Araştırma Makalesi
BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

Foreign Fighters in The Syrian Civil War

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 34 Sayı: 3, 1021 - 1043, 15.07.2020
https://doi.org/10.16951/atauniiibd.714342

Öz

This paper is about foreign fighters becoming actors in the Syrian civil war. It consists of three sections. Firstly, the concept of foreign fighters will be analyzed by referring to various usage of the term in the literature in order to avoid reductionism. It is hard to come across a consensus on the term of foreign fighters even though some scholars contribute to the process of conceptualization by emphasizing different aspects. The deterministic features of the term and obstacles towards agreed definition will be discussed in this section. Secondly, it will be examined how foreign fighters affect security and stability in the region. Finally, possible causes and measurements that can be observed in the countries where foreign fighters have nationality will be elaborated. As understood from the literature, the phenomenon of foreign fighter causes problems not only in the region where they fight. Indeed, they can shape social structures of origin countries and their diplomatic relations. In this paper, it is argued that recruiting, activities, surveillance, return and rehabilitation of foreign fighters bring forth new debates in terms of security, stability and international law. Also, it is believed that these issues can be overcome by collaborations at the global level.

Kaynakça

  • Aboufadel, L., (19.08. 2014). Islamic State Executes Female Dentist For Treating Men. AMN - Al-Masdar News Erişim Tarihi: 11.03.2020, https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/islamic-state-executes-female-dentist-treating-men Amnesty International, (2015, Ekim). We Had Nowhere Else To Go. Erişim Tarihi: 25.02.2020,https://www.amnesty.org/download/Documents/MDE2425032015ENGLISH.PDF Anadolu Ajansı, (09.01.2020). YPG/PKK releases 40 more Daesh/ISIS members. Erişim Tarihi: 1.02.2020 https://www.aa.com.tr/en/middle-east/ypg-pkk-releases-40-more-daesh-isis-members/1697604 Barnett, R. (2017). Beyond The Caliphate: Foreign Fighters and the Threat of Returnees. Erişim Tarihi: 11.03.2020, https://thesoufancenter.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/Beyond-the-Caliphate-Foreign-Fighters-and-the-Threat-of-Returnees-TSC-Report-October-2017-v3.pdf BBC News, (07.02. 2020). Shamima Begum loses appeal over citizenship. Erişim Tarihi: 11.03.2020, https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-51413040 BBC, (27.05.2019). French Islamic State members sentenced to death in Iraq. Erişim Tarihi: 05.02.2020, https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-48414670 bbc 2019 Boutin, B. (2016, Aralık) Administrative Measures against Foreign Fighters: In Search of Limits and Safeguards. The International Centre for Counter-Terrorism, Cilt 7(12), Erişim Tarihi: 05.02.2020, https://icct.nl/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/ICCT-Boutin-Administrative-Measures-December2016-1.pdf Bryan, I. (2010, Kış) Sovereignty and the Foreign Fighter Problem. Orbis, Cilt 54(1), 115–129 Byman, D. & Shapiro, J. (2014, Kasım). Be Afraid. Be a Little Afraid: The Threat of Terrorism from Western Foreign Fighters in Syria and Iraq. Foreign Policy at Brooking, 34, 1-34 Codexter, (2016). The Roles Of Women In Daesh. Erişim Tarihi: 20.02.2020, https://rm.coe.int/16806b33a7 Davis, R. (2015). Syria's Refugee Crisis, Great Decisions, 