BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

-

Yıl 2015, , 114 - 129, 28.12.2015
https://doi.org/10.17123/atad.vol26iss179557

Öz

This article assesses the status of hierarchical leisure constraints theory (Crawford & Godbey, 1987; Crawford, Jackson, & Godbey 1991) regarding many issues. Such issues include clarification and elaboration of some aspects of the original model, a review of studies which have used or examined the model and the extent to which they are confirmatory, critiques of the original model by various authors, and avenues for further research. Conclusions drawn include that the model is cross culturally relevant, that the model may examine forms of behavior other than leisure, and that, while research to date has been largely confirmatory, there is a high potential for the theory to be expanded in order to advance leisure constraints research to the next level

Kaynakça

  • Alexandris, K. ve Carroll, B. (1997a). An Analysis of Leisure Constraints Based on Different Recreational Sport Participation
  • Levels: Results from a Study in Greece, Leisure Sciences, 19: 1-15.
  • Alexandris, K. ve Carroll, B. (1997b). Demographic Differences in the Perception of Con-straints on Recreational Sport Participation: Results from a Study in Greece, Leisure Studies, 16 (2): 107-125.
  • Alexandris, K., Grouios, G., Tsorbatzoudis, H. ve Bliatsou, P. (2001). Relationship be¬tween Perceived Constraints and Commitment to Recreational Sport Participation of University Students in Greece, International Journal of Sport Management, 2: 282-297.
  • Alexandris, K., Tsorbatzoudis, C. ve Grouios, G. (2002). Perceived Constraints on Rec-reational Sport Participation: Investigating Their Relationship with Intrinsic Motivation, Extrinsic Motivation and Amotivation, Journal of Leisure Research, 34 (3): 233-252.
  • Arab-Moghaddam, N., Henderson K. A. ve Sheikholeslami, R. (2007). Women’s Leisure and Constraints to Participation: Iranian Perspectives, Journal of Leisure Research, 39 (1): 109-126.
  • Auster, C. J. (2001). Transcending Potential Antecedent Leisure Constraints: The Case of Women Motorcycle Operators, Journal of Leisure Research, 33 (3): 272-298.
  • Backman, S. (1991). An Investigation of the Relationship between Activity Loyalty and Perceived Constraints, Journal of
  • Leisure Research, 23: 332-344.
  • Backman, S. J. ve Crompton, J. L. (1989). Discriminating Between Continuers and Discontinuers of Two Public Leisure
  • Services, Journal of Park and Recreation Administration, 7: 56-71.
  • Backman, S. J. ve Crompton, J. L. (1990). Differentiating Between Active and Passive Discontinuers of Two Leisure Activities, Journal of Leisure Research, 22: 197-212.
  • Berger, P. ve Luckmann, T. (1966). The Social Construction of Reality: A Treatise in the Sociology of Knowledge. Garden City, NY: Doubleday & Company.
  • Brown, T. A. (2006). Confirmatory Factor Analysis for Applied Research. New York, NY: Guiford Press.
  • Brown, P. R., Brown, Y. M. ve Hansen, V. (2001). Perceived Constraints and Social Support for Active Leisure among Mothers with Your Children, Leisure Sciences, 23: 131-144.
  • Burns, R. C. ve Graefe, A. R. (2007). Constraints to Outdoor Recreation: Exploring the Effects of Disabilities on Perceptions
  • and Participation, Journal of Leisure Research, 39 (1): 156-181.
  • Caldwell, L. L. (2005). Self-Construal in Context: A Response to Walker, Deng, and Dieser, Journal of Leisure Research, 37:
  • -116.
  • Carroll, B. ve Alexandris, K. (1997). Perception of Constraints and Strength of Motiva¬tion: Their Relation to Recreational
  • Sport Participation, Journal of Leisure Research, 29: 279-299.
  • Chick, G. ve Dong, E. (2005). Cultural Constraints on Leisure. E. J. Jackson (Ed.), Constraints to leisure (ss. 169-185). State College, PA: Venture.
  • Clayton, L. B. (2002). The Use of Concept Mapping to Evaluate the Isomorphism of the Hierarchical Leisure Constraint
  • Typology. (Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi). Clemson University. (Yayın no. AAT 3071548).
  • Crawford, D. W. ve Godbey, G. (1987). Reconceptualizing Barriers to Family Leisure, Leisure Sciences, 9: 119-127.
  • Crawford, D. W., Jackson, E. L. ve Godbey, G. (1991). A Hierarchical Model of Leisure Constraints, Leisure Sciences, 13:
  • -320.
  • Crawford, D. W., Houts, R. M., Huston, T. L. ve George, L. J. (2002). Compatibility, Leisure, and Satisfaction in Marital Relationships, Journal of Marriage and the Family, 64: 433-449.
