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Filipina Nanny Migration to Turkey: Understanding the Role of Intermediary Agencies

Yıl 2018, Cilt: 16 Sayı: 2, 289 - 301, 31.10.2018
https://doi.org/10.1501/Cogbil_0000000203

Öz

Among transnational migrants, the number of Filipino nannies are increasing in. In this gendered
migration pattern, the Filipino nannies have started to come to Turkey independently in the 1990s, however they
tended towards using intermediary agencies after the late 2000s. This study focuses on the role of these
intermediary agencies in bringing Filipino nannies to Turkey and how the Filipino nannies are represented by
these agencies. Thus, I aim to comprehend the new structure of labor market and the situation of Filipino nannies
in this market. In this regard, in-depth interviews have been conducted with the owners of the companies which
aid Filipino nannies to find jobs in Turkey and the internet websites that offer similar services have been examined.
Based upon the gathered evidence, it is revealed that the demand for Filipino nannies is not only existent in
Istanbul but it has also spread to other parts of Turkey; that this phenomenon resulted in an increase in the number
of intermediary agencies in a short period of time and that the reason behind it is that hiring a Filipino nanny has
become a status symbol for the families as well as a service requirement. The companies also shape the social
outlook of Filipino nannies according to market demand. This generally means reinforcement of the social gender
roles by the market itself and a direct intervention to women’s construction of social self. Additionally, there is an
expansion of the transnational networks of companies in Turkey and an increase in the number of women
employers as well as the employment of women migrants. 

