Zorunluluk İle Gönüllülük Arasında: İklim Krizi Çağında Hareketlilik Rejimlerinin Kiriarşik Siyaseti

Öz

Bu çalışma, iklim kriziyle ilişkili hareketlilik, yerinden olma ve hareketsizlik olgularını, iklim ile göç arasında doğrudan bir nedensellik kuran çevresel belirlenimci açıklamalardan uzaklaşan eleştirel bir çerçevede; eleştirel anlatısal derleme ve kuramsal sentez yöntemiyle ele almaktadır. Çalışma iki analitik hattı bir araya getirir: Osborne’un (2015) iklim değişikliğine uyum tartışmalarına uyarladığı kiriarşi yaklaşımı ve Boas vd. (2019, 2022, 2025) tarafından geliştirilen iklim hareketlilik rejimleri alanyazını. Bu ikili mercek, iklim krizinin yoğunlaştığı sıcak noktaları yalnızca çevresel kategoriler olarak değil, tahakküm katmanlarının biriktiği ve devrilme noktalarına dönüşebilen politik eşikler olarak okumayı mümkün kılar. Sahra-altı Afrika, Güney Asya, Pasifik mikro ada devletleri ve Akdeniz havzasından örneklerle çalışma, zorunlu-gönüllü göç ayrımının hareketlilik deneyimlerini açıklamakta yetersiz kaldığını ileri sürmektedir. Hareket etme, yerinde kalma ya da hareket edememe kapasitesi, tarihsel olarak birikmiş güç ilişkileri içinde şekillenmektedir. Bu yaklaşım, iklim göçerini çevresel koşullarca belirlenen sabit bir özne değil, eşitsiz güç ilişkileri içinde konumlanan ilişkisel bir figür olarak ele alır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• İklim göçeri
• Kiriarşi
• Hareketlilik rejimleri
• Küresel sıcak noktalar
• Devrilme noktaları

Between Forced and Voluntary Mobility: The Kyriarchal Politics of Mobility Regimes in the Age of Climate Crisis

Öz

This study draws on a critical narrative review and theoretical synthesis to examine mobility, displacement and immobility beyond environmentally deterministic readings of the climate-migration nexus. It brings together two bodies of work: kyriarchy, particularly Osborne’s (2015) use of the concept in relation to power and social justice in climate adaptation, and the climate mobility regimes literature developed by Boas et al. (2019, 2022, 2025). These perspectives shift the focus from climate hotspots as areas of environmental stress to climate hotspots as political and social thresholds where accumulated relations of domination may turn into tipping points. Referring to sub-Saharan Africa, South Asia, Pacific small island states, and the Mediterranean Basin, the study argues that the forced-voluntary migration binary is limited in its ability to explain mobility under the climate crisis. The ability to move, remain, or become immobile is shaped by interlocking and historically layered power relations. On this basis, the study develops the climate nomad as a relational figure whose position shifts across mobility and immobility regimes and which exceeds explanations based solely on environmental change

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Climate nomad
• Kyriarchy
• Mobility regimes
• Global hotspots
• Tipping points.

Kaynakça

1. Adger, W. N., Dessai, S., Goulden, M., Hulme, M., Lorenzoni, I., Nelson, D. R., Naess, L. O., Wolf, J., & Wreford, A. (2009). Are there social limits to adaptation to climate change? Climatic Change, 93(3-4), 335-354. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-008-9520-z
2. Ahmad, D., & Afzal, M. (2021). Impact of climate change on pastoralists’ resilience and sustainable mitigation in Punjab, Pakistan. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 23(8), 11406-11426. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-020-01119-9
3. Akdemir, İ. O., & Arslan, A. (2020). Yeni güvenlik epistemolojisi ve çevresel güvenlik paradigması. N. Algan, D. Özel Demiralp, & F. S. Çörtoğlu (Ed.), Küresel ekolojik güvenlik uluslararası sempozyumu bildiri kitabı içinde. Ankara Üniversitesi Yayınları.
4. Ali, E., Cramer, W., Carnicer, J., Georgopoulou, E., Hilmi, N. J. M., Le Cozannet, G., & Lionello, P. (2022). Cross-Chapter Paper 4: Mediterranean Region. In H.-O. Pörtner, D. C. Roberts, M. Tignor, E. S. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, A. Alegría, M. Craig, S. Langsdorf, S. Löschke, V. Möller, A. Okem, & B. Rama (Eds.), Climate change 2022: Impacts, adaptation and vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (pp. 2233-2272). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009325844.021
5. Arslan, A. (2022). “İklim krizi ve kırsal dönüşüm” kıskacında mevsimlik tarım işçisi kadınlar: Şanlıurfa örneğinde bir inceleme. M. Demirel & C. Kaymaz (Ed.), Ekolojik kriz: Kuramsal ve güncel tartışmalar içinde (ss. 159-188). Paradigma Akademi Yayınları.
6. Arslan, A. (2026). A kinopolitical view on the labour mobility of Kurdish seasonal agricultural workers amid rural transformation and climate change. Studies in Ethnicity and Nationalism, 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1111/sena.70045
7. Arslan, A., & Şengül, M. (2021). Topraktan kopan küçük köylülerin kentte tutunma çabası açısından mevsimlik tarım işçiliği: Şanlıurfa örneği üzerinde bir inceleme. Çalışma ve Toplum, 2(69), 1233-1262.
8. Ayeb-Karlsson, S., Baldwin, A. W., & Kniveton, D. (2022). Who is the climate-induced trapped figure? Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change, 13(6), e803. https://doi.org/10.1002/wcc.803

