Öz

Bu çalışmanın amacı, bir bakteriyel inokulant, melas ve inokulant+melas kombinasyonunun laboratuvar şartlarında çayır silajının fermentasyon dinamiği ve değişik inkübasyon sürelerinde kuru madde (KM), asit detergent fiber (ADF) ve neutral detergent fiber (NDF)in rumende parçalanabilirliği üzerine etkilerini incelemektir. Biçimden sonra, % 32 kuru madde (KM) içeren taze çayır otu katkılı ve katkısız olarak 1 litrelik cam kavanozlarda silolanmıştır. Deneme grupları, TO: control, T1 : silaj kuru maddesinde 4.7 x 108 cfu kg mikrobiyal inokulant, T2: silaj kuru maddesinde % 5 melas, T3: T1 ve T2 katkılarının kombinasyonundan oluşturuldu. Silolamadan 120 gün sonra mini silolar açıldı ve analiz edildi. Silajlara melas ve melas + inokulant ilave edilen gruplardaki kuru madde miktarı diğer gruplardakinden yüksek bulundu. Katkılar silaj pH’sını düşürürken propiyonik asiti artırdı, laktik asit konsantrasyonunu etkilemedi. Katkılar rumende kuru madde (KM) ve neutral detergent fiber (NDF)’in 96 saatteki parçalanabilirliğini etkilemezken, melas katkılı silaj gruplarının rumende asit detergent fiber (ADF)’in parçalanabilirliğini control grubuna göre artırmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Çayır otu silajı, katkılar, inokulant, kalite, parçalanabilirlik

Kaynakça

1. Adesogan AT, Krueger MB, Salawu MB, Staples CR (2004) The influence of treatment with dual purpose bacterial inoculants or soluble carbohydrates on the fermentation and aerobic stability of bermuda grass. Journal of Dairy Science 87, 3407–3416.
2. Aksoy A, Macit M, Karaoğlu M (2000) Hayvan Besleme. Atatürk Üniv. Ziraat Fakültesi Ders Kitapları Yay. No: 220, Erzurum
3. A.O.A.C (1990) Official Methods of Analysis Association of Agricultural Chemist. Virginia, D. G. v+1213.
4. Baytok E, Aksu T, Karslı MA, Muruz H (2005) The effects of formic acid, molasses and inoculant as silage additives on corn silage composition and ruminal fermentation characteristics in sheep. Turkish Journal of Veterinary and Animal Science 29, 469-474.
5. Beever DE, Mould FL (2000) Forage evaluation for efficient ruminant livestock production. In: Givens, D.I., Owen, E., Axford, R.F.E., Omed, H.M. (Eds.), Forage Evaluation in Ruminant Nutrition. CABI Publishing, Oxon, pp. 15–42.
6. Castle M, Watson JM (1985) Silage and milk production studies with molass formic acid as additives for grass silage. Grass and Forage Science 40 (1), 85-92. Chen J, Stokes MR, Wallace CR (1994) Effect of enzyme-inoculant systems on preservation and nutritive value of haycrop and corn silages. Journal of Dairy Science 77, 501-513.
7. Çomaklı B, Menteşe Ö, Koç A (2004) Nitrogen fertilizing and preanthesis cutting stage improve dry matter production, protein content and botanical composition in meadows. ACTA Agriculturae Scandinavica Section B-Soil and Plant Science 55, 125-130.
8. Demirel M, Cengiz F, Erdoğan S (2003) Değişik oranlarda sudan otu ve macar fiğinden yapılan silajların kalitatif özellikleri ve rumende parçalanabilirlikleri üzerine bir araştırma. Turkish Journal of Veterinary and Animal Science 27, 853-859.