65-76. Dearden, L. (11.02.2019). James Matthews: Former British soldier who fought against Isis attacks 'incoherent' terror charge. The Independent, Erişim Tarihi: 05.02.2020, https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/james-matthews-isis-british-soldier-terror-charge-syria-army-uk-a8770781.html Defend International, (4.08.2015). UN Official Verified IS “Price List” For Enslaved Females. Erişim Tarihi: 08.02.2020, https://defendinternational.org/is-price-list-for-yazidi-and-christian-females-verified-by-un-official/ Demir, H. (01.12.2019). Mezarları ve türbeleri neden yıkıyorlar?, Tepav Günlük, Erişim Tarihi: 01.03.2020, https://www.tepav.org.tr/tr/blog/s/6540/Mezarlari+ve+turbeleri+neden+yikiyorlar_ Dworkin, A. Beyond Good And Evil: Why Europe Should Bring Iiıs Foreign Fighters Home. Erişim Tarihi: 20.02.2020,https://www.ecfr.eu/page/-/beyond_good_and_evil_why_europe_should_bring_isis_foreign_fighters_home.pdf Erdoğan, Ş. & Deligöz, E. (2015, Mayıs). Irak Şam İslam Devleti (IŞİD): Gücü ve Geleceği. Savunma Bilimleri Dergisi, Cilt 14(1), 5-37 Gülşen, H. (2019, Nisan). Radikalleşme Bağlamında Yabancı Savaşçıların Evrimi. Ortadoğu Araştırmaları Merkezi, 4, 1-27 Haider, H. (12.12.2014, Formal justice in Iraq, GSDRC Helpdesk Research Report, 1175, Erişim Tarihi: 04.03.2020,https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/57a089a6ed915d622c00032d/hdq1175.pdf Hatahet, S. (2015, Şubat). Suriye’de İŞİD. Ortadoğu Araştırmaları Merkezi, 20, 1-12. Hatahet, S.,Cengiz, M.E.& Rashid, M.(2019 Nisan) Suriye’deki Ulus-Aşırı Ypg’li Savaşçılar Fenomeni. Istanbul: Al Sharq Forum Hegghammer, T.(2013, Şubat). Should I Stay or Should I Go? Explaining Variation in Western Jihadists’ Choice between Domestic and Foreign Fighting. American Political Science Review, Cilt 107(1),1–15. Hegghammer,T. (2010, Kış) The Rise of Muslim Foreign Fighters: Islam and the Globalization of Jihad. International Security, Cilt 35(3), 53-91. HRW, (2014). Under Kurdish Rule Abuses in PYD-run Enclaves of Syria. Erişim Tarihi: 20.02.2020, https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/syria0614_kurds_ForUpload.pdf HRW, (2016). Iraq: Women Suffer Under ISIS. Erişim Tarihi: 20.02.2020, https://www.hrw.org/news/2016/04/05/iraq-women-suffer-under-isis HRW, (2020). Iraq Events of 2019. Erişim Tarihi: 26.04.2020, https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2020/country-chapters/iraq Karabat, A. (25.08.2015), İşid Devlet Olmak İstiyor. Al Jazeera, Erişim Tarihi: 05.02.2020,http://www.aljazeera.com.tr/al-jazeera-ozel/isid-devlet-olmak-istiyor Kube, C. & Mosheh, G. (08.10.2019). Top Kurdish general: Watching over ISIS prisoners now a 'second priority'. NBCNEWS. Erişim Tarihi: 26.03.2020, https://www.nbcnews.com/news/mideast/top-kurdish-general-watching-over-isis-prisoners-now-second-priority-n1063496 Malet, D. (2013). Foreign Fighters Transnational Identity In Civil Conflicts, New York: Oxford University Press Malet, D. (2015). Foreign Fighter Mobilization and Persistence in a Global Context. Terrorism and Political Violence, Cilt 27 (19), 454-473 Moore, C.& Tumelty, P. (2018) Foreign Fighters and the Case of Chechnya: A Critical Assessment. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, Cilt 31(5). 412-433 OHCHR, (2014, Kasım).Rule of Terror: Living under ISIS in Syria. Erişim Tarihi: 10.03.2020, https://www.refworld.org/docid/5469b2e14.html Orton, K. (2017). The Forgotten Foreign Fighters: The PKK in Syria. The Henry Jackson Society, London, Erişim Tarihi: 05.01.2020, http://henryjacksonsociety.