BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

YABGU UNVANI ve KULLANIMI (KUŞANLARDAN İLK MÜSLÜMAN TÜRK DEVLETLERİNE KADAR)

Yıl 2012, Sayı: 48, 305 - 342, 03.01.2013

Öz

Yabgu unvanı, aslen Türkçe menşeli
olmayıp muhtemelen Sakalarla bağlantılı bir
kelimedir. Çin kaynaklarında, yabancı asıllı
kişiler ve yabancı kavimlerin liderleri için
kullanılan xihou, shehu ve yehu unvanları,
Kuşan sikkelerindeki zaoou, hiaou gibi
tabirler de yabgu kelimesinin bozuk
imlalarıdır. Yuezhi’ların Bactria’yı fethetmesi
ve Beş Yuezhi beyliği’nin kurulması ile xihou
kelimesi göçebelerde kullanılmaya başlıyor.
Kangju, Wusun ve Hunalar gibi
kavimlerde yabgu kelimesi Grek veya Hint
yazılarıyla yavuha, iabgo ve zaboho olarak da
gözükür. Beylik sonrası devlet görevlilerinin
unvanlarında yabgunun yeniden görülmesi
Eftalitler, Türk Kağanlığı, Hazarlar, Karluk,
Kimek ve Oğuz Yabgu devleti dönemindedir.
Dönemle ilgili muhtelif kaynaklar bunu cebü,
cibgu, ziebel, silziboulos şekillerinde
vermektedirler. Batı Türkistan’daki Çince
zhaowu, İslam kaynaklarındaki camuk gibi
sözler de yabgu ile doğrudan ilgilidir. İslâmî
dönemde yabgu kelimesi Türk titülatüründe
bir unvan olarak kulanılmaya devam etmiştir.
Kaşgarlı Mahmud’un eserinde bu yafgu
olarak görülür.
Yabgu unvanı, henüz devletleşme
olmadan önceki dönemden itibaren
hükümdardan bir rütbe aşağı, yüksek bir
unvan olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır.
Kelimenin anlamı konusunda tam bir fikir
birliği yoktur. Bunun Çince transkripsiyonu
olan xihou ‚birleşik, yönetici‛ gibi bir anlama
sahipti. Yabgu için de ‚yönetici‛ anlamında
İranî veya Altayik bazı kökler teklif edilmiştir.

