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Boş Zaman Motivasyon Ölçeğinin Türkçe Uyarlaması: Turistik Tercihler Üzerinden Bir Değerlendirme

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 5 Sayı: 2, 107 - 123, 29.07.2022
https://doi.org/10.53353/atrss.1070700

Öz

Bu çalışmanın amacı, Beard ve Ragheb’in (1983) geliştirmiş olduğu Boş Zaman Motivasyon Ölçeğinin (BZMÖ) turistik tercihler üzerinden Türkçeye uyarlanmasıdır. Dil geçerliğinin onaylanması sonrası 343 turizm akademisyenine uygulanan ölçeğin KMO değerinin 0,904 ve Barlett küresellik testinin anlamlı olması (χ2 5.694, p<0,001), araştırmanın faktör analizine uygunluğunu göstermektedir. Açımlayıcı faktör analizi sonuçları, ifadelerin altı faktörde toplandığını, toplam varyansın %63,06’sını açıkladığını ve faktör yüklerinin 0,35 ile 1,00 arasında sıralandığını göstermiştir. Altı boyutlu yapıya uygulanan doğrulayıcı faktör analizinde; normalleştirilmiş ki kare değeri 1,67, NFI değeri 0,90, RMSEA değeri 0,057, IFI değeri 0,96 ve RFI değeri 0,88 olarak tespit edilmiş ve bu sonuçlar, açımlayıcı faktör analizi sonucu ortaya çıkan altı boyutlu yapının uyumlu olduğunu göstermiştir.