  • Crawford, J. L. ve Stodolska, M. (2008). Constraints Experienced By Elite Athletes with Disabilities in Kenya, With Implications for the Development of a New Hierarchical Model of Constraints at the Societal Level, Journal of Leisure Research, 40 (1): 128-155.
  • Culp, R. H. (1998). Adolescent Girls and Outdoor Recreation: A Case Study Examining Constraints and Effective Programming, Journal of Leisure Research, 30 (3): 356-379.
  • Dominguez, L. A. (2003). Constraints and Constraint Negotiation by Women Sea Kayakers Participating in a Women-
  • Only Course. Doktora tezi. Michigan State University. (Yayın No. AAT 3100416).
  • Dunlop, P. M. (2006). Active Employees! Exploring the Relationship between Job Characteris¬tics, Perceived Constraints
  • and Participation in Leisure-Time Physical Activity. (Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi). The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. (Yayın No. AAT 1432756).
  • Elkins, D. J. (2004). Levels of Perceived Constraint: A Comparative Analysis of Negotiation Strategies in Campus Recreational Sports. (Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi). Indiana University. (Yayın No. AAT 3152800).
  • Festinger, L. (1957). A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
  • Frederick, C. J. ve Shaw, S. M. (1995). Body Image as a Leisure Constraint: Examining the Experience of Aerobic Classes
  • for Young Women, Leisure Sciences, 17: 57-53.
  • Gilbert, D. ve Hudson, S. (2000). Tourism Demand Constraints: A Skiing Participation, Annals of Tourism Research, 27: 906-925.
  • Han, W. (2004). Leisure Participation and Constraints: The Case of Korean Americans. (Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi). The
  • Pennsylvania State University. (Yayın No. AAT 3147618).
  • Harrington, M. A. (1991). Time after Work: Constraints on the Leisure of Working Women, Loisir et Société, 14 (1): 115-132.
  • Hawkins, B. A., Peng, J., Hsieh, C. M. ve Eklund, S. J. (1999). Leisure Constraints: A Replication and Extension of Construct
  • Development, Leisure Sciences, 21 (3): 179-192.
  • Henderson, K. A. (1991). The Contribution of Feminism to an Understanding of Leisure Constraints, Journal of Leisure
  • Research, 23 (4): 363-377.
  • Henderson, K. A. ve Ainsworth, B. E. (2000). Enablers and Constraints to Walking for Older African American and American
  • Indian Women: The Cultural Activity Participation Study, Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 71 (4): 313-321.
  • Henderson, R. A. ve Bialeschki, M. D. (1993). Exploring an Expanded Model of Women’s Leisure Constraints, Journal of
  • Applied Recreation Research, 18: 229-252.
  • Henderson, K. A., Bedini, L. A., Hecht, L. ve Shuler, R. (1995). Women with Physical Disabilities and the Negotiation of
  • Leisure Constraints, Leisure Studies, 14: 17-31.
  • Heuser, L. (2005). “We’re Not Too Old to Play Sports”: The Career of Women Lawn Bowlers, Leisure Studies, 24: 45-60.
  • Hubbard, J. ve Mannell, R. (2001). Testing Competing Models of the Leisure Constraint Negotiation Process in a Corporate
  • Employee Recreation Setting, Leisure Sciences, 23 (3): 145-163.
  • Hultsman, W. Z. (1993). Is Constrained Leisure an Internally Homogeneous Concept? An Extension, Journal of Leisure Research, 25: 319-334.
  • Hultsman, W. Z. (1995). Recognizing Patterns of Constraints: An Extension of the Exploration of Dimensionality, Journal of Leisure Research, 27 (3): 228-244.
  • Iso-Ahola, S. ve Mannell, R. (1985). Social and Psychological Constraints on Leisure. M. G. Wade (Ed.), Constraints on leisure (ss. 111-151). Springfield, IL: C. C. Thomas.
  • Jackson, E. L. (1993). Recognizing Patterns of Leisure Constraints: Results from Alternative Analyses, Journal of Leisure
  • Research, 25: 129-149.
  • Jackson, E. L. (1994). Activity-Specific Constraints on Leisure, Journal of Park and Recreation Administration, 12 (2): 33-49.
  • Jackson, E. L. (1997). In the Eye of The Beholder: A Comment on Samdahl ve Jekubovich (1997), “A Critique of Leisure
  • Constraints: Comparative Analyses and Understandings.”, Journal of Leisure Research, 29: 458-468.
  • Jackson, E. L. (2005). Leisure Constraints Research: Overview of a Developing Theme in Leisure Studies. E. L. Jackson,
  • (Ed.), Constraints to leisure (ss. 3-19). State College, PA: Venture.
  • Jackson, E. L. ve Dunn, E. (1991). Is Constrained Leisure an Internally Homogeneous Concept?, Leisure Sciences, 13: 167-184.