9. Filya İ, Ashbell G, Hen Y, Weinberg ZG (2000) The effect of bacterial inoculants on the fermentation and aerobic stability of whole crop wheat silage. Animal Feed Science and Technology 88, 39-46.
10. Gallop N, Zakin V, Weinberg ZG (2005) Antibacterial activity of lactic acid bacteria included in inoculants for silage and in silages treated with these inoculant. Journal of Applied Microbiology 98, 662-666.
11. Gökkuş A, Koç A (1996) The effects of different herbicides and application dates on hay yield and botanical composition. Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry 20, 375-382.
12. Gül M (2000) Farklı biçim zamanı ile melas ve formic asit katkısının sudan otu silajının kalitesi ve rumende yıkılımı üzerine etkisi. Y. Y. Ü. Sağ. Bil. Ens. (PhD Thesis), Van.
13. Hargreaves A, Huber JT, Arroyoluna J, Kung JL (1984) Influence of adding ammonia to come stalk age on feeding value for dairy cows and on fermentation changes. Journal of Animal Science 59 (3), 567-575.
14. Hoffman PC, Sievert SJ, Shaver RD, Welch DA, Combs DK (1993) In situ dry matter, protein, and fiber degradation of perennial forage. Journal of Dairy Science 76, 2632–2643.
15. Keady TWJ, Mayne CS, Fitzpatrick DA (2000) Prediction of silage feeding value from the analysis of the herbage at ensiling and effects of nitrogen fertilizer, date of harvest and additive treatment on grass silage composition. Journal of Agricultural Science 134, 353-368.
16. Keady TWJ (1996) A review of the effects of molasses treatment of unwilted grass at ensiling on silage fermentation, digestibility and intake, and on animal performance. Irish Journal of Agricultural and Food Research 35:141
17. Keller TH, Nonn H, Jeroch H (1994) Comparative studies on the effiency of various biological silage additives for the ensiling of lucerne. Archives of Animal Nutrition 47, 75-87.
18. Kung Jr.L, Muck RE (1997) Animal Response to silage additives. In “Proceedings from the Silage: Field to Feedbunk North American Conference” NRAES -99. pp 200-210.
19. Kurtoğlu V (1998) Mikrobiyal inokulant ile hazırlanan yonca silajının süt ineklerin verimi ve bileşimi ile inokulasyonun silaj kalitesi üzerine etkisi (PhD Thesis). Konya.
20. Leventini MW, Hunt CW, Roffler RE, Casebolt DG (1990) Effects of dietary levels of barley-based supplements and ruminal buffer on digestion and growth by beef cattle. Journal of Animal Science 68, 4334-4344.
21. Meeske R, Basson HM (1998) The effect of lactic acid bacterial inoculant on maize silage. Animal Feed Science and Technology 70, 239-247.
22. Muck RE, Kung Jr.L (1997) Effects of silage additives on ensiling. In “Proceedings from the Silage: Field to Feedbunk North American Conference”. NRAES -99. pp 187-199.
23. Nadeau EMG, Russel JR, Buxton DR (2000) Intake, digestibility, and composition of orchardgrass and alfalfa silages treated with cellulase, inoculant, and formic acid fed to lambs. Journal of Animal Science 78, 2980–2989.
24. Nousiainen J, Rinne M, Hellämäki M, Huhtanen P (2003) Prediction of the digestibility of the primary growth of grass silages harvested at different stages of maturity from chemical composition and pepsin-cellulase solubility. Animal Feed Science and Technology 103, 97–111.
25. Ørskov ER, McDonald I (1979) The estimation of protein degradability in rumen from incubation measurements weighed according to rate of passage. Journal of Agricultural Science 92, 499-503
26. Özen N, Çakır A, Haşimoğlu S, Aksoy A (1993) Yemler Bilgisi ve Yem Teknolojisi. Atatürk Üniversitesi, Ziraat Fakültesi Ofset Tesisi, Erzurum.
27. Patterson DC, Yan TF, Gordon J, Kilpatrick DJ (1998) Effects of bacterial inoculation of unwilted and wilted grass silages. 2. Intake, performance and eating behaviour by dairy cattle. Journal of Agricultural Science 131, 113-119.
28. Polan CE, Stieve DE, Gerratt JC (1998) Protein preservation and ruminal degradability of ensiled forage treated with heat, formic acid, ammonia or microbial inoculant. Journal of Dairy Science 81, 765-776.
29. Sarwar M, Firkins JL, Eastridge ML (1992) Effects of variying forage and concentrate carbohydrates on nutrient digestibilities and milk production by dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science 75(6), 1532-1543.
30. SAS (1998) Statistical Analysis System user’s guide SAS Institute Inc., NC, USA.
31. Seale DR, Henderson AR, Pettersson KO, Lowe CF (1986) The effect of addition to sugar and inoculation with two commercial inoculants on the fermentation of lucerne silage in laboratuary silages. Grass and Forage Science 41, 61-70.
32. Umana R, Staples CR, Bates DB, Wilcox CJ, Mahanna WC (1991) Effects of a microbial inoculant and (or) sugarcane molasses on the fermentation, aerobic stability and digestibility of bermudagrass ensiled at two moisture contents. Journal of Animal Science 69, 4588-4601.
33. Van Soest PJ, Robertson JB (1979) System of analyses for evaluation of fibrous feed. In. Pigden, W.J. Balch, C.C. and Graham M. Eds. Proc. Int. Workshop on Standardization of Analytical Methodology for Feeds. Int. Dev. Res. Center, Ottowa, Canada. pp 49-60.
34. Von Keyserlingk MAG, Swift ML, Puchala RJ, Shelford A (1996) Degradability characteristics of dry matter and crude protein of forages in ruminants. Animal Feed Science and Technology 57, 291–311.
35. Weinberg, Z. G., Chen, Y., Gamburg, M., 2004. The passage of lactic acid bacteria from silage into rumen fluid, in vitro studies. Journal of Dairy Science 87, 3386-3397.
36. Yan T, Agnew RE (2004) Prediction of nutritive values in grass silages: II. Degradability of nitrogen and dry matter using digestibility, chemical composition, and fermentation data. Journal of Animal Science 82, 1380-1391.
37. Zahar M, Benkerrroum N, Guerouali A, Laraki Y, El Yakoubi K (2002) Effect of temperature, anaerobiosis, stirring and salt addition on natural fermentation silage of sardine and sardine wastes in sugarcane molasses. Bioresource Technology 82, 171-176.
38. Zahiroddinia H, Baaha J, Absalomb W, McAllistera TA (2004) Effect of an inoculant and hydrolytic enzymes on fermentation and nutritive value of whole crop barley silage. Animal Feed Science and Technology 117, 317–330.