performance. International Journal of Production Economics, 164, 167-178.
• Wei, L. Q., Liu, J., Zhang, Y. ve Chiu, R. K. (2008). The role of corporate culture in the process of strategic human resource management: Evidence from Chinese enterprises. Human Resource Management, 47 (4), 777-794.
• Yesil, S. ve Kaya, A. (2013). The effect of organizational culture on firm financial performance: Evidence from a developing country. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 81, 428-437.
• Yıldırım, B. ve Şen, E. (2017). Stratejik İnsan Kaynakları Yönetiminin Kurumsal Performansa Etkisi: İstanbul Üniversitesi’nde Bir Uygulama. Yönetim ve Ekonomi Araştırmaları Dergisi, 15 (1), 23-40.
• Yu, C., Zhang, Z., Lin, C. ve Wu, Y. J. (2017). Knowledge cre ation process and sustainable competitive advantage: The role of technological innovation capabilities. Sustainability, 9 (12), 2280.
• Zhang, X., Majid, S. ve Foo, S. (2012). Perceived environmental uncertainty, information literacy and environmental scanning: towards a refined framework. Information Research, 17 (2).
• Zhang, Z. ve Zhu, X. (2012). Empirical Analysis of the Relationship between Or-ganizational Culture and Organizational Performance. In 2012 National Conference on Information Technology and Computer Science. Atlantis Press.
• Zhao, X., Lynch Jr, J. G. ve Chen, Q. (2010). Reconsidering Baron and Kenny: Myths and truths about mediation analysis. Journal of consumer research, 37 (2), 197-206.