9. Baldwin, A., & Fornalé, E. (2017). Adaptive migration: Pluralising the debate on climate change and migration. The Geographical Journal, 183(4), 322-328. https://doi.org/10.1111/geoj.12242
10. Barnett, J. (2007). The geopolitics of climate change. Geography Compass, 1(6), 1361-1375. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-8198.2007.00066.x
11. Black, R. (1998). Refugees, environment and development. Addison Wesley Longman.
12. Boas, I., Farbotko, C., Adams, H., Sterly, H., Bush, S., van der Geest, K., Wiegel, H., Ashraf, H., Baldwin, A., Bettini, G., Blondin, S., de Bruijn, M., Durand-Delacre, D., Fröhlich, C., Gioli, G., Guaita, L., Hut, E., Jarawura, F. X., Lamers, M., Lietaer, S., Nawrotzki, R. J., Piguet, E., Sakdapolrak, P., Smith, L., Tripathy Furlong, B., Veronis, L., Vigil, S., van der Vlist, M., Warner, J., Zickgraf, C., Black, R., & Hulme, M. (2019). Climate migration myths. Nature Climate Change, 9(12), 901-903. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-019-0633-3
13. Boas, I., Sterly, H., Farbotko, C., Hulme, M., Benveniste, H., Schewel, K. D., … Zickgraf, C. (2025). Climate-induced redistribution of people is not inevitable. Environmental Research Letters, 20(10), 101001. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/adfdfd
14. Boas, I., Wiegel, H., Farbotko, C., Warner, J., & Sheller, M. (2022). Climate mobilities: Migration, im/mobilities and mobility regimes in a changing climate. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 48(14), 3365-3379. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2022.2066264
15. Brown, O. (2007). Climate change and forced migration: Observations, projections and implications (Human Development Report Office Occasional Paper 2007/17). New York: United Nations Development Programme.
16. Byravan, S., & Rajan, S. C. (2008). The social impacts of climate change in South Asia (SSRN Working Paper). https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1129346
17. Carling, J. (2002). Migration in the age of involuntary immobility: Theoretical reflections and Cape Verdean experiences. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 28(1), 5-42. https://doi.org/10.1080/13691830120103912
18. Chaturvedi, S., & Doyle, T. (2010). Geopolitics of climate change and Australia’s “re-engagement” with Asia: Discourses of fear and cartographic anxieties. Australian Journal of Political Science, 45(1), 95-115. https://doi.org/10.1080/10361140903517734
19. Chaturvedi, S., & Doyle, T. (2015). Climate terror: A critical geopolitics of climate change. Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137318954
20. Comfort, L. K. (2006). Cities at risk: Hurricane Katrina and the drowning of New Orleans. Urban Affairs Review, 41(4), 501-516. https://doi.org/10.1177/1078087405284881
21. Corrado, A., de Castro, C., & Perrotta, D. (Eds.). (2017). Migration and agriculture: Mobility and change in the Mediterranean area. London and New York: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315659558
22. Cresswell, T. (2010). Towards a politics of mobility. Environment and Planning D: Society and Space, 28(1), 17-31. https://doi.org/10.1068/d11407
23. Cundill, G., Singh, C., Adger, W. N., De Campos, R. S., Vincent, K., Tebboth, M., & Maharjan, A. (2021). Toward a climate mobilities research agenda: Intersectionality, immobility, and policy responses. Global Environmental Change, 69, 102315. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2021.102315
24. Dalby, S. (2017). Anthropocene formations: Environmental security, geopolitics and disaster. Theory, Culture & Society, 34(2-3), 233-252. https://doi.org/10.1177/0263276415598629
25. de Haas, H. (2011). Mediterranean migration futures: Patterns, drivers and scenarios. Global Environmental Change, 21(Suppl. 1), S59-S69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2011.09.003
26. Delforge, D., Wathelet, V., Below, R., Lanfredi Sofia, C., Tonnelier, M., van Loenhout, J. A. F., & Speybroeck, N. (2025). EM-DAT: The Emergency Events Database. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 124, 105509. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2025.105509
