Sütçü İneklerde Mastitis Yönünden Kuru ve Geçiş Dönemlerinin Önemi

Öz

Sütçü işletmelerin en maliyetli sorunlarından biri olan mastitis, meme bezinin yangısı olarak tanımlanmaktadır. Mastitis insidansı yönetim şartlarına göre değişmekte olup %50-75 oranında kuru ve geçiş dönemlerinden köken alır. Kuru dönem; doğumdan önceki laktasyonsuz evre olarak tanımlanırken, geçiş dönemi; prepartum ve postpartum 3 haftalık süreç olarak tanımlanmaktadır. İnekler kuru dönemin ilk iki ve son iki haftasında mastitise karşı oldukça duyarlıdır. Bu zaman dilimlerinde meme hassasiyetinin nedenleri; memenin anatomik, hücresel ve humoral değişiklik geçirmesi ile immun sistemde yetersizliklerin oluşması olarak görülmektedir. Kuru dönemin başında kontagiyöz ve çevresel etkenler sorun oluştururken kuru dönemin sonunda çoğunlukla çevresel patojenler risk teşkil etmektedir. Sunulan derlemede amaç; mastitisleri önleme çalışmalarında kuru dönem yönetiminin önemine değinmektir. Bu aşamada ilk hedef; genel sağlığı koruyarak çevre ve barınak şartlarını iyileştirip her türlü stres faktörünü engellemek olmalıdır. Sonraki adım ise; ineklerin laktasyondaki sağlık kayıtları ve süt verimleri göz önünde bulundurulup uygun protokollerle kuruya alınması olmalıdır. Ayrıca kuru dönemde enerji metabolizması pozitifte tutulmaya çalışılarak vücut kondisyon skoru ideal sınırlarda tutulmalıdır. Bunların yanında hijyenik şartlar iyileştirilerek aşı, vitamin ve iz element uygulamaları yapılmalıdır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Geçiş Dönemi,İnek,Kuru Dönem,Mastitis

Importance of Dry and Transitional Period in Terms of Mastitis in Dairy Cows

Abstract

Mastitis, one of the most costly problems of dairy farms, is defined as inflammation of mammary gland. Incidence of mastitis varies according to management conditions. But, 50-75% of mastitis originates from dry and transition periods. The dry period is defined as non-lactation stage before parturition. The transition period is defined as the last three weeks before parturition to three weeks after parturition. Cows are very sensitive to mastitis during the first two and last two weeks of the dry period. This is due to anatomical, cellular and humoral changes in mammary at these stages, resulting in deficiencies in the immune system. Environmental pathogens create risk at the beginning and end of the dry period whereas contagious pathogens usually are problem at the beginning of the dry period. In presented review, it is aimed to emphasize importance of the dry period management in mastitis prevention. In this case, first goal should be to maintain general health, to improve environment and shelter conditions and to prevent any stress factor. Afterward, cows should be dry with appropriate protocols according to their health and yield status. In addition, body condition and energy metabolism should be kept at balance level. Also, vaccination, vitamin and trace element administrations should be performed and hygienic conditions must be improved.

Keywords

• Cow,Dry Period,Mastitis,Transition Period

Kaynakça

1. Referans1. Bradley AJ., 2002. Bovine mastitis: an evolving disease. The veterinary journal, 164(2), 116-128.
2. Referans2. Biggs A., 2009. Mastitis in cattle. 1. Baskı. 31-65, The Crowood Press, Marlborough.
3. Referans3. Gomes F., henrı̇ques M., 2016. Control of bovine mastitis: Old and recent therapeutic approaches. Current microbiology, 72(4), 377-382.
4. Referans4. Baştan A., Salar S., Cengiz M., Darbaz I., Demirel MA., Özen D., 2015. The prediction of the prevalence and risk factors for subclinical heifermastitis in Turkish dairy farms. Turkish Journal of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, 39(6), 682-687.
5. Referans5. Roberts T., Chapinal N., LeBlanc SJ., Kelton DF., Dubuc J., Duffield TF., 2012. Metabolic parameters in transition cows as indicators for early-lactation culling risk. Journal of dairy science, 95(6), 3057-3063.
6. Referans6. Hertl JA., Schukken YH., Tauer LW., Welcome FL., Gröhn YT., 2018. Does clinical mastitis in the first 100 days of lactation 1 predict increased mastitis occurrence and shorter herd life in dairy cows?. Journal of dairy science, 101(3), 2309-2323.
7. Referans7. Guimaraes JL., Brito MA., Lange CC., Silva MR., Ribeiro JB., Mendonça LC., Souza GN., 2017. Estimate of the economic impact of mastitis: A case study in a Holstein dairy herd under tropical conditions. Preventive Veterinary Medicine, 142, 46-50.
8. Referans8.Taponen S., Liski E., Heikkilä AM., Pyörälä S., 2017. Factors associated with intramammary infection in dairy cows caused by coagulase-negative staphylococci, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus uberis, Streptococcus dysgalactiae, Corynebacterium bovis, or Escherichia coli. Journal of dairy science, 100(1), 493-503.