Kaynakça

  • Albayrak, T. & Caber, M. (2018). A motivation-based segmentation of holiday tourists participating in white-water rafting. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 9, 64-71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdmm.2017.11.001
  • Beard, J. G. & Ragheb, M. G. (1980). Measuring leisure satisfaction. Journal of leisure Research, 12(1), 20-33.
  • Beard, J. G. & Ragheb, M. G. (1983). Measuring leisure motivation. Journal of leisure research, 15(3), 219-228.
  • Beggs, B., Kleparski, T., Elkins, D. & Hurd, A. (2014). Leisure motivation of older adults in relation to other adult life stages. Activities, Adaptation & Aging, 38(3), 175-187.
  • Beggs, B. A., Stitt, J. E. & Elkins, D. J. (2004). Leisure motivation of participants and nonparticipants in campus recreational sports programs. Recreational Sports Journal, 28(1), 65-77.
  • Bentler, P. M. & Bonett, D. G. (1980). Significance tests and goodness-of-fit in the analysis of covariance structures. Psychological Bulletin, 88(3), 588-600.
  • Callender, J. & Osburn H. (1977). A method for maximizing and cross-validating split-half reliability coefficients. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 37, 819-826.
  • Chen, M. & Pang, X. (2012). Leisure motivation: An integrative review. Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal, 40(7), 1075-1081.
  • Choi, S. H. (2015). Re-examining the dimensionality of leisure motivation and leisure satisfaction in a multicultural context: Evidence from Macau. Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews, 3(1), 06-10.
  • Cicchetti, D. V. (1994). Guidelines, criteria, and rules of thumb for evaluating normed and standardized assessment instruments in psychology. Psychological assessment, 6(4), 284.
  • Cohen, E. (1972). Toward a sociology of international tourism. Social research, 39(1), 164-182.
  • Crompton, J. L. (1979). Motivations for pleasure vacation. Annals of tourism research, 6(4), 408-424.
  • Crandall, R. (1979). Social interaction, affect and leisure. Journal of Leisure Research, 11(3), 165-181.
  • Crandall, R. (1980). Motivations for leisure. Journal of leisure research, 12(1), 45-54.
  • Cristobal, E., Flavian, C. & Guinaliu, M. (2007). Perceived e-service quality (PeSQ) measurement validation and effects on consumer satisfaction and web site loyalty. Managing service quality: An international journal, 17(3), 317-340.
  • Dann, G. M. (1977). Anomie, ego-enhancement and tourism. Annals of tourism research, 4(4), 184-194.
  • Deci, E. L. & Ryan, R. M. (1985). Intrinsic motivation and self-determination in human behavior. New York: Plenum Press.
  • Deniz, K. Z. (2007). The adaptation of psychological scales. Ankara University Journal of Faculty of Educational Sciences (JFES), 40(2), 1-16. doi:10.1501/Egifak_0000000160
  • Donald, M. N. & Havighurst, R. J. (1959). The meanings of leisure. Social Forces, 355-360.
  • Ellis, M. J. (1973). Why people play. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall.
  • Faulks, P., Ritchie, B. & Dodd, J. (2008). Bicycle tourism as an opportunity for re-creation and restoration? Investigating the motivations of bike ride participants. 3-5 December, New Zealand Tourism and Hospitality Research Conference, Hanmer Springs, 23-27.
  • Fleiss, J. L. (2011). Design and analysis of clinical experiments. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
  • Gump, P. V. & Frieson, W. V. (1962). Satisfactions derived from non-class settings. G. Barker & P. V. Gump (Ed.), “in” Big school-small school: High school size and student behavior (pp.75-93), Stanford: Stanford University Press.
  • Hair, J.F., Black, W.C., Barry, J.B. & Rolf, E.A. (2010). Multivariate Data Analysis: A Global Perspective. New Jersey: Prentice Hall.
  • Hsieh, C. M. (1998). Leisure attitudes, motivation, participation, and satisfaction: Test of a model of leisure behavior (Doktora tezi) Indiana University, İndiana. ProQuest veri tabanından erişildi. Erişim Adresi (14.12.2021): https://www.proquest.com/docview/304449991?pqorigsite=gscholar&fromopenview=true.
  • Huang, S. (2010). Measuring tourist motivation: do scales matter?. Tourismos, 5(1), 153-162.
  • Iliescu, D. (2017). Adapting Tests in Linguistic and Cultural Situations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Iso-Ahola, S. (1982) Towards a social psychology of tourist motivation: A rejoinder. Annals of Tourism Research 9: 256-261.
  • Iso-Ahola, S. E. & Allen, J. R. (1982). The dynamics of leisure motivation: The effects of outcome on leisure needs. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 53(2), 141-149.