  • Jackson, E. ve Henderson, K. (1995). Gender-Based Analysis of Leisure Constraints, Leisure Sciences, 17: 31-51.
  • Jackson, E. L. ve Rucks, V. C. (1995). Reasons for Ceasing Participation and Barriers to Participation: Further Examination
  • of Constrained Leisure as an Internally Homogeneous Concept, Leisure Sciences, 15: 217-230.
  • James, K. (2000). “You Can Feel Them Looking At You”: The Experiences of Adolescent Girls at Swimming Pools, Journal
  • of Leisure Research, 32: 262-280.
  • Kelley, H. H. (1979). Personal Relationships: Their Structures and Processes. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
  • Kohlleppel, T. C. (2002). Specialization, Motivation, and Constraints: What is the Garden Path? (Yayımlanmamış Doktora
  • Tezi). University of Florida. (Yayın No. AAT 3084015).
  • Lee, S. H. ve Tideswell, C. (2005). Understanding Attitudes towards Leisure Travel and the Constraints Faced by Senior Koreans, Journal of Vacation Marketing, 11 (3): 249-263.
  • Little, D. E. (2002). Women and Adventure Recreation: Reconstructing Leisure Constraints and Adventure Experiences to Negotiate Continuing Participation, Journal of Leisure Research. 34 (2): 157-177.
  • Livengood, J. S. ve Stodolska, M. (2004). The Effects of Discrimination and Constraints Negotiation on Leisure Behavior of American Muslims in the Post-September 11 America, Journal of Leisure Research, 36 (2): 183-208.
  • Lu, J. (2006). Perceived Constraints on Participating in Walking or Hiking Along the Trans Canada Trail. (Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi). University of Manitoba (Kanada). (Yayın No. AAT MR22555)
  • Mannell, R. C. ve Loucks-Atkinson, A. (2005). Why Don’t People Do What’s “Good” For Them? Cross-Fertilization among
  • the Psychologies of Nonparticipation in Leisure, Health, and Exercise Behaviors. E. L Jackson (Ed.), Constraints to Leisure (ss. 221-¬232). State College, PA: Venture.
  • McCarville, R. E. ve Smale, B. J. (1993). Perceived Constraints to Leisure Participation within Five Activity Domains, Journal of Park and Recreation Administration, 11 (2): 40-59.
  • McQuarrie, F. A. ve Jackson, E. L. (1996). Negotiation of Leisure Constraints and Serious Leisure: Exploring Connections in a Case Study of Adult Amateur Ice Skaters, Leisure and Society, 19: 459-483.
  • McQuarrie, F. A. ve Jackson, E. L. (2002). Transitions in Leisure Careers and Their Paral¬lels in Work Careers: The Effect of Constraints on Choice and Action, Journal of Career Development, 29 (1): 37-53.
  • Mead, G. H. (1934). Mind, Self, And Society. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  • Nadirova, A. ve Jackson, E. L. (2000). Alternative Criterion Variables against which to Assess the Impacts of Constraints
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  • Nyaupane, G. P. ve Andereck, K. L. (2008). Understanding Travel Constraints: Application and Extension of a Leisure Constraints Model, Journal of Travel Research, 46 (4): 433-440.
  • Nyaupane, G. P., Morais, D. B. ve Graefe, A. R. (2004). Nature Tourism Constraints: A Cross-Activity Comparison, Annals
  • of Tourism Research, 31 (3): 540-555.
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  • Tezi). The Pennsylvania State University. (Yayın No. AAT 3172993).
  • Oh, S. ve Caldwell, L. L. (1999). Examining Leisure Constraints among Older Adults Using the Theory of Selective Optimization and Compensation. Leisure Research Symposium Bildiri Kitabı: 59.
  • Pennington-Gray, L. ve Kerstetter, D. (2002). Testing a Constraints Model within the Context of Nature-Based Tourism,
  • Journal of Travel Research, 40 (4): 416-423.
  • Petrick, J. F., Backman, S. J., Bixler, R. ve Norman, W. C. (2001). Analysis of Golfer Motivations and Constraints by Experience Use History, Journal of Leisure Research, 33 (1): 56-70.
  • Philipp, S. F. (1994). Racial Differences in Perceived Leisure Constraints, Perceptual and Motor Skills, 79 (3): 1339-1343.
  • Raymore, L. A., Godbey, G., Crawford, D. W. ve Von Eye, A. (1993). Nature and Process of Leisure Constraints: An Empirical Test, Leisure Sciences, 15: 99-113.
  • Raymore, L., Godbey, G. ve Crawford, D. (1994). Self-Esteem, Gender, and Socioeconomic Status: Their Relation to Perceptions of Constraint on Leisure among Adolescents, Journal of Leisure Research, 26 (2): 99-118.
  • Samdahl, D. M. ve Jekubovich, N. J. (1997). A Critique of Leisure Constraints: Comparative Analyses and Understandings,
  • Journal of leisure Research, 29 (4): 430-452.

