Unravelling the Complex Nexus Between Technology Addiction, Cyber Victimization, Cyber Bullying, and Self-Esteem among Young People: A Multifaceted Study

Demet Akarçay Ulutaş; Emine Koç; Hatice Öden; Sena Dayı; Beyza Yüreğidinç; Esra Bilik; Hüsamettin Özdemir; Meryem Gündüz

doi:10.31455/asya.1571619

Araştırma Makalesi

Aagaard, J. (2021). Beyond the rhetoric of tech addiction: why we should be discussing tech habits instead (and how). Phenomenology and The Cognitive Sciences, 20(3), 559–572. https://doi.org/10.1007/S11097-020-09669-Z
Abeele, M. V., De Wolf, R., & Ling, R. (2018). Mobile media and social space: How anytime, anyplace connectivity structures everyday life. Media and Communication, 6(2), 5-14.
Abudusufuer, K., Yildirim, O., & Kumcağiz, H. (2022). Investigation of the Relationship Between Cyberbullying, Cyber Victimization and Psychopathological Symptoms. The Journal of Selcuk University Social Sciences Institute. 48, 278–288. https://doi.org/10.52642/susbed.1108775
Ademiluyi, A., Li, C., & Park, A. (2022). Implications and preventions of cyberbullying and social exclusion in social media: systematic review. JMIR formative research, 6(1), e30286.
Afolabi, A. A., Ilesanmi, O. S., Adebayo, A. M., & Aanuoluwapo, A. A. (2022). Prevalence and pattern of internet addiction among adolescents in Ibadan, Nigeria: a cross-sectional study. Cureus, 14(2).
Alotaibi, N. B., & Mukred, M. (2022). Factors affecting the cyber violence behavior among Saudi youth and its relation with the suiciding: A descriptive study on university students in Riyadh city of KSA. Technology in Society,68, 101863.
Alqassim, A. Y., Mahfouz, M. S., Hakami, M. M., Al Faqih, A. A., Shugairi, A. A., Alsanosy, M. R., ... & Alharbi, A. A. (2022). Depression, anxiety, stress and their association with the use of electronic devices among adolescents during the COVID‐19 pandemic. International Journal of Mental Health Promotion,24, 251-262.
Aminu, I. M., & Shariff, M. N. M. (2014). Strategic orientation, access to finance, business environment and SMEs performance in Nigeria: Data screening and preliminary analysis.European Journal of Business and Management,6(35), 124-132.
Anderson, C. A., & Dill, K. E. (2000). Video games and aggressive thoughts, feelings, and behavior in the laboratory and in life. Journal of personality and social psychology, 78(4), 772.
Andrade, C., & Matias, M. (2022). Work-related ICT use during off-job time, technology to family conflict and segmentation preference: a study with two generations of employees. Information, Communication & Society, 25(14), 2162-2171.
Asibong, U., Okafor, C. J., Asibong, I., Ayi, E., Omoronyia, O., & Owoidoho, U. (2020). Psychological distress and social media usage: A survey among undergraduates of a university in Calabar, Nigeria. Nigerian Postgraduate Medical Journal,27(2), 115-121.
Aslan, E. (1992). Benlik kavramı ve bireyin yaşamındaki etkileri. Marmara University Atatürk Education Faculty Journal of Educational Sciences, 4 (4), 7-14.
Aydin, F. (2017). Students views about relating to the problems in the class environment created by technology addiction. Ankara University Department of Computer and Instructional Technologies Educational Technology Program, Master Thesis.
Baladaniya, M. (2023). Digital Technology, Gaming, and Social Media: Understanding Addiction and Behaviour Problems in Children and Teenagers. Journal of Drugs Addiction & Therapeutics, 1–6. https://doi.org/10.47363/jdat/2023(4)135
Baldry, A. C., Farrington, D. P., & Sorrentino, A. (2015). “Am I at risk of cyberbullying”? A narrative review and conceptual framework for research on risk of cyberbullying and cybervictimization: The risk and needs assessment approach.Aggression and Violent Behavior, 23, 36-51.
Beran, T., & Li, Q. (2005). Cyber-harrasment: A new method for a behavior. Journal of Educational Comoputing Research, 32(3), 137- 153.
Boer, M., Stevens, G. W., Finkenauer, C., de Looze, M. E., & van den Eijnden, R. J. (2021). Social media use intensity, social media use problems, and mental health among adolescents: Investigating directionality and mediating processes. Computers in Human Behavior, 116, 106645.
Boer, M., Van Den Eijnden, R. J., Boniel-Nissim, M., Wong, S. L., Inchley, J. C., Badura, P., ... & Stevens, G. W. (2020). Adolescents’ intense and problematic social media use and their well-being in 29 countries.Journal of adolescent health,66(6), S89-S99.
Bokase, M. (2023). Exploring the Transformative Impact of Social Media on Behavior in Contemporary Society. Interdisciplinary Journal Papier Human Review. https://doi.org/10.47667/ijphr.v4i1.231
Bracken, B. A. (1996). Clinical applications of a context-dependent, multidimensional model of self-concept. In B. A. Bracken (Ed.), Handbook of self-concept: Developmental, social, and clinical considerations (pp. 463–504). New York: John Wiley & Sons.
Calvete, E. (2008). Justification of violence and grandiosity schemas as predictors of antisocial behavior in adolescents. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 36, 1083–1095.
Cañas, E., Estévez, E., Martínez-Monteagudo, M. C., & Delgado, B. (2020). Emotional adjustment in victims and perpetrators of cyberbullying and traditional bullying. Social Psychology of Education, 23(4), 917-942.
Caner, N., Efe, Y. S., & Başdaş, Ö. (2022). The contribution of social media addiction to adolescent LIFE: Social appearance anxiety. Current Psychology, 1-10.
Chamarro, A., Oberst, U., Cladellas, R., & Fuster, H. (2020). Effect of the frustration of psychological needs on addictive behaviors in mobile videogamers—the mediating role of use expectancies and time spent gaming. International journal of environmental research and public health, 17(17), 6429.
Cuadrado-Gordillo, I., & Fernández-Antelo, I. (2020). Connectivity as a mediating mechanism in the cybervictimization process. International journal of environmental research and public health, 17(12), 4567.
Çimke, S., & Cerit, E. (2021). Social media addiction, cyberbullying and cyber victimization of university students. Archives of psychiatric nursing, 35(5), 499-503.
Çuhadaroğlu, F. (1986). Adölesanlarda Benlik Saygısı. Hacettepe University Psychiatry Department of The Medical School, Dissertation.
De Jesus Costa, B., Simões, A. M., & Relva, I. C. (2023). Psychopathic traits and cyber dating abuse: Mediating effect of internet addiction in a university student sample. Journal of Forensic Psychology Research and Practice, 23(2), 113-135.
Ding, Y., Li, D., Li, X., Xiao, J., Zhang, H., & Wang, Y. (2020). Profiles of adolescent traditional and cyber bullying and victimization: The role of demographic, individual, family, school, and peer factors. Computers in Human Behavior, 111, 106439.
Donnellan, M., Trzesniewski, K., Robins, R., Moffitt, T., & Caspi, A. (2005). Low self-esteem ıs related to aggression, antisocial behavior, and delinquency. Psychological Science, 16(4), 328-335. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0956-7976.2005.01535.x
Kim, B. (2014). A Study on antecedents of user addiction in mobile messenger services. Journal of Digital Convergence, 12(3), 95–103. https://doi.org/10.14400/JDC.2014.12.3.95
Lemercier-Dugarin, M., Romo, L., Tijus, C., & Zerhouni, O. (2021). “Who are the Cyka Blyat?” How empathy, impulsivity, and motivations to play predict aggressive behaviors in multiplayer online games. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 24(1), 63-69.
Emre, O., Ulutaş, A., Nisan, F., Görgen, A. N., & Cumurcu, H. B. (2019). Analysis of the correlation between technology and ınternet addiction in undergraduate students. Batman University Journal of Life Sciences, 9(2), 167-182.
Erdur-Baker, Ö. (2010). Cyberbullying and its correlation to traditional bullying, gender and frequent and risky usage of internet-mediated communication tools. New Media & Society, 12(1), 109-125. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444809341260
Escario, J., Rodriguez-Sanchez, C., Sancho-Esper, F., & Barlés-Arizón, M. (2023). A quantitative analysis of factors related to adolescent cybervictimization in Spain: A multilevel logistic regression approach. Children and Youth Services Review. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2023.107170
Estévez, E., Estévez, J. F., Segura, L., & Suárez, C. (2019). The influence of bullying and cyberbullying in the psychological adjustment of victims and aggressors in adolescence. International journal of environmental research and public health, 16(12), 2080.
Fernandes, L., Diniz, R., Almeida, T., Neves, A., & Brito, J. (2021). Portuguese cyber victims’ self-esteem and gender in young adulthood. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma, 31, 133 - 147. https://doi.org/10.1080/10926771.2021.1970674
Finserås, T. R., Krossbakken, E., Pallesen, S., Mentzoni, R., King, D. L., Griffiths, M. D., & Molde, H. (2021). Near miss in a video game: An experimental study. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction,19, 418-428.
Fowler, J., Gullo, M. J., & Elphinston, R. A. (2020). Impulsivity traits and Facebook addiction in young people and the potential mediating role of coping styles. Personality and Individual Differences, 161, 109965.
Gan, X., Wang, P., Huang, C., Li, H., & Jin, X. (2022). Alienation from school and cyberbullying among Chinese middle school students: A moderated mediation model involving self-esteem and emotional intelligence. Frontiers in Public Health, 10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2022.903206
Geng, J., Bao, L., Wang, J., Wei, X., Zeng, P., & Lei, L. (2022). The maladaptive side of Internet altruists: Relationship between Internet altruistic behavior and cyberbullying victimization. Children and Youth Services Review, 134, 106362.
Gonzales, A. L., & Hancock, J. T. (2011). Mirror, mirror on my Facebook wall: Effects of exposure to Facebook on self- esteem. Cyberpsychology, Behavior and Social Networking, 14(1-2), 79-83.
Griffiths, M. (2005). A ‘components’ model of addiction within a biopsychosocial framework. Journal of Substance use, 10(4), 191-197.
Hou, X. L., Wang, H. Z., Hu, T. Q., Gentile, D. A., Gaskin, J., & Wang, J. L. (2019). The relationship between perceived stress and problematic social networking site use among Chinese college students. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 8(2), 306-317.
Huang, J., Zhong, Z., Zhang, H., & Li, L. (2021). Cyberbullying in social media and online games among Chinese college students and its associated factors. International journal of environmental research and public health,18(9), 4819.
Karaca, H. (2019). A Research on the relationship between the cyber bullying and victimization among secondary school students and internet addiction, functions of the family and the internet usage of the parents. Near East University Graduated School of Social Sciences, Master Thesis.
Kinch, J.W. (1963). A formalized theory of the self-concept. American Journal of Sociology, 68, 481-486.
Kline, R. B. (2011). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling (5th ed., pp. 3–427). New York: The Guilford Press.
Kuem, J., Ray, S., Hsu, P. F., & Khansa, L. (2021). Smartphone addiction and conflict: an incentive-sensitisation perspective of addiction for information systems. European Journal of Information Systems, 30(4), 403-424.