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/3053-PYD-Foreign-Fighter-Project-1.pdf Pugliese, M. (09.01.2020). France and Foreign Fighters: The Controversial Outsourcing of Prosecution. Erişim Tarihi: 05.02.2020, https://www.ispionline.it/en/pubblicazione/france-and-foreign-fighters-controversial-outsourcing-prosecution-24666 Radicalisation Awareness Network. (2017, Temmuz). Responses to returnees: Foreign terrorist fighters and their families. Erişim Tarihi: 14.02.2020, https://ec.europa.eu/home-affairs/sites/homeaffairs/files/ran_br_a4_m10_en.pdf Raudszus, J. (09.01.2020). The Strategy of Germany for Handling Foreign Fighters Erişim Tarihi: 05.02.2020, https://www.ispionline.it/en/pubblicazione/strategy-germany-handling-foreign-fighters-24761 Reed, A. & Pohl, J. (2014). Ülkelerine geri dönüş yapan yabancı terör savaşçılarının artan sorunlarıyla başa çıkmak. Nato Review, Erişim Tarihi: 04.03.2020, https://www.nato.int/docu/review/tr/articles/2017/07/14/uelkelerine-geri-doenues-yapan-yabanci-teroer-savascilarinin-artan-sorunlariyla-basa-cikmak/index.html Rich, B. & Conduit, D. (2014).The Impact of Jıhadist Foreign Fighters on Indigenous Secular-Nationalist Causes: Contrasting Chechnya and Syria. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, Cilt 38(2), 113-131 SHRN, (2015). The Most Significant Human Rights Violations by Kurdish Democratic Union Party and the Kurdish Self-Management Forces. Erişim Tarihi: 23.02.2020,http://sn4hr.org/wp-content/pdf/english/Violations_by_the_Kurdish_Self_Management_Forces_en.pdf SHRN, (2016). The Yearly Report for 2016. Erişim Tarihi: 23.02.2020, http://sn4hr.org/wp-content/pdf/english/The_Yearly_Report_for_2016_en.pdf State, (2016). Trafficking in Persons Report. Erişim Tarihi: 14.02.2020, https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/258876.pdf The Telegraph, (19.08.2019). Jihadi Jack: Canada accuses UK of 'off-loading its responsibilities' by stripping Isil fighter of citizenship. The Telegraph Erişim Tarihi: 26.03.2020, https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2019/08/19/jihadi-jack-canada-disappointed-uk-has-off-loadedresponsibilities/ UNHRC, (2014). Global Trends Forced Displacement in 2014. Erişim Tarihi: 26.04.2020, https://www.unhcr.org/556725e69.html#_ga=1.237703683.281529137.1434611844 UNOCT, (2017). Enhancing the Understanding of the Foreign Terrorist Fighters Phenomenon in Syria. Erişim Tarihi: 14.02.2020, http://www.un.org/en/counterterrorism/assets/img/Report_Final_20170727 UNSC, (2019, Temmuz). Report of the Secretary-General on Children and armed conflict. S/2019/509, Erişim Tarihi: 25.02.2020, https://www.un.org/sg/sites/www.un.org.sg/files/atoms/files/26-07-2019_SG_CAAC_report_advance_copy_0.pdf UNSC, 24.09.2014, Resolution 2178. Erişim Tarihi: 14.02.2020,https://www.undocs.org/S/RES/2178%20(2014) Ünver, H., (2018). Contested Geographies: How ISIS and YPG Rule “No-Go” Areas in Northern Syria. In: Ö. Oktav, E. Dal and A. Kurşun, ed., Violent Non-state Actors and the Syrian Civil War. Springer, pp.35-51. Yalçınkaya, H. (2017). IŞİD’in Yabancı Savaşçıları ve Yarattığı Tehdit: Türkiye’nin Tecrübesi (2014- 2016). Uluslararası İlişkiler, Cilt 14 (53), 23-43 Zuijdewijn, J.R. &Bakker, E. (2014, Haziran) Returning Western Foreign Fighters: The Case of Afghanistan, Bosnia and Somalia, International Centre for Counter-Terrorism Background Note, Erişim Tarihi: 11.03.2020, https://www.icct.nl/download/file/ICCT-De-Roy-van-Zuijdewijn-Bakker-Returning-Western-Foreign-Fighters-June-2014.pdf