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Öz

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  • _________, ‚Eski Türk - İran Kültür İlişkileri Hakkında Notlar‛, İran Şehinşahlığı’nın 2500. Kuruluş Yıldönümüne Armağan, T. C. Milli Eğitim Bakanlığı Yayını, İstanbul, 1971, 351-366.
  • PRİTSAK, O. ‚Von den Karluk zu den Karachaniden‛, ZDMG, 101, 1951, 270-300.
  • _________, ‚Stammesnamen und Titulaturen der Altaischen Völker‛, UAJb., XXIV / 1-2, 1952, 49-104.
  • _________, ‚Der Untergang des Reiches des ogusischen Yabgu‛, 60. Doğum yılı münasebetiyle Fuad Köprülü Armağanı. Mélanges Fuad Köprülü, DTCF, İstanbul: Osman Yalçın Matbaası, 1953, 397- 410.
  • PULLEYBLANK, E. G. ‚The Consonantal System of Old Chinese‛, AM, 1962, 58-144.
  • _________, ‚Chinese and Indo-Europeans‛, JRAS, (April, 1966), 9-39.
  • _________, ‚Chinese Evidence for the Date of Kaniska‛, PDK, 1968, 247-258.
  • _________, ‚The Chinese and Their Neighbors in Prehistoric and Early Historic Times‛, The Origins of the Chinese Civilization (Edited by D. N. Keightley), Studies on China 1, University of California Press: Berkeley and Los Angeles 1983, 411-466.
  • _________, Lexicon of Reconstructed Pronunciation in Early Middle Chinese, Late Middle Chinese, and Early Mandarin, Vancouver: UBC Press, 1991.
  • PURI, B. N. ‚The Kushans‛. HCCA, Vol. II. The development of sedentary and nomadic civilizations: 700 B.C. to A.D. 250, Ed. by J. Harmatta, 1994, 247-264.
  • RADLOFF, W. Die alttürkischen Inschriften der Mongolei, SPb. 1895-1897.
  • RAMSTEDT, G. J. ‚Alte türkische und mongolische Titel‛, MSFOu, vol. 55 / 2, 1951, 59-82.
  • RAY, Haraprasad, Chinese Sources of South Asian History in Translation: The Qin dynasty, the former and later Han dynasties, the period of the three kingdoms, (Liu) Song, Southern Qi, the northern, eastern, and western Wei dynasties (3rd century B.C.-6th century A.D.), Asiatic Society 2004.
  • SALMAN, H. Türgişler, TC. Kültür Bakanlığı Yayınları, Ankara, 1998.
  • SHRAVA, S. The Kushana Numismatics, New Delhi: Pranava Prakashan, 1985. _________, The Dated Kushana Inscriptions, New Delhi: Pranava Prakashan, 1993.
  • SIMS-WILLIAMS, N. ‚From the Kushan-Shahs to the Arabs. New Bactrian documents dated in the era of Tochi inscriptions‛, Coins, Art and Chronology I, 1999, 245-258.
  • _________, N. Bactrian Documents from Northern Afghanistan II: Letters and Buddhist Texts, Studies in the Khalili Collection Vol. III. CII, Part II. Insceriptions of the Seleucid and Parthian Periods and of Eastern Iran and Central Asia, Vol. III: Bactrian, Published by the Nour Foundation in association with Azimuth Editions, 2007.
  • SINOR, D. ‚The Establishment and Dissolution of the Türk Empire‛, CHEIA, 1990, 285-316.
  • SMIRNOVA, O. İ. Katalog Monet s Gorodişça Pendjikent, Moskva, 1963.
  • TASKIN, V. S. ‚O Titulah Şanyuy i Kagan‛, Mongolica. Pamyati Akademika Borisa Yakovleviça Vladimirtsova, 1884-1931, AN SSSR, Moskva: İzd-vo ‚Nauka‛, 1986, 213-218.
  • TAŞAĞIL, A. Çin Kaynaklarına Göre Eski Türk Boyları (M.Ö. III – M.S. X. asır), AKDTYK, TTK Yayınları, Ankara: TTK Basımevi, 2004.
  • _________, Gök-Türkler I-II-III, AKDTYK TTK Yayınları: TTK Basımevi, Ankara 2012.
  • TEKIN, T. Orhon Yazıtları, AKDTYK, Ankara: TDK Yayınları, 1988.
  • TEZCAN, M. Kuşanlar Tarihi (Yüeh-chih’lardan Kuşanlara). Atatürk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Erzurum (Basılmamış Doktora Tezi), 1996.
  • _________, ‚Kuşanların Menşei‛, Türkler, C. I, Editörler: H. C. Güzel vd., Yeni Türkiye Yayınları, Ankara, 2002, 789-814.
  • _________, ‚The Conquest of Sogdiana and Bactria by the Nomads and the Asiani‛, Transoxiana.
  • Tarix va Madaniyat, Akademiku Edvardu Rtveladze v çest’ 60-letiya – kollegi i uçeniki,Taşkent, 2004, 154-165.
  • Theophanes. The Chronicle of Theophanes Confessor. Byzantine and Near Eastern History AD 284-813, Translated with Introduction and Commentary by C. Mango and R. Scott with the assistance of G. Greatrex, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1997.
  • THIERRY, F. ‚Yuezhi et Kouchans. Pièges et dangers des sources chinoises‛, Afghanistan, Brepols 2005, 421-539.
  • TRIPATHI, R. History of Ancient India, Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Private Limited: Delhi 1992.
  • TUGUŞEVA, L. Yu. Uygurskaya Versiya Biografii Syuan’-tszana. Fragmentı iz Leningradskogo sobraniya İnstituta Vostokovedeniya AN SSSR, AN SSSR İV, Moskva: Nauka, 1991.
  • ULVING, T. Dictionary of Old and Middle Chinese. Bernhard Karlgren’s Grammata Serica Recensa Alphabetical Arranged, Orientalia Gothoburgensia 11, Acta Universitatis Gothoburgensis, 1997.
  • VONDROVEC, K. ‚Numismatic Evidence of the Alchon Huns reconsidered‛, BUFM 50, 2008, 25- 56.
  • WINK, A. Al-Hind. The Making of the Indo-Islamic World. Vol. II. The Slave Kings and the Islamic Conquest, 11th -13th Centuries, Koninklijke Brill: Leiden 1997.
  • YOSHIDA, Y. ‚On the Origin of the Sogdian Surname Zhaowu 昭武 and Related Problems‛, JA, 291 / 1-2, 2003, 35-67.
  • _________, ‚PERSONAL NAMES, SOGDIAN, i. IN CHINESE SOURCES‛, 2006, (http://www.iranica.com/newsite/index.isc?Article=http://www.iranica.com/newsite/articles/unicode /ot_grp10/ot_perssogdchin_20060109.html)
  • Yu Taishan. ‚A Study of Saka History‛. SPP, Nu. 80, (July, 1998), 1-225.
  • _________, ‚A Hypothesis about the Source of the Sai Tribes‛. SPP, Nu. 106, (September, 2000) 1- 200.
  • _________, ‚The Origins of the Kushans‛. SPP, Nu. 212, (July, 2011), 1-22.
  • Zeimal, E. V. ‚The Political History of Transoxiana‛, CHI, 1983, 232-26
Toplam 155 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil tr; en
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Mehmet Tezcan Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 3 Ocak 2013
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2012 Sayı: 48

Kaynak Göster

APA Tezcan, M. (2013). YABGU UNVANI ve KULLANIMI (KUŞANLARDAN İLK MÜSLÜMAN TÜRK DEVLETLERİNE KADAR). Journal of Turkish Research Institute(48), 305-342.