Kuss, D. J., & Griffiths, M. D. (2011). Online social networking and addiction - A review of the psychological literature. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health; 8(9), 3528-3552.
Liang, M., Duan, Q., Liu, J., Wang, X., & Zheng, H. (2023). Influencing factors of social media addiction: A systematic review. Aslib Journal of Information Management. https://doi.org/10.1108/ajim-10-2022-0476
Liu, Q., & Wu, J. (2023). What children learn in a digital home: The complex influence of parental mediation and smartphone interference. Education and Information Technologies, 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-023-12071-2
Longobardi, C., Settanni, M., Fabris, M. A., & Marengo, D. (2020). Follow or be followed: Exploring the links between Instagram popularity, social media addiction, cyber victimization, and subjective happiness in Italian adolescents. Children and youth services review, 113, 104955.
Lubis, M., & Handayani, D. O. D. (2022). The relationship of personal data protection towards internet addiction: Cyber crimes, pornography and reduced physical activity. Procedia Computer Science, 197, 151-161.
Lucas‐Molina, B., Pérez-Albéniz, A., Solbes-Canales, I., Ortuño-Sierra, J., & Fonseca-Pedrero, E. (2021). Bullying, Cyberbullying and Mental Health: The Role of Student Connectedness as a School Protective Factor. Psychosocial Intervention, 31, 33-41. https://doi.org/10.5093/pi2022a1
Macedo, A., Marques, C., Quaresma, V., Soares, M. J., Amaral, A. P., Araújo, A. I., & Pereira, A. T. (2017). Are perfectionism cognitions and cognitive emotion regulation strategies mediators between perfectionism and psychological distress? Personality and Individual Differences, 119, 46-51.
Mamun, M. A., Hossain, M. S., Siddique, A. B., Sikder, M. T., Kuss, D. J., & Griffiths, M. D. (2019). Problematic internet use in Bangladeshi students: the role of socio-demographic factors, depression, anxiety, and stress. Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 44, 48-54.
Marriott, T. C., & Buchanan, T. (2014). The true self online: Personality correlates of preference for self-expression online, and observer ratings of personality online and offline. Computers in Human Behavior, 32, 171-177.
Martínez-Monteagudo, M. C., Delgado, B., Inglés, C. J., & Escortell, R. (2020). Cyberbullying and social anxiety: a latent class analysis among Spanish adolescents. International journal of environmental research and public health, 17(2), 406.
Maurya, C., Muhammad, T., Dhillon, P., & Maurya, P. (2022). The effects of cyberbullying victimization on depression and suicidal ideation among adolescents and young adults: a three year cohort study from India. BMC psychiatry, 22(1), 1-14.
McKenna, K. Y., & Bargh, J. A. (2000). Plan 9 from cyberspace: The implications of the Internet for personality and social psychology. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 4(1), 57-75.
Moon, J., & Mello, Z. R. (2021). Time among the taunted: The moderating effect of time perspective on bullying victimization and self-esteem in adolescents. Journal of adolescence, 89, 170-182.
Moreno, M. A., Riddle, K., Jenkins, M. C., Singh, A. P., Zhao, Q., & Eickhoff, J. C. (2021). Measuring Problematic Internet Use, Internet Gaming Disorder and Social Media Addiction in young adults: A cross-sectional study. JMIR Public Health and Surveillance. https://doi.org/10.2196/27719
Mun, I. B., & Lee, S. (2023). A longitudinal study of the relationship between parents’ self-esteem and children’s digital media addiction: Testing the mediating roles of children’s self-esteem and aggression.The Social Science Journal, 1-14.
Oppong, D., Adjaottor, E. S., Addo, F. M., Nyaledzigbor, W., Ofori-Amanfo, A. S., Chen, H. P., & Ahorsu, D. K. (2022). The Mediating Role of Selfitis in the Associations between Self-Esteem, Problematic Social Media Use, Problematic Smartphone Use, Body-Self Appearance, and Psychological Distress among Young Ghanaian Adults. In Healthcare (Vol. 10, No. 12, p. 2500). Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
Ortega-Barón, J., Torralba, E., & Buelga, S. (2017). Distrés psicológico en adolescentes víctimas de cyberbullying || Psychological distress among adolescents victims of cyberbullying. 4(1), 10–17. https://doi.org/10.17979/REIPE.2017.4.1.1767
Özgüngör, S. (2014). Relationship Between Identity Statuses and Goal Orientations Based on University Students’ Self Esteem Levels. Pamukkale University Journal of Education, 35(1), 33-46.
Patchin, J. W., & Hinduja, S. (2010). Cyberbullying and Self-Esteem. Journal of School Health, 80(12), 614–621. https://doi.org/10.1111/J.1746-1561.2010.00548.X
Patel, M., & Quan-Haase, A. (2022). The social-ecological model of cyberbullying: Digital media as a predominant ecology in the everyday lives of youth. New Media & Society, 146144482211365. https://doi.org/10.1177/14614448221136508
Peña, F., Rojas-Solís, J. L., & García-Sánchez, P. V. (2018). Problematic internet use, cyberbullying and cyber dating violence among university students. Diversitas: Perspectivas en Psicología, 14(2), 205-219.
Postmes, T., & Spears, R. (1998). Deindividuation and antinormative behavior: A meta-analysis.Psychological Bulletin, 123(3), 238–259. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.123.3.238
Raouf, S. Y. A., Gabr, H. M., Al-Wutayd, O., & Al-Batanony, M. A. (2022). Video game disorder and mental wellbeing among university students: a cross-sectional study.The Pan African Medical Journal, 41.
Rogers C.R., (1961). On comining a person. Houghton. Boston. Romero-López, M., Pichardo, C., De Hoces, I., & García-Berbén, T. (2021). Problematic Internet use among university students and its relationship with social skills. Brain sciences, 11(10), 1301.
Rosenberg, M. (1965). Society and the adolescent self-image. New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
Rosenberg, M. (1986) Self-concept from middle childhood trough adolescence. Psychological Perspective on the Self In (pp.182-205), J Suls and AG Greenwald (eds.) Hillsdale.
Sert, H., Taskin Yilmaz, F., Karakoc Kumsar, A., & Aygin, D. (2019). Effect of technology addiction on academic success and fatigue among Turkish university students. Fatigue: Biomedicine, Health & Behavior, 7(1), 41-51.
Setiadi, R., Tini, T., Sukamto, E., & Kalsum, U. (2019). The risk of smartphone addiction to emotional mental disorders among junior high school students. Belitung Nursing Journal, 5(5), 197-203.
Sfeir, E., Hallit, S., Akel, M., Salameh, P., & Obeid, S. (2023). Smartphone addiction and personality traits among Lebanese adults: the mediating role of self-esteem. Psychology, Health & Medicine, 28(5), 1190-1200.
Skaalvik, E. M., & Hagtvet, K. A. (1990). Academic achievement and self-concept: An analysis of causal predominance in a developmental perspective. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58(2), 292-307.
Smith, A. C., Fowler, L. A., Graham, A. K., Jaworski, B. K., Firebaugh, M. L., Monterubio, G. E., ... & Fitzsimmons-Craft, E. E. (2021). Digital overload among college students: implications for mental health app use. Social Sciences, 10(8), 279.
Stavropoulos, V., Dumble, E., Cokorilo, S., Griffiths, M. D., & Pontes, H. M. (2019). The physical, emotional, and identity user-avatar association with disordered gaming: A pilot study. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 1-13.
Strohmeier, D., & Gradinger, P. (2022). Cyberbullying and Cyber Victimization as Online Risks for Children and Adolescents. European Psychologist, 27(2), 141–150. https://doi.org/10.1027/1016-9040/a000479
Su, W., Han, X., Yu, H., Wu, Y., & Potenza, M. N. (2020). Do men become addicted to internet gaming and women to social media? A meta-analysis examining gender-related differences in specific internet addiction. Computers in Human Behavior, 113, 106480.
Sun, Y., Shao, J., Li, J., & Jiang, Y. (2022). Internet addiction patterns of rural Chinese adolescents: Longitudinal predictive effects on depressive symptoms and problem behaviors.Journal of Pacific Rim Psychology,16, 18344909221105351.
Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2013). Using Multivariate Statistics (6th ed., pp. 1–983). New Jersey: Pearson Education Inc.
Tanseer, S., Razzaq, S., Liaqat, S., Moubeen, R., Rafiq, S., Sher, S., & Naz, F. (2024). Cyber Victimization, Social Self Efficacy and Self Esteem among Adults. https://doi.org/10.61919/jhrr.v4i2.730
Tian, Y., Qin, N., Cao, S., & Gao, F. (2021). Reciprocal associations between shyness, self-esteem, loneliness, depression and Internet addiction in Chinese adolescents. Addiction Research & Theory, 29(2), 98-110.
Topcu, Ç., & Erdur-Baker, Ö. (2010). The revised cyberbullying inventroy (RCBI): validty and reliability studies. Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences, 5, 660-664.
Topçu, Ç. (2014). Modelıng The Relationships Among Coping Strategies, Emotion Regulation, Rumination, and Perceived Socıal Support in Vıctıms of Cyber and Traditional Bullying. Middle East Technical University, Department of Educational Sciences, Doctoral Thesis.
Truzoli, R., Biscaldi, V., Valioni, E., Conte, S., Rovetta, C., & Casazza, G. (2024). Socio-demographic factors and different internet-use patterns have different impacts on internet addiction and entail different risk profiles in males and females: Factors Impact on internet addiction. Activitas Nervosa Superior Rediviva, 66(1), 18–29. https://doi.org/10.31577/ansr.2024.66.1.3
Tukuş, L. (2010). The self esteem ratingscale-short form. Kocaeli University Medical School, Dissertation. Twenge, J. M. (2020). Increases in depression, self‐harm, and suicide among US adolescents after 2012 and links to technology use: possible mechanisms. Psychiatric Research and Clinical Practice, 2(1), 19-25.
Uysal, C., & Haspolat, Y. K. (2024). Cyber Abuse and Bullying at Children. 87–117. https://doi.org/10.69860/nobel.9786053359265.5
Worsley, J. D., McIntyre, J. C., & Corcoran, R. (2019). Cyberbullying victimisation and mental distress: Testing the moderating role of attachment security, social support, and coping styles. Emotional and Behavioural Difficulties, 24(1), 20-35.
Yang, X., Yip, B. H. K., Lee, E. K. P., Zhang, D., & Wong, S. Y. S. (2021). The Relationship Between Technology Use and Problem Technology Use and Potential Psychosocial Mechanisms: Population-Based Telephone Survey in Community Adults During COVID-19. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 696271. https://doi.org/10.3389/FPSYG.2021.696271
You, Z., Zhang, Y., Zhang, L., Xu, Y., & Chen, X. (2019). How does self-esteem affect mobile phone addiction? The mediating role of social anxiety and interpersonal sensitivity. Psychiatry Research, 271, 526-531. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2018.12.040
Young, K. (1998). Internet addiction: The emergence of a new clinical disorder. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 1(3), 237-244.
Zhan, M., Cai, Y. D., & Guo, D. (2015). Discovering the influence of socioeconomic factors on online game behaviors. Extreme Science and Engineering Discovery Environment, 7. https://doi.org/10.1145/2792745.2792752