Suriye İç Savaşında Yabancı Savaşçılar

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 34 Sayı: 3, 1021 - 1043, 15.07.2020
https://doi.org/10.16951/atauniiibd.714342

Öz

Bu çalışma Suriye iç savaşında bir aktör haline dönüşmüş olan yabancı savaşçılar hakkındadır. Üç kısımdan oluşan çalışmada ilk olarak yabancı savaşçı teriminin (indirgemecilik tuzağına düşmemek adına) literatürdeki kullanımları dikkate alınarak kavramsal analizi yapılacaktır. Hali hazırda farklı yazarlar yabancı savaşçı teriminin değişik taraflarını vurgulayarak kavramsallaştırma sürecine katkıda bulunmalarına karşın, üzerinde uzlaşılan ortak bir tanıma rastlamak mümkün değildir. Yabancı savaşçı kavramının belirleyici özellikleri ve uzlaşılan tanımın önündeki engeller bu kısımda üzerinde durulacak konular olacaktır. Çalışmanın ikinci kısımda ise yabancı savaşçıların bölgedeki faaliyetleri kapsamında istikrarı nasıl etkilediği tartışılarak, sonrasında uyruğu oldukları ülkelerde ne gibi problemler yarattığı ve bunlara karşı ülkelerin aldığı tedbirler üzerinde durulacaktır. Mevcut literatürden anlaşıldığı üzere yabancı savaşçı olgusu sadece savaştıkları bölgeyle ilgili sorun oluşturmamaktadır. Aksine uyruğu olduğu ülkelerdeki sosyal yapıyı ve bu ülkelerin diplomatik ilişkilerini de etkileyebilmektedir. Çalışmada, yabancı savaşçıların silahaltına alınmasının, bölgedeki faaliyetlerinin, gözetimlerinin, geri dönüşlerinin ve rehabilitasyonlarının güvenlik, istikrar ve uluslararası hukuk açısından yeni tartışmalar doğurduğu ve bu sorunlarla küresel düzeydeki iş birlikleriyle mücadele edilebileceği ileri sürülmektedir.

