AMERİKAN KÜLTÜREL COĞRAFYASINDA PEYZAJ KAVRAMI

Öz

Bu çalışma, landscape (peyzaj) kavramının Amerikan kültürel coğrafyasında işlenişini ele almaktadır. Peyzaj, bir kavram olarak ilk kez 1920’lerde Alman coğrafyacılardan esinlenen Karl O. Sauer tarafından kullanılmış ve daha sonra Berkeley Okulu olarak ün yapmış olan Sauer tipi kültürel coğrafyanın ana eksenini oluşturmuştur. Bu tarihten sonra peyzaj Amerikan coğrafyasında çok önemli bir kavram haline gelmiştir. Bu çalışma, peyzajın Amerikan kültürel coğrafyasındaki kullanılışını ve bu kullanışta zamanla meydana gelen değişmeleri anlatmaktadır. Peyzaj kavramı nedir ve nasıl ortaya çıkmıştır? Bu kavram Amerikan coğrafyasında nasıl kullanılmıştır ve bu kullanılışta belli dönemler ayırt etmek mümkün müdür? Bu soruları cevaplamak için Amerikan kültürel coğrafyası literatürü taranarak, peyzaj kavramını, örnek oluşturacak şekilde kullanan yazarlar tespit edilmiş ve bu yazarların bu kavramı ne amaçla kullandıkları incelenmiştir. İncelemede, peyzaj çalışmalarının maddi kültür öğeleriyle, bunların kökeni ve yayılışını tespit etmek amacıyla ortaya çıktığı, fakat zamanla kültürel coğrafyayı farklı sınıflara ayıracak kadar çeşitli kullanımlar olduğu görülmüştür. Türk okurların Amerikan coğrafyasının halen en önemli dallarından biri olan kültürel coğrafya konusunda temel bir altyapı edinebilmesi için, bu yazı olabildiğince açık, anlaşılır ve derin felsefi tartışmalardan uzak yazılmaya çalışılmıştır. Yine de burada vurgulamak gerekir ki, özellikle yeni kültürel coğrafyada anlamayı güçleştiren bir çok soyut kavram vardır. Üstelik yazı, yazarın peyzaj literatürüne kişisel bakışını yansıttığı için zaman zaman subjektif öğeler içerebilir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Kültürel Coğrafya, Peyzaj, Karl O. Sauer, Peyzaj Yorumlama, Berkeley Okulu

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