Gençlerde Teknoloji Bağımlılığı, Siber Mağduriyet, Siber Zorbalık ve Benlik Saygısı Arasındaki Karmaşık Bağlantının Çözümü: Çok Yönlü Bir Çalışma

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 9 Sayı: 33, 405 - 438, 25.09.2025

Demet Akarçay Ulutaş , Emine Koç , Hatice Öden , Sena Dayı , Beyza Yüreğidinç , Esra Bilik , Hüsamettin Özdemir , Meryem Gündüz

https://doi.org/10.31455/asya.1571619

Öz

Çalışma, gençler arasında teknoloji bağımlılığı, siber zorbalık, siber kurbanlık ve öz saygı arasındaki karmaşık ilişkileri incelemiştir. Örneklem, Konya’daki üniversitelerden farklı sosyoekonomik düzeylere sahip, çoğunluğu kadın olan 335 lisans öğrencisinden oluşmuştur. Sosyal medya, web sayfaları, dijital uygulamalar ve çevrimiçi oyunlarda geçirilen zaman gibi tanımlayıcı faktörleri incelemiş ve bu faktörlerin öngörücü gücünü korelasyon ve hiyerarşik regresyon analizleri aracılığıyla değerlendirmiştir. Bulgular, öz saygının doğrudan siber zorbalığı tahmin etmediğini, çevrimiçi oyun bağımlılığı ve siber kurbanlığın daha önemli tahmin ediciler olduğunu ortaya koymaktadır. Sürekli oyun oynama alışkanlığına sahip öğrencilerin teknoloji bağımlılığı puanları daha yüksek gözlemlenmiştir. Ayrıca, erkekler siber zorbalık ve siber kurbanlık için daha yüksek ortalama puanlar gösterirken, kadınların öz saygı için anlamlı derecede daha yüksek ortalama puanları olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Sürekli oyun oynayanlar ve sosyal medya üyeleri, siber zorbalık ve siber kurbanlık için daha yüksek ortalama puanlar sergilemiştir. Son olarak, siber kurbanlık, öz saygı ile teknoloji bağımlılığı arasındaki ilişkiyi anlamlı bir şekilde aracılık etmektedir; bu da siber kurbanlığın ele alınmasının öz saygıyı dolaylı olarak artırabileceği ve teknoloji bağımlılığını azaltabileceğini önermektedir. Çalışmanın sınırlılıkları arasında çalışmanın tanımlayıcı doğası ve başa çıkma mekanizmaları ile stres seviyeleri için ölçümlerin eksikliği yer almaktadır. Çalışma, bu olguların farklı yaş grupları arasındaki uzunlamasına özelliklerini anlamak için daha kapsamlı analizlere ihtiyaç duyulduğunu vurgulamaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Teknoloji Bağımlılığı , Benlik Saygısı , Siber Zorbalık , Siber Mağduriyet

