Detection Methods of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in Milk and Milk Products

Abstract

Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) is a member of the Mycobacterium avium complex, and is

the etiologic agent of Johne's disease (paratuberculosis) in a wide variety of animal species. Animals with clinical signs of

paratuberculosis and asymptomatic carriers spread the agent by their milk, feces and sperm. While milk may carry the

microoganism, indirect contamination may also caused by feces. As well as milk, cheese, yoghurt, cream, butter, ice cream

and other dairy products can also carry the pathogen. The increase in the incidence of Crohn's disease in humans and Johne’s

disease in dairy cattle is observed worldwide. The detection methods of MAP in milk and dairy products are important to

obtain reliable results in interpreting the role of food and possible relationships between these diseases with their high clinical

and pathological similarities. For this purpose, MAP agents can be investigated by classical cultural and direct diagnosis

methods such as Ziehl-Neelsen staining, fluorescence microscopy, solid-phase cytometry and bioluminescence in milk and

dairy products. In addition to these methods, serological techniques such as radioimmunoassays-RIA, enzyme-linked

immunoassays-ELISA, agar gel immunodiffusion assay-AGID and complement fixation-CF test and molecular techniques such

as polymerase chain reaction-PCR, nucleic acid hybridization, immunomagnetic separation PCR, Nested PCR, Real-Time PCR

or the rapid methods which are the combination of these techniques have also been developed.

Keywords

• Crohn's disease,Johne's disease,Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis

Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis’in Süt ve Süt Ürünlerinde Tespit Yöntemleri

Öz

Mycobacterium avium kompleksi üyelerinden olan Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) çok çeşitli hayvan türlerinde Johne hastalığının (paratüberkülozis) etiyolojik etkenidir. Paratüberkülozun klinik belirtilerini gösteren ve asemptomatik taşıyıcı hayvanlar etkeni süt, dışkı ve spermleriyle yaymaktadırlar. Süt direkt olarak etkeni taşıyabildiği gibi özellikle dışkı kaynaklı indirekt bulaşmalar da gerçekleşebilmektedir. Sütün yanı sıra peynir, yoğurt, krema, tereyağı, dondurma vb. süt ürünleri de etkeni taşıyabilmektedir. Süt sığırlarındaki Johne hastalığı ile insanlarda görülen Crohn hastalığı insidenslerinde dünya genelinde artış görülmektedir. Yüksek klinik ve patolojik benzerlikler bulunan bu hastalıklar arasındaki olası ilişkide gıdaların rolünün yorumlanmasında ve güvenilir sonuçlar alınmasında MAP’ın süt ve süt ürünlerinde tespit yöntemleri önem arz etmektedir. Bu amaçla süt ve süt ürünlerinde Ziehl-Neelsen boyama, floresan mikroskop, katı faz sitometri ve biyolüminesans gibi direkt tanı ve kültür yöntemleri ile MAP etkenleri araştırılabilmektedir. Bu yöntemlerin yanı sıra radyoimmün testler (RIA), enzim bağlı immün testler (ELISA), agar jel immünodifüzyon testi (AGID) ve komplement fiksasyon testi (CF test) gibi serolojik teknikler ve polimeraz zincir reaksiyonu (PCR), nükleik asit hibridizasyonu, immunomagnetic separation PCR, Nested PCR, Real-Time PCR gibi moleküler teknikler veya bu tekniklerin kombinasyonlarıyla hızlı tanı yöntemleri geliştirilmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Crohn hastalığı,Johne hastalığı,Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis,Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis

Kaynakça

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