  • Kleiven, J. (2005). Measuring leisure and travel motives in Norway: Replicating and supplementing the leisure motivation scales. Tourism Analysis, 10(2), 109-122.
  • Kline, P. (2015). A Handbook of Test Construction (Psychology Revivals): İntroduction to Psychometric Design. London: Routledge.
  • Kyle, G. & Mowen, A. (2004). An examination of the relationship between leisure constraints, involvement, and commitment. M. James (Ed.), “in” Proceedings of the 2003 Northeastern Recreation Research Symposium (328-337). New York: US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northeastern Research Station.
  • Lloyd, C., King, R., McCarthy, M. & Scanlan, M. (2007). The association between leisure motivation and recovery: A pilot study. Australian Occupational Therapy Journal, 54(1), 33-41.
  • London, M., Crandall, R. & Fitzgibbons, D. (1977). The psychological structure of leisure: Activities, needs, people. Journal of Leisure Research, 9(4), 252-263.
  • Lounsbury, J. W. & Franz, C. P. (1990). Vacation discrepancy: A leisure motivation approach. Psychological Reports, 66(2), 699-702.
  • Lounsbury, J. W. & Hoopes, L. L. (1988). Five-year stability of leisure activity and motivation factors. Journal of Leisure Research, 20(2), 118-134.
  • McIver, J. P., & Carmines, E. G. (1981). Unidimensional Scaling. SAGE Publications, Inc. https://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781412986441.
  • McIntosh R. W. & Goeldner C. R. (1990), Tourism; Principles, Practices, Philosophies. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
  • Mohsin, A. & Ryan, C. (2007). Exploring attitudes of Indian students toward holidaying in New Zealand using the leisure motivation scale. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 12(1), 1-18.
  • Murray, C. & Nakajima, I. (1999). The leisure motivation of Japanese managers: A research note on scale development. Leisure studies, 18(1), 57-65.
  • Nunnally, J.C. (1967). Psychometric Theory. New York: McGraw Hill.
  • Nurosis, M. (1994), Statistical Data Analysis. Chicago: SPSS Inc.
  • Olds, E. B. (1964). Effects of the recreation experience on people. Annual Convention of the American Association for Health, Physical Education and Recreation. 9 May, Washington.
  • Patrick, G. T. W. (1916). The Psychology of Relaxation. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
  • Ryan, R. & Deci, E. (2000). Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being. American Psychologist, 55(1), 68.
  • Ryan, C. & Glendon, I. (1998). Application of leisure motivation scale to tourism. Annals of tourism Research, 25(1), 169-184.
  • Smith, S. L. & Godbey, G. C. (1991). Leisure, recreation and tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 18(1), 85-100.
  • Starzyk, K. B., Reddon, J. R. & Friel, J. P. (2000). Need structure, leisure motivation, and psychosocial adjustment among young offenders and high school students. Journal of Offender Rehabilitation, 31(1-2), 163-174.
  • Swarbrooke, J. & Horner, S. (2007). Consumer Behavior İn Tourism. Butterworth: Heinemann.
  • Tinsley, H. E., Barrett, T. C. & Kass, R. A. (1977). Leisure activities and need satisfaction. Journal of Leisure Research, 9(2), 110-120.
  • Tinsley, H. E. & Kass, R. A. (1978). Leisure activities and need satisfaction: A replication and extension. Journal of Leisure Research, 10(3), 191-202.
  • Tinsley, H. E. & Kass, R. A. (1979). The latent structure of the need satisfying properties of leisure activities. Journal of Leisure Research, 11(4), 278-291.
  • Vogt, W. P. (1993). Dictionary of Statistics and Methodology: A Nontechnical Guide for the Social Sciences. Newbury Park: Sage.
  • White, R. W. (1959). Motivation reconsidered: The concept of competence. Psychological review, 66(5), 297.
  • Wickham, S. E., Hanson, C. S., Shechtman, O. & Ashton, C. (2000). A pilot study: Attitudes toward leisure and leisure motivation in adults with spinal cord injury. Occupational therapy in health care, 12(4), 33-50.
  • Yıldız, S. & Dinçer, M. Z. (2017). Turizm fakültesi öğrencilerinin bazı demografik özelliklerine göre serbest zaman motivasyonlarının incelenmesi: Akdeniz Üniversitesi örneği. Journal of Recreation and Tourism Research, 4(Special Issue 1), 353-362.
  • Yurcu, G. (2017). Turistlerin kişilerarası ilişki tarzları, boş zaman motivasyonları ve boş zaman tatminleri ilişkisi: Antalya\Kemer\Beldibi örneği. Journal of Tourism and Gastronomy Studies, 5(4), 200, 226.