Kaynakça

Aagaard, J. (2021). Beyond the rhetoric of tech addiction: why we should be discussing tech habits instead (and how). Phenomenology and The Cognitive Sciences, 20(3), 559–572. https://doi.org/10.1007/S11097-020-09669-Z
Abeele, M. V., De Wolf, R., & Ling, R. (2018). Mobile media and social space: How anytime, anyplace connectivity structures everyday life. Media and Communication, 6(2), 5-14.
Abudusufuer, K., Yildirim, O., & Kumcağiz, H. (2022). Investigation of the Relationship Between Cyberbullying, Cyber Victimization and Psychopathological Symptoms. The Journal of Selcuk University Social Sciences Institute. 48, 278–288. https://doi.org/10.52642/susbed.1108775
Ademiluyi, A., Li, C., & Park, A. (2022). Implications and preventions of cyberbullying and social exclusion in social media: systematic review. JMIR formative research, 6(1), e30286.
Afolabi, A. A., Ilesanmi, O. S., Adebayo, A. M., & Aanuoluwapo, A. A. (2022). Prevalence and pattern of internet addiction among adolescents in Ibadan, Nigeria: a cross-sectional study. Cureus, 14(2).
Alotaibi, N. B., & Mukred, M. (2022). Factors affecting the cyber violence behavior among Saudi youth and its relation with the suiciding: A descriptive study on university students in Riyadh city of KSA. Technology in Society,68, 101863.
Alqassim, A. Y., Mahfouz, M. S., Hakami, M. M., Al Faqih, A. A., Shugairi, A. A., Alsanosy, M. R., ... & Alharbi, A. A. (2022). Depression, anxiety, stress and their association with the use of electronic devices among adolescents during the COVID‐19 pandemic. International Journal of Mental Health Promotion,24, 251-262.
Aminu, I. M., & Shariff, M. N. M. (2014). Strategic orientation, access to finance, business environment and SMEs performance in Nigeria: Data screening and preliminary analysis.European Journal of Business and Management,6(35), 124-132.
Anderson, C. A., & Dill, K. E. (2000). Video games and aggressive thoughts, feelings, and behavior in the laboratory and in life. Journal of personality and social psychology, 78(4), 772.
Andrade, C., & Matias, M. (2022). Work-related ICT use during off-job time, technology to family conflict and segmentation preference: a study with two generations of employees. Information, Communication & Society, 25(14), 2162-2171.
Asibong, U., Okafor, C. J., Asibong, I., Ayi, E., Omoronyia, O., & Owoidoho, U. (2020). Psychological distress and social media usage: A survey among undergraduates of a university in Calabar, Nigeria. Nigerian Postgraduate Medical Journal,27(2), 115-121.
Aslan, E. (1992). Benlik kavramı ve bireyin yaşamındaki etkileri. Marmara University Atatürk Education Faculty Journal of Educational Sciences, 4 (4), 7-14.
Aydin, F. (2017). Students views about relating to the problems in the class environment created by technology addiction. Ankara University Department of Computer and Instructional Technologies Educational Technology Program, Master Thesis.
Baladaniya, M. (2023). Digital Technology, Gaming, and Social Media: Understanding Addiction and Behaviour Problems in Children and Teenagers. Journal of Drugs Addiction & Therapeutics, 1–6. https://doi.org/10.47363/jdat/2023(4)135
Baldry, A. C., Farrington, D. P., & Sorrentino, A. (2015). “Am I at risk of cyberbullying”? A narrative review and conceptual framework for research on risk of cyberbullying and cybervictimization: The risk and needs assessment approach.Aggression and Violent Behavior, 23, 36-51.
Beran, T., & Li, Q. (2005). Cyber-harrasment: A new method for a behavior. Journal of Educational Comoputing Research, 32(3), 137- 153.
Boer, M., Stevens, G. W., Finkenauer, C., de Looze, M. E., & van den Eijnden, R. J. (2021). Social media use intensity, social media use problems, and mental health among adolescents: Investigating directionality and mediating processes. Computers in Human Behavior, 116, 106645.
Boer, M., Van Den Eijnden, R. J., Boniel-Nissim, M., Wong, S. L., Inchley, J. C., Badura, P., ... & Stevens, G. W. (2020). Adolescents’ intense and problematic social media use and their well-being in 29 countries.Journal of adolescent health,66(6), S89-S99.
Bokase, M. (2023). Exploring the Transformative Impact of Social Media on Behavior in Contemporary Society. Interdisciplinary Journal Papier Human Review. https://doi.org/10.47667/ijphr.v4i1.231
Bracken, B. A. (1996). Clinical applications of a context-dependent, multidimensional model of self-concept. In B. A. Bracken (Ed.), Handbook of self-concept: Developmental, social, and clinical considerations (pp. 463–504). New York: John Wiley & Sons.
Calvete, E. (2008). Justification of violence and grandiosity schemas as predictors of antisocial behavior in adolescents. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 36, 1083–1095.
Cañas, E., Estévez, E., Martínez-Monteagudo, M. C., & Delgado, B. (2020). Emotional adjustment in victims and perpetrators of cyberbullying and traditional bullying. Social Psychology of Education, 23(4), 917-942.
Caner, N., Efe, Y. S., & Başdaş, Ö. (2022). The contribution of social media addiction to adolescent LIFE: Social appearance anxiety. Current Psychology, 1-10.
Chamarro, A., Oberst, U., Cladellas, R., & Fuster, H. (2020). Effect of the frustration of psychological needs on addictive behaviors in mobile videogamers—the mediating role of use expectancies and time spent gaming. International journal of environmental research and public health, 17(17), 6429.
Cuadrado-Gordillo, I., & Fernández-Antelo, I. (2020). Connectivity as a mediating mechanism in the cybervictimization process. International journal of environmental research and public health, 17(12), 4567.
Çimke, S., & Cerit, E. (2021). Social media addiction, cyberbullying and cyber victimization of university students. Archives of psychiatric nursing, 35(5), 499-503.
Çuhadaroğlu, F. (1986). Adölesanlarda Benlik Saygısı. Hacettepe University Psychiatry Department of The Medical School, Dissertation.
De Jesus Costa, B., Simões, A. M., & Relva, I. C. (2023). Psychopathic traits and cyber dating abuse: Mediating effect of internet addiction in a university student sample. Journal of Forensic Psychology Research and Practice, 23(2), 113-135.
Ding, Y., Li, D., Li, X., Xiao, J., Zhang, H., & Wang, Y. (2020). Profiles of adolescent traditional and cyber bullying and victimization: The role of demographic, individual, family, school, and peer factors. Computers in Human Behavior, 111, 106439.
Donnellan, M., Trzesniewski, K., Robins, R., Moffitt, T., & Caspi, A. (2005). Low self-esteem ıs related to aggression, antisocial behavior, and delinquency. Psychological Science, 16(4), 328-335. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0956-7976.2005.01535.x
Kim, B. (2014). A Study on antecedents of user addiction in mobile messenger services. Journal of Digital Convergence, 12(3), 95–103. https://doi.org/10.14400/JDC.2014.12.3.95
Lemercier-Dugarin, M., Romo, L., Tijus, C., & Zerhouni, O. (2021). “Who are the Cyka Blyat?” How empathy, impulsivity, and motivations to play predict aggressive behaviors in multiplayer online games. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 24(1), 63-69.
Emre, O., Ulutaş, A., Nisan, F., Görgen, A. N., & Cumurcu, H. B. (2019). Analysis of the correlation between technology and ınternet addiction in undergraduate students. Batman University Journal of Life Sciences, 9(2), 167-182.
Erdur-Baker, Ö. (2010). Cyberbullying and its correlation to traditional bullying, gender and frequent and risky usage of internet-mediated communication tools. New Media & Society, 12(1), 109-125. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444809341260
Escario, J., Rodriguez-Sanchez, C., Sancho-Esper, F., & Barlés-Arizón, M. (2023). A quantitative analysis of factors related to adolescent cybervictimization in Spain: A multilevel logistic regression approach. Children and Youth Services Review. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2023.107170
Estévez, E., Estévez, J. F., Segura, L., & Suárez, C. (2019). The influence of bullying and cyberbullying in the psychological adjustment of victims and aggressors in adolescence. International journal of environmental research and public health, 16(12), 2080.
Fernandes, L., Diniz, R., Almeida, T., Neves, A., & Brito, J. (2021). Portuguese cyber victims’ self-esteem and gender in young adulthood. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma, 31, 133 - 147. https://doi.org/10.1080/10926771.2021.1970674
Finserås, T. R., Krossbakken, E., Pallesen, S., Mentzoni, R., King, D. L., Griffiths, M. D., & Molde, H. (2021). Near miss in a video game: An experimental study. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction,19, 418-428.
Fowler, J., Gullo, M. J., & Elphinston, R. A. (2020). Impulsivity traits and Facebook addiction in young people and the potential mediating role of coping styles. Personality and Individual Differences, 161, 109965.
Gan, X., Wang, P., Huang, C., Li, H., & Jin, X. (2022). Alienation from school and cyberbullying among Chinese middle school students: A moderated mediation model involving self-esteem and emotional intelligence. Frontiers in Public Health, 10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2022.903206
Geng, J., Bao, L., Wang, J., Wei, X., Zeng, P., & Lei, L. (2022). The maladaptive side of Internet altruists: Relationship between Internet altruistic behavior and cyberbullying victimization. Children and Youth Services Review, 134, 106362.
Gonzales, A. L., & Hancock, J. T. (2011). Mirror, mirror on my Facebook wall: Effects of exposure to Facebook on self- esteem. Cyberpsychology, Behavior and Social Networking, 14(1-2), 79-83.
Griffiths, M. (2005). A ‘components’ model of addiction within a biopsychosocial framework. Journal of Substance use, 10(4), 191-197.
Hou, X. L., Wang, H. Z., Hu, T. Q., Gentile, D. A., Gaskin, J., & Wang, J. L. (2019). The relationship between perceived stress and problematic social networking site use among Chinese college students. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 8(2), 306-317.
Huang, J., Zhong, Z., Zhang, H., & Li, L. (2021). Cyberbullying in social media and online games among Chinese college students and its associated factors. International journal of environmental research and public health,18(9), 4819.
Karaca, H. (2019). A Research on the relationship between the cyber bullying and victimization among secondary school students and internet addiction, functions of the family and the internet usage of the parents. Near East University Graduated School of Social Sciences, Master Thesis.
Kinch, J.W. (1963). A formalized theory of the self-concept. American Journal of Sociology, 68, 481-486.
Kline, R. B. (2011). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling (5th ed., pp. 3–427). New York: The Guilford Press.
Kuem, J., Ray, S., Hsu, P. F., & Khansa, L. (2021). Smartphone addiction and conflict: an incentive-sensitisation perspective of addiction for information systems. European Journal of Information Systems, 30(4), 403-424.
Kuss, D. J., & Griffiths, M. D. (2011). Online social networking and addiction - A review of the psychological literature. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health; 8(9), 3528-3552.
Liang, M., Duan, Q., Liu, J., Wang, X., & Zheng, H. (2023). Influencing factors of social media addiction: A systematic review. Aslib Journal of Information Management. https://doi.org/10.1108/ajim-10-2022-0476
Liu, Q., & Wu, J. (2023). What children learn in a digital home: The complex influence of parental mediation and smartphone interference. Education and Information Technologies, 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-023-12071-2
Longobardi, C., Settanni, M., Fabris, M. A., & Marengo, D. (2020). Follow or be followed: Exploring the links between Instagram popularity, social media addiction, cyber victimization, and subjective happiness in Italian adolescents. Children and youth services review, 113, 104955.
Lubis, M., & Handayani, D. O. D. (2022). The relationship of personal data protection towards internet addiction: Cyber crimes, pornography and reduced physical activity. Procedia Computer Science, 197, 151-161.
Lucas‐Molina, B., Pérez-Albéniz, A., Solbes-Canales, I., Ortuño-Sierra, J., & Fonseca-Pedrero, E. (2021). Bullying, Cyberbullying and Mental Health: The Role of Student Connectedness as a School Protective Factor. Psychosocial Intervention, 31, 33-41. https://doi.org/10.5093/pi2022a1
Macedo, A., Marques, C., Quaresma, V., Soares, M. J., Amaral, A. P., Araújo, A. I., & Pereira, A. T. (2017). Are perfectionism cognitions and cognitive emotion regulation strategies mediators between perfectionism and psychological distress? Personality and Individual Differences, 119, 46-51.
Mamun, M. A., Hossain, M. S., Siddique, A. B., Sikder, M. T., Kuss, D. J., & Griffiths, M. D. (2019). Problematic internet use in Bangladeshi students: the role of socio-demographic factors, depression, anxiety, and stress. Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 44, 48-54.
Marriott, T. C., & Buchanan, T. (2014). The true self online: Personality correlates of preference for self-expression online, and observer ratings of personality online and offline. Computers in Human Behavior, 32, 171-177.
Martínez-Monteagudo, M. C., Delgado, B., Inglés, C. J., & Escortell, R. (2020). Cyberbullying and social anxiety: a latent class analysis among Spanish adolescents. International journal of environmental research and public health, 17(2), 406.
Maurya, C., Muhammad, T., Dhillon, P., & Maurya, P. (2022). The effects of cyberbullying victimization on depression and suicidal ideation among adolescents and young adults: a three year cohort study from India. BMC psychiatry, 22(1), 1-14.
McKenna, K. Y., & Bargh, J. A. (2000). Plan 9 from cyberspace: The implications of the Internet for personality and social psychology. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 4(1), 57-75.
Moon, J., & Mello, Z. R. (2021). Time among the taunted: The moderating effect of time perspective on bullying victimization and self-esteem in adolescents. Journal of adolescence, 89, 170-182.
Moreno, M. A., Riddle, K., Jenkins, M. C., Singh, A. P., Zhao, Q., & Eickhoff, J. C. (2021). Measuring Problematic Internet Use, Internet Gaming Disorder and Social Media Addiction in young adults: A cross-sectional study. JMIR Public Health and Surveillance. https://doi.org/10.2196/27719
Mun, I. B., & Lee, S. (2023). A longitudinal study of the relationship between parents’ self-esteem and children’s digital media addiction: Testing the mediating roles of children’s self-esteem and aggression.The Social Science Journal, 1-14.
Oppong, D., Adjaottor, E. S., Addo, F. M., Nyaledzigbor, W., Ofori-Amanfo, A. S., Chen, H. P., & Ahorsu, D. K. (2022). The Mediating Role of Selfitis in the Associations between Self-Esteem, Problematic Social Media Use, Problematic Smartphone Use, Body-Self Appearance, and Psychological Distress among Young Ghanaian Adults. In Healthcare (Vol. 10, No. 12, p. 2500). Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
Ortega-Barón, J., Torralba, E., & Buelga, S. (2017). Distrés psicológico en adolescentes víctimas de cyberbullying || Psychological distress among adolescents victims of cyberbullying. 4(1), 10–17. https://doi.org/10.17979/REIPE.2017.4.1.1767
Özgüngör, S. (2014). Relationship Between Identity Statuses and Goal Orientations Based on University Students’ Self Esteem Levels. Pamukkale University Journal of Education, 35(1), 33-46.
Patchin, J. W., & Hinduja, S. (2010). Cyberbullying and Self-Esteem. Journal of School Health, 80(12), 614–621. https://doi.org/10.1111/J.1746-1561.2010.00548.X
Patel, M., & Quan-Haase, A. (2022). The social-ecological model of cyberbullying: Digital media as a predominant ecology in the everyday lives of youth. New Media & Society, 146144482211365. https://doi.org/10.1177/14614448221136508
Peña, F., Rojas-Solís, J. L., & García-Sánchez, P. V. (2018). Problematic internet use, cyberbullying and cyber dating violence among university students. Diversitas: Perspectivas en Psicología, 14(2), 205-219.
Postmes, T., & Spears, R. (1998). Deindividuation and antinormative behavior: A meta-analysis.Psychological Bulletin, 123(3), 238–259. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.123.3.238
Raouf, S. Y. A., Gabr, H. M., Al-Wutayd, O., & Al-Batanony, M. A. (2022). Video game disorder and mental wellbeing among university students: a cross-sectional study.The Pan African Medical Journal, 41.
Rogers C.R., (1961). On comining a person. Houghton. Boston. Romero-López, M., Pichardo, C., De Hoces, I., & García-Berbén, T. (2021). Problematic Internet use among university students and its relationship with social skills. Brain sciences, 11(10), 1301.
Rosenberg, M. (1965). Society and the adolescent self-image. New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
Rosenberg, M. (1986) Self-concept from middle childhood trough adolescence. Psychological Perspective on the Self In (pp.182-205), J Suls and AG Greenwald (eds.) Hillsdale.
Sert, H., Taskin Yilmaz, F., Karakoc Kumsar, A., & Aygin, D. (2019). Effect of technology addiction on academic success and fatigue among Turkish university students. Fatigue: Biomedicine, Health & Behavior, 7(1), 41-51.
Setiadi, R., Tini, T., Sukamto, E., & Kalsum, U. (2019). The risk of smartphone addiction to emotional mental disorders among junior high school students. Belitung Nursing Journal, 5(5), 197-203.
Sfeir, E., Hallit, S., Akel, M., Salameh, P., & Obeid, S. (2023). Smartphone addiction and personality traits among Lebanese adults: the mediating role of self-esteem. Psychology, Health & Medicine, 28(5), 1190-1200.
Skaalvik, E. M., & Hagtvet, K. A. (1990). Academic achievement and self-concept: An analysis of causal predominance in a developmental perspective. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58(2), 292-307.
Smith, A. C., Fowler, L. A., Graham, A. K., Jaworski, B. K., Firebaugh, M. L., Monterubio, G. E., ... & Fitzsimmons-Craft, E. E. (2021). Digital overload among college students: implications for mental health app use. Social Sciences, 10(8), 279.
Stavropoulos, V., Dumble, E., Cokorilo, S., Griffiths, M. D., & Pontes, H. M. (2019). The physical, emotional, and identity user-avatar association with disordered gaming: A pilot study. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 1-13.
Strohmeier, D., & Gradinger, P. (2022). Cyberbullying and Cyber Victimization as Online Risks for Children and Adolescents. European Psychologist, 27(2), 141–150. https://doi.org/10.1027/1016-9040/a000479
Su, W., Han, X., Yu, H., Wu, Y., & Potenza, M. N. (2020). Do men become addicted to internet gaming and women to social media? A meta-analysis examining gender-related differences in specific internet addiction. Computers in Human Behavior, 113, 106480.
Sun, Y., Shao, J., Li, J., & Jiang, Y. (2022). Internet addiction patterns of rural Chinese adolescents: Longitudinal predictive effects on depressive symptoms and problem behaviors.Journal of Pacific Rim Psychology,16, 18344909221105351.
Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2013). Using Multivariate Statistics (6th ed., pp. 1–983). New Jersey: Pearson Education Inc.
Tanseer, S., Razzaq, S., Liaqat, S., Moubeen, R., Rafiq, S., Sher, S., & Naz, F. (2024). Cyber Victimization, Social Self Efficacy and Self Esteem among Adults. https://doi.org/10.61919/jhrr.v4i2.730
Tian, Y., Qin, N., Cao, S., & Gao, F. (2021). Reciprocal associations between shyness, self-esteem, loneliness, depression and Internet addiction in Chinese adolescents. Addiction Research & Theory, 29(2), 98-110.
Topcu, Ç., & Erdur-Baker, Ö. (2010). The revised cyberbullying inventroy (RCBI): validty and reliability studies. Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences, 5, 660-664.
Topçu, Ç. (2014). Modelıng The Relationships Among Coping Strategies, Emotion Regulation, Rumination, and Perceived Socıal Support in Vıctıms of Cyber and Traditional Bullying. Middle East Technical University, Department of Educational Sciences, Doctoral Thesis.
Truzoli, R., Biscaldi, V., Valioni, E., Conte, S., Rovetta, C., & Casazza, G. (2024). Socio-demographic factors and different internet-use patterns have different impacts on internet addiction and entail different risk profiles in males and females: Factors Impact on internet addiction. Activitas Nervosa Superior Rediviva, 66(1), 18–29. https://doi.org/10.31577/ansr.2024.66.1.3
Tukuş, L. (2010). The self esteem ratingscale-short form. Kocaeli University Medical School, Dissertation. Twenge, J. M. (2020). Increases in depression, self‐harm, and suicide among US adolescents after 2012 and links to technology use: possible mechanisms. Psychiatric Research and Clinical Practice, 2(1), 19-25.
Uysal, C., & Haspolat, Y. K. (2024). Cyber Abuse and Bullying at Children. 87–117. https://doi.org/10.69860/nobel.9786053359265.5
Worsley, J. D., McIntyre, J. C., & Corcoran, R. (2019). Cyberbullying victimisation and mental distress: Testing the moderating role of attachment security, social support, and coping styles. Emotional and Behavioural Difficulties, 24(1), 20-35.
Yang, X., Yip, B. H. K., Lee, E. K. P., Zhang, D., & Wong, S. Y. S. (2021). The Relationship Between Technology Use and Problem Technology Use and Potential Psychosocial Mechanisms: Population-Based Telephone Survey in Community Adults During COVID-19. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 696271. https://doi.org/10.3389/FPSYG.2021.696271
You, Z., Zhang, Y., Zhang, L., Xu, Y., & Chen, X. (2019). How does self-esteem affect mobile phone addiction? The mediating role of social anxiety and interpersonal sensitivity. Psychiatry Research, 271, 526-531. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2018.12.040
Young, K. (1998). Internet addiction: The emergence of a new clinical disorder. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 1(3), 237-244.
Zhan, M., Cai, Y. D., & Guo, D. (2015). Discovering the influence of socioeconomic factors on online game behaviors. Extreme Science and Engineering Discovery Environment, 7. https://doi.org/10.1145/2792745.2792752