27. Dilley, M., Chen, R. S., Deichmann, U., Lerner-Lam, A. L., & Arnold, M. (2005). Natural disaster hotspots: A global risk analysis (Disaster Risk Management Series No. 5). Washington, DC: The World Bank.
28. Diniega, R., & Sakdapolrak, P. (2026). Speeds and rhythms of social remittance implementation for climate adaptation in Skoura M’Daz, Morocco. Erdkunde, 80(1), 47-65. https://doi.org/10.3112/erdkunde.2026.01.04
29. El-Hinnawi, E. (1985). Environmental refugees. Nairobi: United Nations Environment Programme.
30. Farbotko, C. (2022). Anti-displacement mobilities and re-emplacements: Alternative climate mobilities in Funafala. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 48(14), 3380-3396. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2022.2066259
31. Farbotko, C., & McMichael, C. (2019). Voluntary immobility and existential security in a changing climate in the Pacific. Asia Pacific Viewpoint, 60(2), 148-162. https://doi.org/10.1111/apv.12231
32. Farbotko, C., Thornton, F., Mayrhofer, M., & Hermann, E. (2022). Climate mobilities, rights and justice: Complexities and particularities. Frontiers in Climate, 4, 1026486. https://doi.org/10.3389/fclim.2022.1026486
33. Gemenne, F. (2015). One good reason to speak of “climate refugees”. Forced Migration Review, 49, 70-71. Gertel, J., & Sippel, S. R. (Eds.). (2014). Seasonal workers in Mediterranean agriculture: The social costs of eating fresh. London and New York: Routledge.
34. Gharbaoui, D., & Blocher, J. (2016). The reason land matters: Relocation as adaptation to climate change in Fiji islands. In A. Milan, B. Schraven, K. Warner, & N. Cascone (Eds.), Migration, risk management and climate change: Evidence and policy responses (pp. 149-173). Cham: Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-42922-9_8
35. Hampshire, K. (2002). Networks of nomads: Negotiating access to health resources among pastoralist women in Chad. Social Science & Medicine, 54(7), 1025-1037. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0277-9536(01)00078-8 Harris, J. R., & Todaro, M. P. (1970). Migration, unemployment and development: A two-sector analysis. The American Economic Review, 60(1), 126-142.
36. Hawkins, R. L., & Maurer, K. (2010). Bonding, bridging and linking: How social capital operated in New Orleans following Hurricane Katrina. The British Journal of Social Work, 40(6), 1777-1793. https://doi.org/10.1093/bjsw/bcp087
37. Hewitt, K. (1997). Regions of risk: A geographical introduction to disasters. Longman.
38. Hugo, G. (1996). Environmental concerns and international migration. International Migration Review, 30(1), 105-131. https://doi.org/10.1177/019791839603000110
39. Hugo, G. (2011). Future demographic change and its interactions with migration and climate change. Global Environmental Change, 21(Suppl. 1), S21-S33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2011.09.008
40. IDMC. (2024). 2024 Global Report on Internal Displacement (GRID). https://www.internal-displacement.org/global-report/grid2024
41. IPCC. (2022). Climate change 2022: Impacts, adaptation and vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (H.-O. Pörtner, D. C. Roberts, M. Tignor, E. S. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, A. Alegría, M. Craig, S. Langsdorf, S. Löschke, V. Möller, A. Okem, & B. Rama, Ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009325844.
42. Jacobson, J. L. (1988). Environmental refugees: a yardstick of habitability. Bulletin of Science, Technology & Society, 8(3), 257-258.
43. Kavak, S., & Eren Benlisoy, Z. C. (2025). Seasonal migrant farm workers at the nexus of production and social reproduction in contemporary Turkey. Agriculture and Human Values, 42(4), 2473-2491.
44. Kavak, S., Işlar, M., & Olsson, L. (2026). Agri-labour mobility in a changing climate: A systems approach to vulnerability and precarity among migrant farmworkers. World Development, 202, 107329.
45. Kolmannskog, V. O. (2008). Future floods of refugees: A comment on climate change, conflict and forced migration. Oslo: Norwegian Refugee Council.
46. Le Roy Ladurie, E. (2021). Kısa iklim tarihi (M. A. Kılıçbay, Çev.). Doğu Batı Yayınları.
47. Lee, E. S. (1966). A theory of migration. Demography, 3(1), 47-57. https://doi.org/10.2307/2060063
48. Massey, D. (2005). For space. London: Sage.