Kaynakça

  • Aboufadel, L., (19.08. 2014). Islamic State Executes Female Dentist For Treating Men. AMN - Al-Masdar News Erişim Tarihi: 11.03.2020, https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/islamic-state-executes-female-dentist-treating-men Amnesty International, (2015, Ekim). We Had Nowhere Else To Go. Erişim Tarihi: 25.02.2020,https://www.amnesty.org/download/Documents/MDE2425032015ENGLISH.PDF Anadolu Ajansı, (09.01.2020). YPG/PKK releases 40 more Daesh/ISIS members. Erişim Tarihi: 1.02.2020 https://www.aa.com.tr/en/middle-east/ypg-pkk-releases-40-more-daesh-isis-members/1697604 Barnett, R. (2017). Beyond The Caliphate: Foreign Fighters and the Threat of Returnees. Erişim Tarihi: 11.03.2020, https://thesoufancenter.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/Beyond-the-Caliphate-Foreign-Fighters-and-the-Threat-of-Returnees-TSC-Report-October-2017-v3.pdf BBC News, (07.02. 2020). Shamima Begum loses appeal over citizenship. Erişim Tarihi: 11.03.2020, https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-51413040 BBC, (27.05.2019). French Islamic State members sentenced to death in Iraq. Erişim Tarihi: 05.02.2020, https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-48414670 bbc 2019 Boutin, B. (2016, Aralık) Administrative Measures against Foreign Fighters: In Search of Limits and Safeguards. The International Centre for Counter-Terrorism, Cilt 7(12), Erişim Tarihi: 05.02.2020, https://icct.nl/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/ICCT-Boutin-Administrative-Measures-December2016-1.pdf Bryan, I. (2010, Kış) Sovereignty and the Foreign Fighter Problem. Orbis, Cilt 54(1), 115–129 Byman, D. & Shapiro, J. (2014, Kasım). Be Afraid. Be a Little Afraid: The Threat of Terrorism from Western Foreign Fighters in Syria and Iraq. Foreign Policy at Brooking, 34, 1-34 Codexter, (2016). The Roles Of Women In Daesh. Erişim Tarihi: 20.02.2020, https://rm.coe.int/16806b33a7 Davis, R. (2015). Syria's Refugee Crisis, Great Decisions, 65-76. Dearden, L. (11.02.2019). James Matthews: Former British soldier who fought against Isis attacks 'incoherent' terror charge. The Independent, Erişim Tarihi: 05.02.2020, https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/james-matthews-isis-british-soldier-terror-charge-syria-army-uk-a8770781.html Defend International, (4.08.2015). UN Official Verified IS “Price List” For Enslaved Females. Erişim Tarihi: 08.02.2020, https://defendinternational.org/is-price-list-for-yazidi-and-christian-females-verified-by-un-official/ Demir, H. (01.12.2019). Mezarları ve türbeleri neden yıkıyorlar?, Tepav Günlük, Erişim Tarihi: 01.03.2020, https://www.tepav.org.tr/tr/blog/s/6540/Mezarlari+ve+turbeleri+neden+yikiyorlar_ Dworkin, A. Beyond Good And Evil: Why Europe Should Bring Iiıs Foreign Fighters Home. Erişim Tarihi: 20.02.2020,https://www.ecfr.eu/page/-/beyond_good_and_evil_why_europe_should_bring_isis_foreign_fighters_home.pdf Erdoğan, Ş. & Deligöz, E. (2015, Mayıs). Irak Şam İslam Devleti (IŞİD): Gücü ve Geleceği. Savunma Bilimleri Dergisi, Cilt 14(1), 5-37 Gülşen, H. (2019, Nisan). Radikalleşme Bağlamında Yabancı Savaşçıların Evrimi. Ortadoğu Araştırmaları Merkezi, 4, 1-27 Haider, H. (12.12.2014, Formal justice in Iraq, GSDRC Helpdesk Research Report, 1175, Erişim Tarihi: 04.03.2020,https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/57a089a6ed915d622c00032d/hdq1175.pdf Hatahet, S. (2015, Şubat). Suriye’de İŞİD. Ortadoğu Araştırmaları Merkezi, 20, 1-12. Hatahet, S.,Cengiz, M.E.& Rashid, M.(2019 Nisan) Suriye’deki Ulus-Aşırı Ypg’li Savaşçılar Fenomeni. Istanbul: Al Sharq Forum Hegghammer, T.(2013, Şubat). Should I Stay or Should I Go? Explaining Variation in Western Jihadists’ Choice between Domestic and Foreign Fighting. American Political Science Review, Cilt 107(1),1–15. Hegghammer,T. (2010, Kış) The Rise of Muslim Foreign Fighters: Islam and the Globalization of Jihad. International Security, Cilt 35(3), 53-91. HRW, (2014). Under Kurdish Rule Abuses in PYD-run Enclaves of Syria. Erişim Tarihi: 20.02.2020, https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/syria0614_kurds_ForUpload.pdf HRW, (2016). Iraq: Women Suffer Under ISIS. Erişim Tarihi: 20.02.2020, https://www.hrw.org/news/2016/04/05/iraq-women-suffer-under-isis HRW, (2020). Iraq Events of 2019. Erişim Tarihi: 26.04.2020, https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2020/country-chapters/iraq Karabat, A. (25.08.2015), İşid Devlet Olmak İstiyor. Al Jazeera, Erişim Tarihi: 05.02.2020,http://www.aljazeera.com.tr/al-jazeera-ozel/isid-devlet-olmak-istiyor Kube, C. & Mosheh, G. (08.10.2019). Top Kurdish general: Watching over ISIS prisoners now a 'second priority'. NBCNEWS. Erişim Tarihi: 26.03.2020, https://www.nbcnews.com/news/mideast/top-kurdish-general-watching-over-isis-prisoners-now-second-priority-n1063496 Malet, D. (2013). Foreign Fighters Transnational Identity In Civil Conflicts, New York: Oxford University Press Malet, D. (2015). Foreign Fighter Mobilization and Persistence in a Global Context. Terrorism and Political Violence, Cilt 27 (19), 454-473 Moore, C.