Unravelling the Complex Nexus Between Technology Addiction, Cyber Victimization, Cyber Bullying, and Self-Esteem among Young People: A Multifaceted Study

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 9 Sayı: 33, 405 - 438, 25.09.2025

Demet Akarçay Ulutaş , Emine Koç , Hatice Öden , Sena Dayı , Beyza Yüreğidinç , Esra Bilik , Hüsamettin Özdemir , Meryem Gündüz

https://doi.org/10.31455/asya.1571619

Öz

This study examined the complex relationships between technology addiction, cyberbullying, cyber victimization, and self-esteem among young individuals. The sample consisted of 335 undergraduate students—mostly female—from universities in Konya with diverse socioeconomic backgrounds. The study analyzed descriptive factors such as time spent on social media, websites, digital applications, and online gaming and assessed their predictive power through correlation and hierarchical regression analyses. Findings revealed that self-esteem did not directly predict cyberbullying, while online gaming addiction and cyber victimization emerged as more significant predictors. Students with habitual gaming behavior exhibited higher technology addiction scores. Additionally, male participants showed significantly higher mean scores for both cyberbullying and cyber victimization, whereas female participants had significantly higher mean scores for self-esteem. Those who regularly played games or used social media also reported higher levels of cyberbullying and victimization. Importantly, the study found that cyber victimization significantly mediated the relationship between self-esteem and technology addiction, suggesting that addressing cyber victimization may indirectly enhance self-esteem and reduce technology dependency. The study’s limitations include its descriptive nature and the absence of measures related to coping mechanisms and stress levels. The study emphasizes the need for more comprehensive analyses to understand the longitudinal characteristics of these phenomena across different age groups.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Technology Addiction , Self-Esteem , Cyber-Bullying , Cyber Victimization