20 Yıl Sonrasında Hiyerarşik Boş Zaman Kısıtlar Teorisini Değerlendirmek

Yıl 2015, , 114 - 129, 28.12.2015
https://doi.org/10.17123/atad.vol26iss179557

Öz

Bu makale hiyerarşik boş zaman kısıtlar teorisinin (Crawford ve Godbey 1987; Jackson ve Godbey 1991) durumunu birçok yönden değerlendirmeye yöneliktir. Ele alınan konulardan bazıları orijinal modelin bazı yönlerinin açıklığa kavuşturulması ve detaylandırılması, modelden yararlanan ya da inceleyen çalışmaların ne derece doğrulayıcı oldukları bakımından değerlendirilmesi, çeşitli yazarlar tarafından orijinal modele yöneltilen eleştiriler ve gelecek çalışmalar için olasılıklardır. Varılan sonuçlara göre; modelin kültürlerarası kullanıma uygun olduğu, modelin boş zaman değerlendirmeden başka davranışları incelemek amaçlı kullanılabileceği, günümüze kadar yapılan çalışmalar her ne kadar doğrulayıcı nitelikte olsalar da boş zaman kısıtlar teorisinin bir sonraki basamağa taşınabilmesi için önemli bir potansiyele sahip olduğu görülmektedir.

 

ABSTRACT
This article assesses the status of hierarchical leisure constraints theory (Crawford & Godbey, 1987; Crawford, Jackson, & Godbey 1991) regarding many issues. Such issues include clarification and elaboration of some aspects of the original model, a review of studies which have used or examined the model and the extent to which they are confirmatory, critiques of the original model by various authors, and avenues for further research. Conclusions drawn include that the model is cross culturally relevant, that the model may examine forms of behavior other than leisure, and that, while research to date has been largely confirmatory, there is a high potential for the theory to be expanded in order to advance leisure constraints research to the next level.