& Tumelty, P. (2018) Foreign Fighters and the Case of Chechnya: A Critical Assessment. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, Cilt 31(5). 412-433 OHCHR, (2014, Kasım).Rule of Terror: Living under ISIS in Syria. Erişim Tarihi: 10.03.2020, https://www.refworld.org/docid/5469b2e14.html Orton, K. (2017). The Forgotten Foreign Fighters: The PKK in Syria. The Henry Jackson Society, London, Erişim Tarihi: 05.01.2020, http://henryjacksonsociety.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/3053-PYD-Foreign-Fighter-Project-1.pdf Pugliese, M. (09.01.2020). France and Foreign Fighters: The Controversial Outsourcing of Prosecution. Erişim Tarihi: 05.02.2020, https://www.ispionline.it/en/pubblicazione/france-and-foreign-fighters-controversial-outsourcing-prosecution-24666 Radicalisation Awareness Network. (2017, Temmuz). Responses to returnees: Foreign terrorist fighters and their families. Erişim Tarihi: 14.02.2020, https://ec.europa.eu/home-affairs/sites/homeaffairs/files/ran_br_a4_m10_en.pdf Raudszus, J. (09.01.2020). The Strategy of Germany for Handling Foreign Fighters Erişim Tarihi: 05.02.2020, https://www.ispionline.it/en/pubblicazione/strategy-germany-handling-foreign-fighters-24761 Reed, A. & Pohl, J. (2014). Ülkelerine geri dönüş yapan yabancı terör savaşçılarının artan sorunlarıyla başa çıkmak. Nato Review, Erişim Tarihi: 04.03.2020, https://www.nato.int/docu/review/tr/articles/2017/07/14/uelkelerine-geri-doenues-yapan-yabanci-teroer-savascilarinin-artan-sorunlariyla-basa-cikmak/index.html Rich, B. & Conduit, D. (2014).The Impact of Jıhadist Foreign Fighters on Indigenous Secular-Nationalist Causes: Contrasting Chechnya and Syria. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, Cilt 38(2), 113-131 SHRN, (2015). The Most Significant Human Rights Violations by Kurdish Democratic Union Party and the Kurdish Self-Management Forces. Erişim Tarihi: 23.02.2020,http://sn4hr.org/wp-content/pdf/english/Violations_by_the_Kurdish_Self_Management_Forces_en.pdf SHRN, (2016). The Yearly Report for 2016. Erişim Tarihi: 23.02.2020, http://sn4hr.org/wp-content/pdf/english/The_Yearly_Report_for_2016_en.pdf State, (2016). Trafficking in Persons Report. Erişim Tarihi: 14.02.2020, https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/258876.pdf The Telegraph, (19.08.2019). Jihadi Jack: Canada accuses UK of 'off-loading its responsibilities' by stripping Isil fighter of citizenship. The Telegraph Erişim Tarihi: 26.03.2020, https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2019/08/19/jihadi-jack-canada-disappointed-uk-has-off-loadedresponsibilities/ UNHRC, (2014). Global Trends Forced Displacement in 2014. Erişim Tarihi: 26.04.2020, https://www.unhcr.org/556725e69.html#_ga=1.237703683.281529137.1434611844 UNOCT, (2017). Enhancing the Understanding of the Foreign Terrorist Fighters Phenomenon in Syria. Erişim Tarihi: 14.02.2020, http://www.un.org/en/counterterrorism/assets/img/Report_Final_20170727 UNSC, (2019, Temmuz). Report of the Secretary-General on Children and armed conflict. S/2019/509, Erişim Tarihi: 25.02.2020, https://www.un.org/sg/sites/www.un.org.sg/files/atoms/files/26-07-2019_SG_CAAC_report_advance_copy_0.pdf UNSC, 24.09.2014, Resolution 2178. Erişim Tarihi: 14.02.2020,https://www.undocs.org/S/RES/2178%20(2014) Ünver, H., (2018). Contested Geographies: How ISIS and YPG Rule “No-Go” Areas in Northern Syria. In: Ö. Oktav, E. Dal and A. Kurşun, ed., Violent Non-state Actors and the Syrian Civil War. Springer, pp.35-51. Yalçınkaya, H. (2017). IŞİD’in Yabancı Savaşçıları ve Yarattığı Tehdit: Türkiye’nin Tecrübesi (2014- 2016). Uluslararası İlişkiler, Cilt 14 (53), 23-43 Zuijdewijn, J.R. &Bakker, E. (2014, Haziran) Returning Western Foreign Fighters: The Case of Afghanistan, Bosnia and Somalia, International Centre for Counter-Terrorism Background Note, Erişim Tarihi: 11.03.2020, https://www.icct.nl/download/file/ICCT-De-Roy-van-Zuijdewijn-Bakker-Returning-Western-Foreign-Fighters-June-2014.pdf
Toplam 1 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Mustafa Tayfun Üstün 0000-0002-9562-8911

Yayımlanma Tarihi 15 Temmuz 2020
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2020 Cilt: 34 Sayı: 3

Kaynak Göster

APA Üstün, M. T. (2020). Suriye İç Savaşında Yabancı Savaşçılar. Atatürk Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 34(3), 1021-1043. https://doi.org/10.16951/atauniiibd.714342

4aoDA4.pngithenticate-badge-rec-positive.png800px-Open-Access-PLoS.svg.png