9. Referans9. Abebe R., Hatiya H., Abera M., Megersa B., Asmare K., 2016. Bovine mastitis: prevalence, risk factors and isolation of Staphylococcus aureus in dairy herds at Hawassa milk shed, South Ethiopia. BMC veterinary research, 12(1), 270.
10. Referans10. Sundrum A., 2015. Metabolic disorders in the transition period indicate that the dairy cows’ ability to adapt is overstressed. Animals, 5(4), 978-1020.
11. Referans11. Hoque MN., Das ZC., Rahman ANMA., Hoque MM., 2016. Effect of administration of vitamin E, selenium and antimicrobial therapy on incidence of mastitis, productive and reproductive performances in dairy cows. International Journal of Veterinary Science and Medicine, 4(2), 63-70.
12. Referans12. Leelahapongsathon K., Pı̇roon T., Chaı̇srı̇ W., Surı̇yasathaporn W., 2016. Factors in Dry Period Associated with Intramammary Infection and Subsequent Clinik Mastitis in Early Postpartum Cows. Asian-Australasian journal of animal sciences, 29(4), 580.
13. Referans13. Baştan A., 2013. İneklerde Meme sağlığı ve Sorunları. 2. Baskı. 204-220, Kardelen Ofset, Ankara.
14. Referans14. Sandholm M., Honkanen-Buzalski T., Kaartinen L., Pyörola S., 1995. The bovine udder and mastitis. 1th ed., 209-2019, University of Helsinki, Finland.
15. Referans15. Hogan J., Smith KL., 2003. Coliform mastitis. Veterinary research, 34(5), 507-519.
16. Referans16. Bradley AJ., Green MJ., 2004. The importance of the nonlactating period in the epidemiology of intramammary infection and strategies for prevention. Veterinary Clinics: Food Animal Practice, 20(3), 547-568.
17. Referans17. Ollıer S., Zhao X., Lacasse P., 2013. Effect of prolactin-release inhibition on milk production and mammary gland involution at drying-off in cows. Journal of dairy science, 96(1), 335-343.
18. Referans18. Smith KL., Hogan JS., 1999. Managing dry cows to control mastitis. In Proceedings of the British Mastitis Conference (Vol. 79, p. 86).
19. Referans19. Pyörala S., 2008. Mastitis in Post‐Partum Dairy Cows. Reproduction in domestic animals, 43(s2), 252-259.
20. Referans20. Küplülü Ş., Vural MR., 2016. Büyük Ruminantlarda Meme Sağlığı Kontrol Programları. ‘’Evcil Hayvanlarda Meme Hastalıkları’’, Ed., M Kaymaz, M Fındık, A Rişvanlı, A köker 1. ed., 261-294, Medipres, Ankara.
21. Referans21. Ingvartsen KL., Moyes K., 2013. Nutrition, immune function and health of dairy cattle. Animal, 7(s1), 112-122.
22. Referans22. Fabris TF., Laporta J., Corra FN., Torres YM., Kirk DJ., McLean DJ., Dahl G E., 2017. Effect of nutritional immunomodulation and heat stress during the dry period on subsequent performance of cows. Journal of Dairy Science, 100(8), 6733-6742.
23. Referans23. Tao S., Dahl GE., 2013. Invited review: heat stress effects during late gestation on dry cows and their calves. Journal of dairy science, 96(7), 4079-4093.
24. Referans24. Baştan A., ve Cengiz M., 2010., Kuru Dönemin Meme Sağlığı Açısından Önemi ve Kuru Dönem Tedavisi. Turkiye Klinikleri Journal of Veterinary Sciences, 1(1), 14-21.
25. Referans25. Bertulat S., Isaka N., De Prado A., Lopez A., Hetreau T., Heuwieser W., 2017. Effect of a single injection of cabergoline at dry off on udder characteristics in high-yielding dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science, 100(4), 3220-3232.
26. Referans26. Boutinaud M., Isaka N., Gandemer E., Lamberton P., Wiart S., Taranilla ADP., Lollivier V., 2017. Inhibiting prolactin by cabergoline accelerates mammary gland remodeling during the early dry period in dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science, 100(12), 9787-9798.
27. Referans27. Cengiz M., 2009. İneklerde Kuru Dönem Mastitise Karşı Koruyucu Yaklaşımlar. Atatürk Üniversitesi Veteriner Bilimleri Dergisi, 4(3).
28. Referans28. Golder HM., Hodge A., Lean IJ., 2016. Effects of antibiotic dry-cow therapy and internal teat sealant on milk somatic cell counts and clinical and subclinical mastitis in early lactation. Journal of Dairy Science, 99(9), 7370-7380.
29. Referans29. Ellis K., 2015. Organic Dairy Farms. In ‘’ Bovine Medicine’’, Ed., PD Cockcroft, 3 rd ed., 476-484, john Wiley & Sons, Iowa.
30. Referans30. Eberhart RJ., 1986. Management of Dry Cows to Reduce Mastitis. Journal of Dairy Science, 69(6), 1721-1732.
31. Referans31. Foret C., Agüero H., Janowı̇Cz P., 2006. Efficacy of two barrier iodine teat dips under natural exposure conditions. Journal of dairy science, 89(6), 2279-2285.
32. Referans32. Barkema HW., Schukken YH., ve Zadoks RN., 2006. Invited review: The role of cow, pathogen, and treatment regimen in the therapeutic success of bovine Staphylococcus aureus mastitis. Journal of Dairy Science, 89(6), 1877-1895.
33. Referans33. Lean IJ., Van Saun R., DeGaris PJ., 2013. Mineral and antioxidant management of transition dairy cows. Veterinary Clinics: Food Animal Practice, 29(2), 367-386.
34. Referans34. Spears JW., Weiss WP., 2008. Role of antioxidants and trace elements in health and immunity of transition dairy cows. The Veterinary Journal, 176(1), 70-76.