49. McLeman, R., & Hunter, L. M. (2010). Migration in the context of vulnerability and adaptation to climate change: Insights from analogues. WIREs Climate Change, 1(3), 450-461. https://doi.org/10.1002/wcc.51.
50. Mortreux, C., & Barnett, J. (2009). Climate change, migration and adaptation in Funafuti, Tuvalu. Global Environmental Change, 19(1), 105-112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2008.09.006
51. Myers, N. (1993). Environmental refugees in a globally warmed world. Bioscience, 43(11), 752-761.
52. Myers, N. (1997). Environmental refugees. Population and environment, 19(2), 167-182.
53. Oliver-Smith, A. (2012). Debating environmental migration: Society, nature and population displacement in climate change. Journal of International Development, 24(8), 1058-1070. https://doi.org/10.1002/jid.2887
54. Osborne, N. (2015). Intersectionality and kyriarchy: A framework for approaching power and social justice in planning and climate change adaptation. Planning Theory, 14(2), 130-151. https://doi.org/10.1177/1473095213516443
55. Piguet, E. (2022). Linking climate change, environmental degradation, and migration: An update after 10 years. WIREs Climate Change, 13(1), e746. https://doi.org/10.1002/wcc.746
56. Ravenstein, E. G. (1889). The laws of migration. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, 52(2), 241-305.
57. Rufat, S., & Kuhlicke, C. (2025). Climate captivity: When in-situ adaptation and moving out are no longer options. Progress in Environmental Geography, 4(4), 393-411. https://doi.org/10.1177/27539687251378494
58. Scheffran, J. (2020). Climate extremes and conflict dynamics. J. Sillmann, S. Sippel, & S. Russo (Ed.), Climate extremes and their implications for impact and risk assessment içinde (Chapter 16). Amsterdam: Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-814895-2.00016-1
59. Schewel, K. (2020). Understanding immobility: Moving beyond the mobility bias in migration studies. International Migration Review, 54(2), 328-355. https://doi.org/10.1177/0197918319831952
60. Schüssler Fiorenza, E. (1992). But she said: Feminist practices of biblical interpretation. Boston: Beacon Press.
61. Suhrke, A. (1994). Environmental degradation and population flows. Journal of International Affairs, 473-496.
62. Tacoli, C. (2009). Crisis or adaptation? Migration and climate change in a context of high mobility. Environment and Urbanization, 21(2), 513-525. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956247809342182
63. Todaro, M. P. (1969). A model of labor migration and urban unemployment in less developed countries. The American Economic Review, 59(1), 138-148.
64. Tschakert, P., & Neef, A. (2022). Tracking local and regional climate im/mobilities through a multidimensional lens. Regional Environmental Change, 22(95), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1007/S10113-022-01948-6
65. Warner, K., Hamza, M., Oliver-Smith, A., Renaud, F., & Julca, A. (2010). Climate change, environmental degradation and migration. Natural Hazards, 55(3), 689-715. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-009-9419-7
66. Wiegel, H., Boas, I., & Warner, J. (2019). A mobilities perspective on migration in the context of environmental change. WIREs Climate Change, 10(6), e610. https://doi.org/10.1002/wcc.610
67. Wisner, B. (2012). Vulnerability. S. J. Smith (Ed.), International encyclopedia of housing and home içinde (Vol. 7, s. 176-182). Amsterdam: Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-047163-1.00585-9
68. Wisner, B. (2013). Disasters: What the United Nations and its world can do. Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, 69(2), 26-35. https://doi.org/10.1177/0096340213477996
69. Wisner, B., Blaikie, P., Cannon, T., & Davis, I. (2004). At risk: Natural hazards, people’s vulnerability and disasters (2. baskı). London: Routledge.
70. Yee, M., Piggott-McKellar, A. E., McMichael, C., & McNamara, K. E. (2022a). Climate change, voluntary immobility, and place-belongingness: Insights from Togoru, Fiji. Climate, 10(3), 46. https://doi.org/10.3390/cli10030046
71. Yee, M., McNamara, K. E., Piggott-McKellar, A. E., & McMichael, C. (2022b). The role of Vanua in climate-related voluntary immobility in Fiji. Frontiers in Climate, 4, 1034765. https://doi.org/10.3389/fclim.2022.1034765