Kaynakça

  • Alexandris, K. ve Carroll, B. (1997a). An Analysis of Leisure Constraints Based on Different Recreational Sport Participation
  • Levels: Results from a Study in Greece, Leisure Sciences, 19: 1-15.
  • Alexandris, K. ve Carroll, B. (1997b). Demographic Differences in the Perception of Con-straints on Recreational Sport Participation: Results from a Study in Greece, Leisure Studies, 16 (2): 107-125.
  • Alexandris, K., Grouios, G., Tsorbatzoudis, H. ve Bliatsou, P. (2001). Relationship be¬tween Perceived Constraints and Commitment to Recreational Sport Participation of University Students in Greece, International Journal of Sport Management, 2: 282-297.
  • Alexandris, K., Tsorbatzoudis, C. ve Grouios, G. (2002). Perceived Constraints on Rec-reational Sport Participation: Investigating Their Relationship with Intrinsic Motivation, Extrinsic Motivation and Amotivation, Journal of Leisure Research, 34 (3): 233-252.
  • Arab-Moghaddam, N., Henderson K. A. ve Sheikholeslami, R. (2007). Women’s Leisure and Constraints to Participation: Iranian Perspectives, Journal of Leisure Research, 39 (1): 109-126.
  • Auster, C. J. (2001). Transcending Potential Antecedent Leisure Constraints: The Case of Women Motorcycle Operators, Journal of Leisure Research, 33 (3): 272-298.
  • Backman, S. (1991). An Investigation of the Relationship between Activity Loyalty and Perceived Constraints, Journal of
  • Leisure Research, 23: 332-344.
  • Backman, S. J. ve Crompton, J. L. (1989). Discriminating Between Continuers and Discontinuers of Two Public Leisure
  • Services, Journal of Park and Recreation Administration, 7: 56-71.
  • Backman, S. J. ve Crompton, J. L. (1990). Differentiating Between Active and Passive Discontinuers of Two Leisure Activities, Journal of Leisure Research, 22: 197-212.
  • Berger, P. ve Luckmann, T. (1966). The Social Construction of Reality: A Treatise in the Sociology of Knowledge. Garden City, NY: Doubleday & Company.
  • Brown, T. A. (2006). Confirmatory Factor Analysis for Applied Research. New York, NY: Guiford Press.
  • Brown, P. R., Brown, Y. M. ve Hansen, V. (2001). Perceived Constraints and Social Support for Active Leisure among Mothers with Your Children, Leisure Sciences, 23: 131-144.
  • Burns, R. C. ve Graefe, A. R. (2007). Constraints to Outdoor Recreation: Exploring the Effects of Disabilities on Perceptions
  • and Participation, Journal of Leisure Research, 39 (1): 156-181.
  • Caldwell, L. L. (2005). Self-Construal in Context: A Response to Walker, Deng, and Dieser, Journal of Leisure Research, 37:
  • -116.
  • Carroll, B. ve Alexandris, K. (1997). Perception of Constraints and Strength of Motiva¬tion: Their Relation to Recreational
  • Sport Participation, Journal of Leisure Research, 29: 279-299.
  • Chick, G. ve Dong, E. (2005). Cultural Constraints on Leisure. E. J. Jackson (Ed.), Constraints to leisure (ss. 169-185). State College, PA: Venture.
  • Clayton, L. B. (2002). The Use of Concept Mapping to Evaluate the Isomorphism of the Hierarchical Leisure Constraint
  • Typology. (Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi). Clemson University. (Yayın no. AAT 3071548).
  • Crawford, D. W. ve Godbey, G. (1987). Reconceptualizing Barriers to Family Leisure, Leisure Sciences, 9: 119-127.
  • Crawford, D. W., Jackson, E. L. ve Godbey, G. (1991). A Hierarchical Model of Leisure Constraints, Leisure Sciences, 13:
  • -320.
  • Crawford, D. W., Houts, R. M., Huston, T. L. ve George, L. J. (2002). Compatibility, Leisure, and Satisfaction in Marital Relationships, Journal of Marriage and the Family, 64: 433-449.
  • Crawford, J. L. ve Stodolska, M. (2008). Constraints Experienced By Elite Athletes with Disabilities in Kenya, With Implications for the Development of a New Hierarchical Model of Constraints at the Societal Level, Journal of Leisure Research, 40 (1): 128-155.
  • Culp, R. H. (1998). Adolescent Girls and Outdoor Recreation: A Case Study Examining Constraints and Effective Programming, Journal of Leisure Research, 30 (3): 356-379.
  • Dominguez, L. A. (2003). Constraints and Constraint Negotiation by Women Sea Kayakers Participating in a Women-
  • Only Course. Doktora tezi. Michigan State University. (Yayın No. AAT 3100416).
  • Dunlop, P. M. (2006). Active Employees! Exploring the Relationship between Job Characteris¬tics, Perceived Constraints