Turkish Adaptation of the Leisure Motivation Scale: An Evaluation Based on Touristic Preferences

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 5 Sayı: 2, 107 - 123, 29.07.2022
https://doi.org/10.53353/atrss.1070700

Öz

Purpose of this study is to provide a Turkish adaptation of the Leisure Motivation Scale (LMS) developed by Beard and Ragheb (1983) based on touristic preferences. Correlations between the two scales have been determined to be 0,91 and higher for each item. A KMO value of 0,904 and a significant result of the Barlett’s test of sphericity (χ2 5.694, p<0,001) achieved upon applying the scale to 343 tourism academicians following the approval of linguistic validity indicate compatibility of the research for factor analysis. Explanatory factor analysis results have demonstrated that the items are grouped under six factors, that they explain 63,06% of the total variance, and that factor loads ranged between 0,35 and 1,00. It has been determined as a result of the confirmatory factor analysis implemented to the six-dimensional structure that; the normalized chi-square value is 1,67, NFI value is 0,90, RMSEA value is 0,057, IFI value is 0,96 and the RFI value is 0,88, asserting that the six-dimensional structure achieved as a result of the explanatory factor analysis is compatible.

Kaynakça

  • Albayrak, T. & Caber, M. (2018). A motivation-based segmentation of holiday tourists participating in white-water rafting. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 9, 64-71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdmm.2017.11.001
  • Beard, J. G. & Ragheb, M. G. (1980). Measuring leisure satisfaction. Journal of leisure Research, 12(1), 20-33.
  • Beard, J. G. & Ragheb, M. G. (1983). Measuring leisure motivation. Journal of leisure research, 15(3), 219-228.
  • Beggs, B., Kleparski, T., Elkins, D. & Hurd, A. (2014). Leisure motivation of older adults in relation to other adult life stages. Activities, Adaptation & Aging, 38(3), 175-187.
  • Beggs, B. A., Stitt, J. E. & Elkins, D. J. (2004). Leisure motivation of participants and nonparticipants in campus recreational sports programs. Recreational Sports Journal, 28(1), 65-77.
  • Bentler, P. M. & Bonett, D. G. (1980). Significance tests and goodness-of-fit in the analysis of covariance structures. Psychological Bulletin, 88(3), 588-600.
  • Callender, J. & Osburn H. (1977). A method for maximizing and cross-validating split-half reliability coefficients. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 37, 819-826.
  • Chen, M. & Pang, X. (2012). Leisure motivation: An integrative review. Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal, 40(7), 1075-1081.
  • Choi, S. H. (2015). Re-examining the dimensionality of leisure motivation and leisure satisfaction in a multicultural context: Evidence from Macau. Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews, 3(1), 06-10.
  • Cicchetti, D. V. (1994). Guidelines, criteria, and rules of thumb for evaluating normed and standardized assessment instruments in psychology. Psychological assessment, 6(4), 284.
  • Cohen, E. (1972). Toward a sociology of international tourism. Social research, 39(1), 164-182.
  • Crompton, J. L. (1979). Motivations for pleasure vacation. Annals of tourism research, 6(4), 408-424.
  • Crandall, R. (1979). Social interaction, affect and leisure. Journal of Leisure Research, 11(3), 165-181.
  • Crandall, R. (1980). Motivations for leisure. Journal of leisure research, 12(1), 45-54.
  • Cristobal, E., Flavian, C. & Guinaliu, M. (2007). Perceived e-service quality (PeSQ) measurement validation and effects on consumer satisfaction and web site loyalty. Managing service quality: An international journal, 17(3), 317-340.
  • Dann, G. M. (1977). Anomie, ego-enhancement and tourism. Annals of tourism research, 4(4), 184-194.
  • Deci, E. L. & Ryan, R. M. (1985). Intrinsic motivation and self-determination in human behavior. New York: Plenum Press.
  • Deniz, K. Z. (2007). The adaptation of psychological scales. Ankara University Journal of Faculty of Educational Sciences (JFES), 40(2), 1-16. doi:10.1501/Egifak_0000000160
  • Donald, M. N. & Havighurst, R. J. (1959). The meanings of leisure. Social Forces, 355-360.
  • Ellis, M. J. (1973). Why people play. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall.
  • Faulks, P., Ritchie, B. & Dodd, J. (2008). Bicycle tourism as an opportunity for re-creation and restoration? Investigating the motivations of bike ride participants. 3-5 December, New Zealand Tourism and Hospitality Research Conference, Hanmer Springs, 23-27.
  • Fleiss, J. L. (2011). Design and analysis of clinical experiments. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
  • Gump, P. V. & Frieson, W. V. (1962). Satisfactions derived from non-class settings. G. Barker & P. V. Gump (Ed.), “in” Big school-small school: High school size and student behavior (pp.75-93), Stanford: Stanford University Press.
  • Hair, J.F., Black, W.C., Barry, J.B. & Rolf, E.A. (2010). Multivariate Data Analysis: A Global Perspective. New Jersey: Prentice Hall.
  • Hsieh, C. M. (1998). Leisure attitudes, motivation, participation, and satisfaction: Test of a model of leisure behavior (Doktora tezi) Indiana University, İndiana. ProQuest veri tabanından erişildi. Erişim Adresi (14.12.2021): https://www.proquest.com/docview/304449991?pqorigsite=gscholar&fromopenview=true.
  • Huang, S. (2010). Measuring tourist motivation: do scales matter?. Tourismos, 5(1), 153-162.