Kaynakça

Aagaard, J. (2021). Beyond the rhetoric of tech addiction: why we should be discussing tech habits instead (and how). Phenomenology and The Cognitive Sciences, 20(3), 559–572. https://doi.org/10.1007/S11097-020-09669-Z
Abeele, M. V., De Wolf, R., & Ling, R. (2018). Mobile media and social space: How anytime, anyplace connectivity structures everyday life. Media and Communication, 6(2), 5-14.
Abudusufuer, K., Yildirim, O., & Kumcağiz, H. (2022). Investigation of the Relationship Between Cyberbullying, Cyber Victimization and Psychopathological Symptoms. The Journal of Selcuk University Social Sciences Institute. 48, 278–288. https://doi.org/10.52642/susbed.1108775
Ademiluyi, A., Li, C., & Park, A. (2022). Implications and preventions of cyberbullying and social exclusion in social media: systematic review. JMIR formative research, 6(1), e30286.
Afolabi, A. A., Ilesanmi, O. S., Adebayo, A. M., & Aanuoluwapo, A. A. (2022). Prevalence and pattern of internet addiction among adolescents in Ibadan, Nigeria: a cross-sectional study. Cureus, 14(2).
Alotaibi, N. B., & Mukred, M. (2022). Factors affecting the cyber violence behavior among Saudi youth and its relation with the suiciding: A descriptive study on university students in Riyadh city of KSA. Technology in Society,68, 101863.
Alqassim, A. Y., Mahfouz, M. S., Hakami, M. M., Al Faqih, A. A., Shugairi, A. A., Alsanosy, M. R., ... & Alharbi, A. A. (2022). Depression, anxiety, stress and their association with the use of electronic devices among adolescents during the COVID‐19 pandemic. International Journal of Mental Health Promotion,24, 251-262.
Aminu, I. M., & Shariff, M. N. M. (2014). Strategic orientation, access to finance, business environment and SMEs performance in Nigeria: Data screening and preliminary analysis.European Journal of Business and Management,6(35), 124-132.
Anderson, C. A., & Dill, K. E. (2000). Video games and aggressive thoughts, feelings, and behavior in the laboratory and in life. Journal of personality and social psychology, 78(4), 772.
Andrade, C., & Matias, M. (2022). Work-related ICT use during off-job time, technology to family conflict and segmentation preference: a study with two generations of employees. Information, Communication & Society, 25(14), 2162-2171.
Asibong, U., Okafor, C. J., Asibong, I., Ayi, E., Omoronyia, O., & Owoidoho, U. (2020). Psychological distress and social media usage: A survey among undergraduates of a university in Calabar, Nigeria. Nigerian Postgraduate Medical Journal,27(2), 115-121.
Aslan, E. (1992). Benlik kavramı ve bireyin yaşamındaki etkileri. Marmara University Atatürk Education Faculty Journal of Educational Sciences, 4 (4), 7-14.
Aydin, F. (2017). Students views about relating to the problems in the class environment created by technology addiction. Ankara University Department of Computer and Instructional Technologies Educational Technology Program, Master Thesis.
Baladaniya, M. (2023). Digital Technology, Gaming, and Social Media: Understanding Addiction and Behaviour Problems in Children and Teenagers. Journal of Drugs Addiction & Therapeutics, 1–6. https://doi.org/10.47363/jdat/2023(4)135
Baldry, A. C., Farrington, D. P., & Sorrentino, A. (2015). “Am I at risk of cyberbullying”? A narrative review and conceptual framework for research on risk of cyberbullying and cybervictimization: The risk and needs assessment approach.Aggression and Violent Behavior, 23, 36-51.
Beran, T., & Li, Q. (2005). Cyber-harrasment: A new method for a behavior. Journal of Educational Comoputing Research, 32(3), 137- 153.
Boer, M., Stevens, G. W., Finkenauer, C., de Looze, M. E., & van den Eijnden, R. J. (2021). Social media use intensity, social media use problems, and mental health among adolescents: Investigating directionality and mediating processes. Computers in Human Behavior, 116, 106645.
Boer, M., Van Den Eijnden, R. J., Boniel-Nissim, M., Wong, S. L., Inchley, J. C., Badura, P., ... & Stevens, G. W. (2020). Adolescents’ intense and problematic social media use and their well-being in 29 countries.Journal of adolescent health,66(6), S89-S99.
Bokase, M. (2023). Exploring the Transformative Impact of Social Media on Behavior in Contemporary Society. Interdisciplinary Journal Papier Human Review. https://doi.org/10.47667/ijphr.v4i1.231
Bracken, B. A. (1996). Clinical applications of a context-dependent, multidimensional model of self-concept. In B. A. Bracken (Ed.), Handbook of self-concept: Developmental, social, and clinical considerations (pp. 463–504). New York: John Wiley & Sons.
Calvete, E. (2008). Justification of violence and grandiosity schemas as predictors of antisocial behavior in adolescents. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 36, 1083–1095.
Cañas, E., Estévez, E., Martínez-Monteagudo, M. C., & Delgado, B. (2020). Emotional adjustment in victims and perpetrators of cyberbullying and traditional bullying. Social Psychology of Education, 23(4), 917-942.
Caner, N., Efe, Y. S., & Başdaş, Ö. (2022). The contribution of social media addiction to adolescent LIFE: Social appearance anxiety. Current Psychology, 1-10.
Chamarro, A., Oberst, U., Cladellas, R., & Fuster, H. (2020). Effect of the frustration of psychological needs on addictive behaviors in mobile videogamers—the mediating role of use expectancies and time spent gaming. International journal of environmental research and public health, 17(17), 6429.
Cuadrado-Gordillo, I., & Fernández-Antelo, I. (2020). Connectivity as a mediating mechanism in the cybervictimization process. International journal of environmental research and public health, 17(12), 4567.
Çimke, S., & Cerit, E. (2021). Social media addiction, cyberbullying and cyber victimization of university students. Archives of psychiatric nursing, 35(5), 499-503.
Çuhadaroğlu, F. (1986). Adölesanlarda Benlik Saygısı. Hacettepe University Psychiatry Department of The Medical School, Dissertation.
De Jesus Costa, B., Simões, A. M., & Relva, I. C. (2023). Psychopathic traits and cyber dating abuse: Mediating effect of internet addiction in a university student sample. Journal of Forensic Psychology Research and Practice, 23(2), 113-135.
Ding, Y., Li, D., Li, X., Xiao, J., Zhang, H., & Wang, Y. (2020). Profiles of adolescent traditional and cyber bullying and victimization: The role of demographic, individual, family, school, and peer factors. Computers in Human Behavior, 111, 106439.
Donnellan, M., Trzesniewski, K., Robins, R., Moffitt, T., & Caspi, A. (2005). Low self-esteem ıs related to aggression, antisocial behavior, and delinquency. Psychological Science, 16(4), 328-335. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0956-7976.2005.01535.x
Kim, B. (2014). A Study on antecedents of user addiction in mobile messenger services. Journal of Digital Convergence, 12(3), 95–103. https://doi.org/10.14400/JDC.2014.12.3.95
Lemercier-Dugarin, M., Romo, L., Tijus, C., & Zerhouni, O. (2021). “Who are the Cyka Blyat?” How empathy, impulsivity, and motivations to play predict aggressive behaviors in multiplayer online games. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 24(1), 63-69.
Emre, O., Ulutaş, A., Nisan, F., Görgen, A. N., & Cumurcu, H. B. (2019). Analysis of the correlation between technology and ınternet addiction in undergraduate students. Batman University Journal of Life Sciences, 9(2), 167-182.
Erdur-Baker, Ö. (2010). Cyberbullying and its correlation to traditional bullying, gender and frequent and risky usage of internet-mediated communication tools. New Media & Society, 12(1), 109-125. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444809341260
Escario, J., Rodriguez-Sanchez, C., Sancho-Esper, F., & Barlés-Arizón, M. (2023). A quantitative analysis of factors related to adolescent cybervictimization in Spain: A multilevel logistic regression approach. Children and Youth Services Review. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2023.107170
Estévez, E., Estévez, J. F., Segura, L., & Suárez, C. (2019). The influence of bullying and cyberbullying in the psychological adjustment of victims and aggressors in adolescence. International journal of environmental research and public health, 16(12), 2080.
Fernandes, L., Diniz, R., Almeida, T., Neves, A., & Brito, J. (2021). Portuguese cyber victims’ self-esteem and gender in young adulthood. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma, 31, 133 - 147. https://doi.org/10.1080/10926771.2021.1970674
Finserås, T. R., Krossbakken, E., Pallesen, S., Mentzoni, R., King, D. L., Griffiths, M. D., & Molde, H. (2021). Near miss in a video game: An experimental study. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction,19, 418-428.
Fowler, J., Gullo, M. J., & Elphinston, R. A. (2020). Impulsivity traits and Facebook addiction in young people and the potential mediating role of coping styles. Personality and Individual Differences, 161, 109965.
Gan, X., Wang, P., Huang, C., Li, H., & Jin, X. (2022). Alienation from school and cyberbullying among Chinese middle school students: A moderated mediation model involving self-esteem and emotional intelligence. Frontiers in Public Health, 10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2022.903206
Geng, J., Bao, L., Wang, J., Wei, X., Zeng, P., & Lei, L. (2022). The maladaptive side of Internet altruists: Relationship between Internet altruistic behavior and cyberbullying victimization. Children and Youth Services Review, 134, 106362.
Gonzales, A. L., & Hancock, J. T. (2011). Mirror, mirror on my Facebook wall: Effects of exposure to Facebook on self- esteem. Cyberpsychology, Behavior and Social Networking, 14(1-2), 79-83.
Griffiths, M. (2005). A ‘components’ model of addiction within a biopsychosocial framework. Journal of Substance use, 10(4), 191-197.
Hou, X. L., Wang, H. Z., Hu, T. Q., Gentile, D. A., Gaskin, J., & Wang, J. L. (2019). The relationship between perceived stress and problematic social networking site use among Chinese college students. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 8(2), 306-317.
Huang, J., Zhong, Z., Zhang, H., & Li, L. (2021). Cyberbullying in social media and online games among Chinese college students and its associated factors. International journal of environmental research and public health,18(9), 4819.
Karaca, H. (2019). A Research on the relationship between the cyber bullying and victimization among secondary school students and internet addiction, functions of the family and the internet usage of the parents. Near East University Graduated School of Social Sciences, Master Thesis.
Kinch, J.W. (1963). A formalized theory of the self-concept. American Journal of Sociology, 68, 481-486.
Kline, R. B. (2011). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling (5th ed., pp. 3–427). New York: The Guilford Press.
Kuem, J., Ray, S., Hsu, P. F., & Khansa, L. (2021). Smartphone addiction and conflict: an incentive-sensitisation perspective of addiction for information systems. European Journal of Information Systems, 30(4), 403-424.