  • and Participation in Leisure-Time Physical Activity. (Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi). The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. (Yayın No. AAT 1432756).
  • Elkins, D. J. (2004). Levels of Perceived Constraint: A Comparative Analysis of Negotiation Strategies in Campus Recreational Sports. (Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi). Indiana University. (Yayın No. AAT 3152800).
  • Festinger, L. (1957). A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
  • Frederick, C. J. ve Shaw, S. M. (1995). Body Image as a Leisure Constraint: Examining the Experience of Aerobic Classes
  • for Young Women, Leisure Sciences, 17: 57-53.
  • Gilbert, D. ve Hudson, S. (2000). Tourism Demand Constraints: A Skiing Participation, Annals of Tourism Research, 27: 906-925.
  • Han, W. (2004). Leisure Participation and Constraints: The Case of Korean Americans. (Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi). The
  • Pennsylvania State University. (Yayın No. AAT 3147618).
  • Harrington, M. A. (1991). Time after Work: Constraints on the Leisure of Working Women, Loisir et Société, 14 (1): 115-132.
  • Hawkins, B. A., Peng, J., Hsieh, C. M. ve Eklund, S. J. (1999). Leisure Constraints: A Replication and Extension of Construct
  • Development, Leisure Sciences, 21 (3): 179-192.
  • Henderson, K. A. (1991). The Contribution of Feminism to an Understanding of Leisure Constraints, Journal of Leisure
  • Research, 23 (4): 363-377.
  • Henderson, K. A. ve Ainsworth, B. E. (2000). Enablers and Constraints to Walking for Older African American and American
  • Indian Women: The Cultural Activity Participation Study, Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 71 (4): 313-321.
  • Henderson, R. A. ve Bialeschki, M. D. (1993). Exploring an Expanded Model of Women’s Leisure Constraints, Journal of
  • Applied Recreation Research, 18: 229-252.
  • Henderson, K. A., Bedini, L. A., Hecht, L. ve Shuler, R. (1995). Women with Physical Disabilities and the Negotiation of
  • Leisure Constraints, Leisure Studies, 14: 17-31.
  • Heuser, L. (2005). “We’re Not Too Old to Play Sports”: The Career of Women Lawn Bowlers, Leisure Studies, 24: 45-60.
  • Hubbard, J. ve Mannell, R. (2001). Testing Competing Models of the Leisure Constraint Negotiation Process in a Corporate
  • Employee Recreation Setting, Leisure Sciences, 23 (3): 145-163.
  • Hultsman, W. Z. (1993). Is Constrained Leisure an Internally Homogeneous Concept? An Extension, Journal of Leisure Research, 25: 319-334.
  • Hultsman, W. Z. (1995). Recognizing Patterns of Constraints: An Extension of the Exploration of Dimensionality, Journal of Leisure Research, 27 (3): 228-244.
  • Iso-Ahola, S. ve Mannell, R. (1985). Social and Psychological Constraints on Leisure. M. G. Wade (Ed.), Constraints on leisure (ss. 111-151). Springfield, IL: C. C. Thomas.
  • Jackson, E. L. (1993). Recognizing Patterns of Leisure Constraints: Results from Alternative Analyses, Journal of Leisure
  • Research, 25: 129-149.
  • Jackson, E. L. (1994). Activity-Specific Constraints on Leisure, Journal of Park and Recreation Administration, 12 (2): 33-49.
  • Jackson, E. L. (1997). In the Eye of The Beholder: A Comment on Samdahl ve Jekubovich (1997), “A Critique of Leisure
  • Constraints: Comparative Analyses and Understandings.”, Journal of Leisure Research, 29: 458-468.
  • Jackson, E. L. (2005). Leisure Constraints Research: Overview of a Developing Theme in Leisure Studies. E. L. Jackson,
  • (Ed.), Constraints to leisure (ss. 3-19). State College, PA: Venture.
  • Jackson, E. L. ve Dunn, E. (1991). Is Constrained Leisure an Internally Homogeneous Concept?, Leisure Sciences, 13: 167-184.
  • Jackson, E. ve Henderson, K. (1995). Gender-Based Analysis of Leisure Constraints, Leisure Sciences, 17: 31-51.
  • Jackson, E. L. ve Rucks, V. C. (1995). Reasons for Ceasing Participation and Barriers to Participation: Further Examination
  • of Constrained Leisure as an Internally Homogeneous Concept, Leisure Sciences, 15: 217-230.
  • James, K. (2000). “You Can Feel Them Looking At You”: The Experiences of Adolescent Girls at Swimming Pools, Journal
  • of Leisure Research, 32: 262-280.
  • Kelley, H. H. (1979). Personal Relationships: Their Structures and Processes. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