  • Iliescu, D. (2017). Adapting Tests in Linguistic and Cultural Situations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Iso-Ahola, S. (1982) Towards a social psychology of tourist motivation: A rejoinder. Annals of Tourism Research 9: 256-261.
  • Iso-Ahola, S. E. & Allen, J. R. (1982). The dynamics of leisure motivation: The effects of outcome on leisure needs. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 53(2), 141-149.
  • Kleiven, J. (2005). Measuring leisure and travel motives in Norway: Replicating and supplementing the leisure motivation scales. Tourism Analysis, 10(2), 109-122.
  • Kline, P. (2015). A Handbook of Test Construction (Psychology Revivals): İntroduction to Psychometric Design. London: Routledge.
  • Kyle, G. & Mowen, A. (2004). An examination of the relationship between leisure constraints, involvement, and commitment. M. James (Ed.), “in” Proceedings of the 2003 Northeastern Recreation Research Symposium (328-337). New York: US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northeastern Research Station.
  • Lloyd, C., King, R., McCarthy, M. & Scanlan, M. (2007). The association between leisure motivation and recovery: A pilot study. Australian Occupational Therapy Journal, 54(1), 33-41.
  • London, M., Crandall, R. & Fitzgibbons, D. (1977). The psychological structure of leisure: Activities, needs, people. Journal of Leisure Research, 9(4), 252-263.
  • Lounsbury, J. W. & Franz, C. P. (1990). Vacation discrepancy: A leisure motivation approach. Psychological Reports, 66(2), 699-702.
  • Lounsbury, J. W. & Hoopes, L. L. (1988). Five-year stability of leisure activity and motivation factors. Journal of Leisure Research, 20(2), 118-134.
  • McIver, J. P., & Carmines, E. G. (1981). Unidimensional Scaling. SAGE Publications, Inc. https://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781412986441.
  • McIntosh R. W. & Goeldner C. R. (1990), Tourism; Principles, Practices, Philosophies. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
  • Mohsin, A. & Ryan, C. (2007). Exploring attitudes of Indian students toward holidaying in New Zealand using the leisure motivation scale. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 12(1), 1-18.
  • Murray, C. & Nakajima, I. (1999). The leisure motivation of Japanese managers: A research note on scale development. Leisure studies, 18(1), 57-65.
  • Nunnally, J.C. (1967). Psychometric Theory. New York: McGraw Hill.
  • Nurosis, M. (1994), Statistical Data Analysis. Chicago: SPSS Inc.
  • Olds, E. B. (1964). Effects of the recreation experience on people. Annual Convention of the American Association for Health, Physical Education and Recreation. 9 May, Washington.
  • Patrick, G. T. W. (1916). The Psychology of Relaxation. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
  • Ryan, R. & Deci, E. (2000). Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being. American Psychologist, 55(1), 68.
  • Ryan, C. & Glendon, I. (1998). Application of leisure motivation scale to tourism. Annals of tourism Research, 25(1), 169-184.
  • Smith, S. L. & Godbey, G. C. (1991). Leisure, recreation and tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 18(1), 85-100.
  • Starzyk, K. B., Reddon, J. R. & Friel, J. P. (2000). Need structure, leisure motivation, and psychosocial adjustment among young offenders and high school students. Journal of Offender Rehabilitation, 31(1-2), 163-174.
  • Swarbrooke, J. & Horner, S. (2007). Consumer Behavior İn Tourism. Butterworth: Heinemann.
  • Tinsley, H. E., Barrett, T. C. & Kass, R. A. (1977). Leisure activities and need satisfaction. Journal of Leisure Research, 9(2), 110-120.
  • Tinsley, H. E. & Kass, R. A. (1978). Leisure activities and need satisfaction: A replication and extension. Journal of Leisure Research, 10(3), 191-202.
  • Tinsley, H. E. & Kass, R. A. (1979). The latent structure of the need satisfying properties of leisure activities. Journal of Leisure Research, 11(4), 278-291.
  • Vogt, W. P. (1993). Dictionary of Statistics and Methodology: A Nontechnical Guide for the Social Sciences. Newbury Park: Sage.
  • White, R. W. (1959). Motivation reconsidered: The concept of competence. Psychological review, 66(5), 297.
  • Wickham, S. E., Hanson, C. S., Shechtman, O. & Ashton, C. (2000). A pilot study: Attitudes toward leisure and leisure motivation in adults with spinal cord injury. Occupational therapy in health care, 12(4), 33-50.
  • Yıldız, S. & Dinçer, M. Z. (2017). Turizm fakültesi öğrencilerinin bazı demografik özelliklerine göre serbest zaman motivasyonlarının incelenmesi: Akdeniz Üniversitesi örneği. Journal of Recreation and Tourism Research, 4(Special Issue 1), 353-362.
  • Yurcu, G. (2017). Turistlerin kişilerarası ilişki tarzları, boş zaman motivasyonları ve boş zaman tatminleri ilişkisi: Antalya\Kemer\Beldibi örneği. Journal of Tourism and Gastronomy Studies, 5(4), 200, 226.
Toplam 57 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Turizm (Diğer)
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Selim Kırova 0000-0002-9025-6725

Burcu Selin Yılmaz 0000-0002-6997-6146

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 23 Mart 2022
Yayımlanma Tarihi 29 Temmuz 2022
Gönderilme Tarihi 9 Şubat 2022
Kabul Tarihi 6 Nisan 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022 Cilt: 5 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Kırova, S., & Yılmaz, B. S. (2022). Boş Zaman Motivasyon Ölçeğinin Türkçe Uyarlaması: Turistik Tercihler Üzerinden Bir Değerlendirme. GSI Journals Serie A: Advancements in Tourism Recreation and Sports Sciences, 5(2), 107-123. https://doi.org/10.53353/atrss.1070700

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