Kuss, D. J., & Griffiths, M. D. (2011). Online social networking and addiction - A review of the psychological literature. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health; 8(9), 3528-3552.
Liang, M., Duan, Q., Liu, J., Wang, X., & Zheng, H. (2023). Influencing factors of social media addiction: A systematic review. Aslib Journal of Information Management. https://doi.org/10.1108/ajim-10-2022-0476
Liu, Q., & Wu, J. (2023). What children learn in a digital home: The complex influence of parental mediation and smartphone interference. Education and Information Technologies, 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-023-12071-2
Longobardi, C., Settanni, M., Fabris, M. A., & Marengo, D. (2020). Follow or be followed: Exploring the links between Instagram popularity, social media addiction, cyber victimization, and subjective happiness in Italian adolescents. Children and youth services review, 113, 104955.
Lubis, M., & Handayani, D. O. D. (2022). The relationship of personal data protection towards internet addiction: Cyber crimes, pornography and reduced physical activity. Procedia Computer Science, 197, 151-161.
Lucas‐Molina, B., Pérez-Albéniz, A., Solbes-Canales, I., Ortuño-Sierra, J., & Fonseca-Pedrero, E. (2021). Bullying, Cyberbullying and Mental Health: The Role of Student Connectedness as a School Protective Factor. Psychosocial Intervention, 31, 33-41. https://doi.org/10.5093/pi2022a1
Macedo, A., Marques, C., Quaresma, V., Soares, M. J., Amaral, A. P., Araújo, A. I., & Pereira, A. T. (2017). Are perfectionism cognitions and cognitive emotion regulation strategies mediators between perfectionism and psychological distress? Personality and Individual Differences, 119, 46-51.
Mamun, M. A., Hossain, M. S., Siddique, A. B., Sikder, M. T., Kuss, D. J., & Griffiths, M. D. (2019). Problematic internet use in Bangladeshi students: the role of socio-demographic factors, depression, anxiety, and stress. Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 44, 48-54.
Marriott, T. C., & Buchanan, T. (2014). The true self online: Personality correlates of preference for self-expression online, and observer ratings of personality online and offline. Computers in Human Behavior, 32, 171-177.
Martínez-Monteagudo, M. C., Delgado, B., Inglés, C. J., & Escortell, R. (2020). Cyberbullying and social anxiety: a latent class analysis among Spanish adolescents. International journal of environmental research and public health, 17(2), 406.
Maurya, C., Muhammad, T., Dhillon, P., & Maurya, P. (2022). The effects of cyberbullying victimization on depression and suicidal ideation among adolescents and young adults: a three year cohort study from India. BMC psychiatry, 22(1), 1-14.
McKenna, K. Y., & Bargh, J. A. (2000). Plan 9 from cyberspace: The implications of the Internet for personality and social psychology. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 4(1), 57-75.
Moon, J., & Mello, Z. R. (2021). Time among the taunted: The moderating effect of time perspective on bullying victimization and self-esteem in adolescents. Journal of adolescence, 89, 170-182.
Moreno, M. A., Riddle, K., Jenkins, M. C., Singh, A. P., Zhao, Q., & Eickhoff, J. C. (2021). Measuring Problematic Internet Use, Internet Gaming Disorder and Social Media Addiction in young adults: A cross-sectional study. JMIR Public Health and Surveillance. https://doi.org/10.2196/27719
Mun, I. B., & Lee, S. (2023). A longitudinal study of the relationship between parents’ self-esteem and children’s digital media addiction: Testing the mediating roles of children’s self-esteem and aggression.The Social Science Journal, 1-14.
Oppong, D., Adjaottor, E. S., Addo, F. M., Nyaledzigbor, W., Ofori-Amanfo, A. S., Chen, H. P., & Ahorsu, D. K. (2022). The Mediating Role of Selfitis in the Associations between Self-Esteem, Problematic Social Media Use, Problematic Smartphone Use, Body-Self Appearance, and Psychological Distress among Young Ghanaian Adults. In Healthcare (Vol. 10, No. 12, p. 2500). Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
Ortega-Barón, J., Torralba, E., & Buelga, S. (2017). Distrés psicológico en adolescentes víctimas de cyberbullying || Psychological distress among adolescents victims of cyberbullying. 4(1), 10–17. https://doi.org/10.17979/REIPE.2017.4.1.1767
Özgüngör, S. (2014). Relationship Between Identity Statuses and Goal Orientations Based on University Students’ Self Esteem Levels. Pamukkale University Journal of Education, 35(1), 33-46.
Patchin, J. W., & Hinduja, S. (2010). Cyberbullying and Self-Esteem. Journal of School Health, 80(12), 614–621. https://doi.org/10.1111/J.1746-1561.2010.00548.X
Patel, M., & Quan-Haase, A. (2022). The social-ecological model of cyberbullying: Digital media as a predominant ecology in the everyday lives of youth. New Media & Society, 146144482211365. https://doi.org/10.1177/14614448221136508
Peña, F., Rojas-Solís, J. L., & García-Sánchez, P. V. (2018). Problematic internet use, cyberbullying and cyber dating violence among university students. Diversitas: Perspectivas en Psicología, 14(2), 205-219.
Postmes, T., & Spears, R. (1998). Deindividuation and antinormative behavior: A meta-analysis.Psychological Bulletin, 123(3), 238–259. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.123.3.238
Raouf, S. Y. A., Gabr, H. M., Al-Wutayd, O., & Al-Batanony, M. A. (2022). Video game disorder and mental wellbeing among university students: a cross-sectional study.The Pan African Medical Journal, 41.
Rogers C.R., (1961). On comining a person. Houghton. Boston. Romero-López, M., Pichardo, C., De Hoces, I., & García-Berbén, T. (2021). Problematic Internet use among university students and its relationship with social skills. Brain sciences, 11(10), 1301.
Rosenberg, M. (1965). Society and the adolescent self-image. New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
Rosenberg, M. (1986) Self-concept from middle childhood trough adolescence. Psychological Perspective on the Self In (pp.182-205), J Suls and AG Greenwald (eds.) Hillsdale.
Sert, H., Taskin Yilmaz, F., Karakoc Kumsar, A., & Aygin, D. (2019). Effect of technology addiction on academic success and fatigue among Turkish university students. Fatigue: Biomedicine, Health & Behavior, 7(1), 41-51.
Setiadi, R., Tini, T., Sukamto, E., & Kalsum, U. (2019). The risk of smartphone addiction to emotional mental disorders among junior high school students. Belitung Nursing Journal, 5(5), 197-203.
Sfeir, E., Hallit, S., Akel, M., Salameh, P., & Obeid, S. (2023). Smartphone addiction and personality traits among Lebanese adults: the mediating role of self-esteem. Psychology, Health & Medicine, 28(5), 1190-1200.
Skaalvik, E. M., & Hagtvet, K. A. (1990). Academic achievement and self-concept: An analysis of causal predominance in a developmental perspective. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58(2), 292-307.
Smith, A. C., Fowler, L. A., Graham, A. K., Jaworski, B. K., Firebaugh, M. L., Monterubio, G. E., ... & Fitzsimmons-Craft, E. E. (2021). Digital overload among college students: implications for mental health app use. Social Sciences, 10(8), 279.
Stavropoulos, V., Dumble, E., Cokorilo, S., Griffiths, M. D., & Pontes, H. M. (2019). The physical, emotional, and identity user-avatar association with disordered gaming: A pilot study. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 1-13.
Strohmeier, D., & Gradinger, P. (2022). Cyberbullying and Cyber Victimization as Online Risks for Children and Adolescents. European Psychologist, 27(2), 141–150. https://doi.org/10.1027/1016-9040/a000479
Su, W., Han, X., Yu, H., Wu, Y., & Potenza, M. N. (2020). Do men become addicted to internet gaming and women to social media? A meta-analysis examining gender-related differences in specific internet addiction. Computers in Human Behavior, 113, 106480.
Sun, Y., Shao, J., Li, J., & Jiang, Y. (2022). Internet addiction patterns of rural Chinese adolescents: Longitudinal predictive effects on depressive symptoms and problem behaviors.Journal of Pacific Rim Psychology,16, 18344909221105351.
Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2013). Using Multivariate Statistics (6th ed., pp. 1–983). New Jersey: Pearson Education Inc.
Tanseer, S., Razzaq, S., Liaqat, S., Moubeen, R., Rafiq, S., Sher, S., & Naz, F. (2024). Cyber Victimization, Social Self Efficacy and Self Esteem among Adults. https://doi.org/10.61919/jhrr.v4i2.730
Tian, Y., Qin, N., Cao, S., & Gao, F. (2021). Reciprocal associations between shyness, self-esteem, loneliness, depression and Internet addiction in Chinese adolescents. Addiction Research & Theory, 29(2), 98-110.
Topcu, Ç., & Erdur-Baker, Ö. (2010). The revised cyberbullying inventroy (RCBI): validty and reliability studies. Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences, 5, 660-664.
Topçu, Ç. (2014). Modelıng The Relationships Among Coping Strategies, Emotion Regulation, Rumination, and Perceived Socıal Support in Vıctıms of Cyber and Traditional Bullying. Middle East Technical University, Department of Educational Sciences, Doctoral Thesis.
Truzoli, R., Biscaldi, V., Valioni, E., Conte, S., Rovetta, C., & Casazza, G. (2024). Socio-demographic factors and different internet-use patterns have different impacts on internet addiction and entail different risk profiles in males and females: Factors Impact on internet addiction. Activitas Nervosa Superior Rediviva, 66(1), 18–29. https://doi.org/10.31577/ansr.2024.66.1.3
Tukuş, L. (2010). The self esteem ratingscale-short form. Kocaeli University Medical School, Dissertation. Twenge, J. M. (2020). Increases in depression, self‐harm, and suicide among US adolescents after 2012 and links to technology use: possible mechanisms. Psychiatric Research and Clinical Practice, 2(1), 19-25.
Uysal, C., & Haspolat, Y. K. (2024). Cyber Abuse and Bullying at Children. 87–117. https://doi.org/10.69860/nobel.9786053359265.5
Worsley, J. D., McIntyre, J. C., & Corcoran, R. (2019). Cyberbullying victimisation and mental distress: Testing the moderating role of attachment security, social support, and coping styles. Emotional and Behavioural Difficulties, 24(1), 20-35.
Yang, X., Yip, B. H. K., Lee, E. K. P., Zhang, D., & Wong, S. Y. S. (2021). The Relationship Between Technology Use and Problem Technology Use and Potential Psychosocial Mechanisms: Population-Based Telephone Survey in Community Adults During COVID-19. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 696271. https://doi.org/10.3389/FPSYG.2021.696271
You, Z., Zhang, Y., Zhang, L., Xu, Y., & Chen, X. (2019). How does self-esteem affect mobile phone addiction? The mediating role of social anxiety and interpersonal sensitivity. Psychiatry Research, 271, 526-531. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2018.12.040
Young, K. (1998). Internet addiction: The emergence of a new clinical disorder. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 1(3), 237-244.
Zhan, M., Cai, Y. D., & Guo, D. (2015). Discovering the influence of socioeconomic factors on online game behaviors. Extreme Science and Engineering Discovery Environment, 7. https://doi.org/10.1145/2792745.2792752