  • Kohlleppel, T. C. (2002). Specialization, Motivation, and Constraints: What is the Garden Path? (Yayımlanmamış Doktora
  • Tezi). University of Florida. (Yayın No. AAT 3084015).
  • Lee, S. H. ve Tideswell, C. (2005). Understanding Attitudes towards Leisure Travel and the Constraints Faced by Senior Koreans, Journal of Vacation Marketing, 11 (3): 249-263.
  • Little, D. E. (2002). Women and Adventure Recreation: Reconstructing Leisure Constraints and Adventure Experiences to Negotiate Continuing Participation, Journal of Leisure Research. 34 (2): 157-177.
  • Livengood, J. S. ve Stodolska, M. (2004). The Effects of Discrimination and Constraints Negotiation on Leisure Behavior of American Muslims in the Post-September 11 America, Journal of Leisure Research, 36 (2): 183-208.
  • Lu, J. (2006). Perceived Constraints on Participating in Walking or Hiking Along the Trans Canada Trail. (Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi). University of Manitoba (Kanada). (Yayın No. AAT MR22555)
  • Mannell, R. C. ve Loucks-Atkinson, A. (2005). Why Don’t People Do What’s “Good” For Them? Cross-Fertilization among
  • the Psychologies of Nonparticipation in Leisure, Health, and Exercise Behaviors. E. L Jackson (Ed.), Constraints to Leisure (ss. 221-¬232). State College, PA: Venture.
  • McCarville, R. E. ve Smale, B. J. (1993). Perceived Constraints to Leisure Participation within Five Activity Domains, Journal of Park and Recreation Administration, 11 (2): 40-59.
  • McQuarrie, F. A. ve Jackson, E. L. (1996). Negotiation of Leisure Constraints and Serious Leisure: Exploring Connections in a Case Study of Adult Amateur Ice Skaters, Leisure and Society, 19: 459-483.
  • McQuarrie, F. A. ve Jackson, E. L. (2002). Transitions in Leisure Careers and Their Paral¬lels in Work Careers: The Effect of Constraints on Choice and Action, Journal of Career Development, 29 (1): 37-53.
  • Mead, G. H. (1934). Mind, Self, And Society. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  • Nadirova, A. ve Jackson, E. L. (2000). Alternative Criterion Variables against which to Assess the Impacts of Constraints
  • to Leisure, Journal of Leisure Research, 32 (4): 396-405.
  • Norman, W. (1995). Perceived Constraints: A New Approach to Segmenting the Vacation Travel Market. 1995 Symposium on Leisure Research Bildiri Özetleri (s. 113). Arlington, VA: National Recreation and Park Association.
  • Nyaupane, G. P. ve Andereck, K. L. (2008). Understanding Travel Constraints: Application and Extension of a Leisure Constraints Model, Journal of Travel Research, 46 (4): 433-440.
  • Nyaupane, G. P., Morais, D. B. ve Graefe, A. R. (2004). Nature Tourism Constraints: A Cross-Activity Comparison, Annals
  • of Tourism Research, 31 (3): 540-555.
  • Oh, S. (2005). Successful Aging through Leisure Gardening: A Study on Constraints Negotiation. (Yayımlanmamış Doktora
  • Tezi). The Pennsylvania State University. (Yayın No. AAT 3172993).
  • Oh, S. ve Caldwell, L. L. (1999). Examining Leisure Constraints among Older Adults Using the Theory of Selective Optimization and Compensation. Leisure Research Symposium Bildiri Kitabı: 59.
  • Pennington-Gray, L. ve Kerstetter, D. (2002). Testing a Constraints Model within the Context of Nature-Based Tourism,
  • Journal of Travel Research, 40 (4): 416-423.
  • Petrick, J. F., Backman, S. J., Bixler, R. ve Norman, W. C. (2001). Analysis of Golfer Motivations and Constraints by Experience Use History, Journal of Leisure Research, 33 (1): 56-70.
  • Philipp, S. F. (1994). Racial Differences in Perceived Leisure Constraints, Perceptual and Motor Skills, 79 (3): 1339-1343.
  • Raymore, L. A., Godbey, G., Crawford, D. W. ve Von Eye, A. (1993). Nature and Process of Leisure Constraints: An Empirical Test, Leisure Sciences, 15: 99-113.
  • Raymore, L., Godbey, G. ve Crawford, D. (1994). Self-Esteem, Gender, and Socioeconomic Status: Their Relation to Perceptions of Constraint on Leisure among Adolescents, Journal of Leisure Research, 26 (2): 99-118.
  • Samdahl, D. M. ve Jekubovich, N. J. (1997). A Critique of Leisure Constraints: Comparative Analyses and Understandings,
  • Journal of leisure Research, 29 (4): 430-452.
Toplam 101 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Seçme Çeviri Makaleler
Yazarlar

