The Emergence Process of The Auricle Style and Evaluation of The Style with Certain Examples

Öz

The Auricular Style (Kulak Kepçesi Stili, Lobate, Ohrmuschelstil, Kwab) refers to a unique decorative style in 17th-century Holland that represents a transitional phase between Northern Mannerism and the Baroque style. Composed of organic, amorphous, and almost melting forms, this style takes its name from its asymmetrical shapes reminiscent of the outer ear. First traces of this decorative approach can be found in 16th-century printmaking, but it gained an independent stylistic identity through the silverworks produced by the Vianen brothers, who were active at the Habsburg court in Prague. Initially attracting the interest of a limited circle, this style soon inspired artists from different disciplines, thus spreading throughout Europe. Although the exact date and artistic environment in which the style emerged remain debatable, it is undeniable that the strongest contribution came from the Netherlands; it then spread to leading European art centers such as England, France, Italy, and Germany. In the second half of the 19th century, it also appeared to a limited extent in Ottoman art, particularly in the field of architectural ornamentation; later, it became more visible in civil architectural works, especially in the Pera district of Istanbul. This study examines in detail the emergence of the auricular form, its origins, and the transformation it underwent in the context of printmaking and silver craftsmanship. It also discusses how the style was adopted in European art, particularly in architectural ornamentation and painting, through concrete examples. Furthermore, it brings to the forefront a form that has not been sufficiently defined in Ottoman decorative literature and draws attention to the reflection of this style in Ottoman art. Therefore, the study aims to contribute to the enrichment of the decorative terminology of the late Ottoman period and to a more accurate conceptualization of the auricular style.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Netherlands
• Ornament
• Cartouche
• Medallion
• European Art

Kulak Kepçesi Stilinin Ortaya Çıkış Süreci ve Belli Örneklerle Stilin Değerlendirilmesi

Öz

Kulak Kepçesi Stili (Auricular Style, Lobate, Ohrmuschelstil, Kwab), 17. yüzyıl Hollanda’sında kuzey maniyerizmi ile barok üslup arasında bir geçiş niteliği taşıyan özgün bir süsleme tarzını ifade etmektedir. Organik, amorf ve adeta eriyen biçimlerden oluşan bu üslup, adını dış kulak kepçesini andıran asimetrik formlarından almaktadır. İlk izlerine 16. yüzyılın gravür sanatında rastlanan bu süsleme anlayışı, bağımsız bir stil kimliğine Prag’daki Habsburg sarayında faaliyet gösteren Vianen kardeşlerin ürettiği gümüş eserler aracılığıyla kavuşmuştur. Başlangıçta sınırlı bir çevrenin ilgisini çeken bu üslup, kısa sürede farklı disiplinlerden sanatçılara ilham vermiş ve bu sayede Avrupa genelinde yayılım göstermiştir. Stilin hangi tarihte ve hangi sanatsal ortamda ortaya çıktığı meselesi tartışmalı olmakla birlikte, hiç şüphesiz en güçlü katkıyı Hollanda sağlamış; ardından İngiltere, Fransa, İtalya ve Almanya gibi Avrupa’nın önde gelen sanat merkezlerine yayılmıştır. 19. yüzyılın ikinci yarısında ise Osmanlı sanatında, özellikle mimari süsleme alanında sınırlı da olsa örnekler vermiş; sonrasında ise özellikle İstanbul’un Pera semtindeki sivil mimarlık ürünlerinde daha görünür hale gelmiştir. Bu çalışma, kulak kepçesi formunun ortaya çıkışını, kökenlerini, gravür ve gümüş işçiliği bağlamında geçirdiği dönüşümü ayrıntılı biçimde incelemektedir. Ayrıca söz konusu üslubun Avrupa sanatında mimari süslemelerde ve resim sanatında nasıl benimsendiği, somut örnekler üzerinden ele alınmaktadır. Bununla birlikte, Osmanlı süsleme literatüründe yeterince tanımlanmamış bir formu gündeme taşımakta ve bu üslubun Osmanlı sanatındaki yansımasına da dikkat çekmektedir. Dolayısıyla çalışmanın, geç dönem Osmanlı süsleme terminolojisinin zenginleştirilmesine ve kulak kepçesi stilinin daha doğru kavramsallaştırılmasına katkı sunması amaçlanmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Hollanda
• Süsleme
• Kartuş
• Madalyon
• Avrupa Sanatı

Kaynakça

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