Toplam 97 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil	İngilizce
Konular	Danışmanlık, Refah ve Toplum Hizmetleri
Bölüm	Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar	Demet Akarçay Ulutaş 0000-0001-5872-2549 Emine Koç 0009-0003-7643-7444 Hatice Öden 0009-0006-4101-4021 Sena Dayı 0009-0003-3284-8460 Beyza Yüreğidinç 0009-0005-2455-8927 Esra Bilik 0009-0001-8477-4083 Hüsamettin Özdemir 0009-0001-7319-4999 Meryem Gündüz 0009-0007-3135-8901
Yayımlanma Tarihi	25 Eylül 2025
Gönderilme Tarihi	22 Ekim 2024
Kabul Tarihi	24 Eylül 2025
Yayımlandığı Sayı	Yıl 2025 Cilt: 9 Sayı: 33

Kaynak Göster

APA	Akarçay Ulutaş, D., Koç, E., Öden, H., … Dayı, S. (2025). Unravelling the Complex Nexus Between Technology Addiction, Cyber Victimization, Cyber Bullying, and Self-Esteem among Young People: A Multifaceted Study. Asya Studies, 9(33), 405-438. https://doi.org/10.31455/asya.1571619

Kapak Resmi İndir

Makale Dosyaları

Tam Metin

Asya Studies dergisinde yer alan eserler Creative Commons Atıf 4.0 Uluslararası Lisansı ile lisanslanmıştır.