Geoffrey Godbey Bu kişi benim

Duane Crawford Bu kişi benim

Xiangyou Shen Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 28 Aralık 2015
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2015

Kaynak Göster

APA Godbey, G., Crawford, D., & Shen, X. (2015). 20 Yıl Sonrasında Hiyerarşik Boş Zaman Kısıtlar Teorisini Değerlendirmek. Anatolia: Turizm Araştırmaları Dergisi, 26(1), 114-129. https://doi.org/10.17123/atad.vol26iss179557
AMA Godbey G, Crawford D, Shen X. 20 Yıl Sonrasında Hiyerarşik Boş Zaman Kısıtlar Teorisini Değerlendirmek. Anatolia: Turizm Araştırmaları Dergisi. Aralık 2015;26(1):114-129. doi:10.17123/atad.vol26iss179557
Chicago Godbey, Geoffrey, Duane Crawford, ve Xiangyou Shen. “20 Yıl Sonrasında Hiyerarşik Boş Zaman Kısıtlar Teorisini Değerlendirmek”. Anatolia: Turizm Araştırmaları Dergisi 26, sy. 1 (Aralık 2015): 114-29. https://doi.org/10.17123/atad.vol26iss179557.
EndNote Godbey G, Crawford D, Shen X (01 Aralık 2015) 20 Yıl Sonrasında Hiyerarşik Boş Zaman Kısıtlar Teorisini Değerlendirmek. Anatolia: Turizm Araştırmaları Dergisi 26 1 114–129.
IEEE G. Godbey, D. Crawford, ve X. Shen, “20 Yıl Sonrasında Hiyerarşik Boş Zaman Kısıtlar Teorisini Değerlendirmek”, Anatolia: Turizm Araştırmaları Dergisi, c. 26, sy. 1, ss. 114–129, 2015, doi: 10.17123/atad.vol26iss179557.
ISNAD Godbey, Geoffrey vd. “20 Yıl Sonrasında Hiyerarşik Boş Zaman Kısıtlar Teorisini Değerlendirmek”. Anatolia: Turizm Araştırmaları Dergisi 26/1 (Aralık 2015), 114-129. https://doi.org/10.17123/atad.vol26iss179557.
JAMA Godbey G, Crawford D, Shen X. 20 Yıl Sonrasında Hiyerarşik Boş Zaman Kısıtlar Teorisini Değerlendirmek. Anatolia: Turizm Araştırmaları Dergisi. 2015;26:114–129.
MLA Godbey, Geoffrey vd. “20 Yıl Sonrasında Hiyerarşik Boş Zaman Kısıtlar Teorisini Değerlendirmek”. Anatolia: Turizm Araştırmaları Dergisi, c. 26, sy. 1, 2015, ss. 114-29, doi:10.17123/atad.vol26iss179557.
Vancouver Godbey G, Crawford D, Shen X. 20 Yıl Sonrasında Hiyerarşik Boş Zaman Kısıtlar Teorisini Değerlendirmek. Anatolia: Turizm Araştırmaları Dergisi. 2015;26(1):114-29.