Kaynakça

  • Akalın, A. (2016) “Biz Lejyonerleriz!”: İstanbul’daki Filipinli Ev İşçileri. İçinde Özhan-Koçak, D. ve Koçak, O. K. (ed.), İstanbul Kimin Şehri? Kültür, Tasarım, Seyirlik ve Sermaye, Metis Yayınları, İstanbul.
  • Barber, P.G. (2004) “Contradictions of Class and Consumption When the Commodity is Labour”, Anthropologica 46, 203- 218.
  • Bauer, G.; Österle, A. (2016) “Mid and Later Life Care Work Migration: Patterns of Re-Organising Informal Care Obligations in Central and Eastern Europe”, Journal of Aging Studies 37, 81–93.
  • Brown, R. H. (2016) “Re-examining the Transnational Nanny”, International Feminist Journal of Politics, 18 (2), 210-229.
  • Browne, C. V.; Braun, K. L. (2007) “Globalization, Women’s Migration, and the Long-Term-Care Work Force”, The Gerontologist, 48 (1), 16–24.
  • Carlos, R. D. (2010) Filipino Careworkers in Ageing Japan: Trends, Trajectories and Policies. Migration: A World in Motion. Conference Paper, 18-20 Şubat 2010, University of Maastricht, Maastricht, Netherlands.
  • Chant, S.; McIlwaine, C. (1995) Women of a Lesser Cost: Female Labour, Foreign Ex-change and Philippine Development. Pluto, Londra.
  • Chant, S.; Radcliffe. S. (1992) Migration and Development: The Importance of Gender. İçinde Chant S. (ed), Gender and Migration in Developing Countries, Bellhaven Press, Londra ve New York, 1-29.
  • Ehrenreich, B.; Hochschild, A. (2003) Global Woman: Nannies, Maids and Sex Workers in the New Economy, Henry Holt and Company, Metropolitan Books, New York.
  • Encias-Franco, J. (2016) “Filipino Women Migrant Workers and Overseas Employment Policy: An Analysis from Women’s Rights Perspective”, Asian Politics & Policy, 8 (3), 494-501.
  • FitzGerald-Murphy, M. (2014) “Global Care Chains, Commodity Chains, and the Valuation of Care: A Theoretical Discussion”, American International Journal of Social Science, 3 (5), 191-199
  • Glenn, E. N. (1992) “From Servitude to Service Work: Historical Continuities in the Racial Division of Paid Reproductive Labor”, The University of Chicago Press,18 (1), 1-43.
  • Grieco, E. M.; Boyd, M. (2003) Women and Migration: Incorporating Gender into International Migration Theory, Florida State University, College of Social Sciences, Centre for the Population Studies, Working Paper Series, 98-139
  • Goli, M. V. (2009) The Philippine Women of Canada’s Lıve-in Caregiver Program: Ethical Issues and Perspectives. Master of Public Health, Simon Fraser University.
  • Hoang, L. A.; Yeoh, B. S. E. (2011) “Breadwinning Wives and “Left-Behind” Husbands: Men and Masculinities in the Vietnamese Transnational Family”, Gender& Society, 25 (6), 717-739.
  • Hochschild, A. R. (2000) Global Care Chains and Emotional Surplus Value. İçinde T. Giddens, ve W. Hutton (Ed.), On the Edge: Globalization and the New Millennium, 130–146. SAGE, Londra
  • Hondagneu-Sotelo, P. (2000) The International Division of Caring and Cleaning Work Care Work. İçinde Harrington, M. H. (ed.), Gender, Class and the Welfare State, Routledge, New York, 149–62
  • Houstoun, M., Kramer, R. G.; Barrett, J. M. (1984) “Female Predominance in Immigration to the United States Since 1930: A First Look”, International Migration Review, 18 (4), 908-963
  • Filipino Ethnicity and Background (2018). https://www.health.qld.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0031/159583/filipino-pregprof.pdf, 01.09.2018
  • King, R. (2002) “Towards a New Map of European Migration”, International Journal of Population Geography, 8, 89-106
  • Kofman, E. (1999) “Female ‘Birds of Passage’ a Decade Later: Gender and Immigration in the European Union”, International Migration Review, 33 (2), 269-299
  • Kofman, E.; England, K. 1997. “Citizenship and International Migration: Taking Account of Gender, Sexuality and Race”, Environment and Planning A, 29, 191–194
  • Kofman, E.; Sales, R. (1996) Geography of Gender and Welfare in Europe. İçinde Garcia, D. M. ve Monk, J. (ed.), Women of the European Union: The Politics of Work and Daily Lives, Routledge, Londra, 31–60
  • Koyuncu, Ç. (2018) Evdeki Yabancı: Ankara’daki Gürcü Bakıcı Kadınların Gündelik Hayat Mücadeleleri ve Taktikleri. Basılmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Başkent Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Halkla İlişkiler ve Tanıtım Anabilim Dalı, Ankara
  • Liebert, C. (2008) “We are the Jews of Today”: Filipino Domestic Workers in Israel and The Language of Diaspora”, HAGAR Studies in Culture, Polity and Identities, 8(1), 105-128
  • Lutz, H. (Ed.) (2008) Migration and Domestic Work: A European Perspective on a Global Theme. Aldershot: Ashgate
  • Lutz, H., Palenga-Mollenbeck, E. (2012) “Care Workers, Care Drain, and Care Chains: Reflections on Care, Migration, and Citizenship”, Social Politics. 19 (1), 15-37
  • Lyon, D. (2006) “The Organization of Care Work in Italy: Gender and Migrant Labor in the New Economy”, Indiana Journal of Global Legal Studies, 13 (1), 207–224
  • Mahler, S.; Pessar, P. (2001) “Gendered Geographies of Power: Analyzing Gender Across Transnational Spaces”, Identities 7, 441–459
  • Mohanty, C. T. (2003) Feminism without Borders: Decolonizing Theory, Practicing Solidarity. Duke University Press, Durham
  • Pedraza, S. (1991) “Women and Migration: The Social Consequences of Gender”, Annual Review of Sociology, 17, 303-325
  • Peng, Y., Wong, O. M. H. (2016) “Who Takes Care of My Left-Behind Children? Migrant Mothers and Caregivers in Transnational Child Care”, Journal of Family Issues, 37 (14), 2021–2044
  • Pratt, G. (1999) “From Registered Nurse to Registered Nanny: Discursive Geographies of Filipina Domestic Workers in Vancouver”, Economic Geography, 75, 215- 236
  • Raghuram, P. (2012) “Global Care, Local Configurations-Challenges to Conceptualizations of Care”, Global Networks, 12 (2), 155–174
  • Redlova, P. (2013) “Employment of Filipinas as Nannies in the Context of Post-Socialist Czech Republic”, Urban People, 15 (2), 185-215
  • Rodriguez, R. (2010) Migrants for Export: How the Philippines Brokers Labor to the World, University of Minnesota PresS, USA
  • Salazar-Parrenas, R. (2000) “Migrant Filipina Domestic Workers and the International Division of Reproductive Labour”, Gender and Society, 14 (4), 560–81
  • Salazar-Parrenas, R. (2001) Servants of Globalization. Stanford University Press, USA
  • Salazar-Parrenas, R. (2008) The Force of Domesticity: Filipina Migrants and Globalization. New York University Press, New York
  • Sharma, R. (2011) “Gender and International Migration: The Profile of Female Migrants from India”, Social Scientist, 39 (3/4), 37-63
  • Uluslararası Çalışma Örgütü (ILO). (2013) Domestic Workers Across the World: Global and Regional Statistics and the Extent of Legal Protection. International Labour Office, Genevre
  • Ünlütürk-Ulutaş, Ç.; Kalfa, A. (2009) “Göçün Kadınlaşması ve Göçmen Kadınların Örgütlenme Deneyimleri”, Fe Dergi: Feminist Eleştiri, 1 (2), 13-28
  • Williams, F. (2016) “Converging Variations in Migrant Care Work in Europe”, Journal of European Social Policy, 22 (4), 363- 376
  • Wright, C. (1995) “Gender Awareness in Migration Theory: Synthesizing Actor and Structure in Southern Africa”, Development and Change, 26 (4), 771–92
  • Yeates, N. (2004) “Global Care Chains”, International Feminist Journal of Politics, 6 (3), 369-391
  • Yeates, N. (2009) Globalizing Care Economies And Migrant Workers: Explorations in Global Care Chains. Palgrave Macmillan, New York
  • Yeates, N. (2014) Global Care Chains: Bringing in Transnational Reproductive Laborer Households. İçinde Dunaway, W. A. (ed), Gendered Commodity Chains, Stanford University Press, USA, 175-189
  • Yeoh, B., Willis, K. (2005) “Singaporeans in China: Transnational Women Elites and The Negotiation of Gendered Identities”, Geoforum, 36, 211–222
  • Yeoh, B.S.A., Huang, S.; Gonzalez, J. (1999) “Migrant Female Domestic Workers: Debating the Economic, Social and Political Impacts in Singapore”, International Migration Review, 33, 114–136

Türkiye’ye Filipinli Dadı Göçü: Aracı Firmaların Rolünü Anlamak

Yıl 2018, Cilt: 16 Sayı: 2, 289 - 301, 31.10.2018
https://doi.org/10.1501/Cogbil_0000000203

Öz

Dünya genelinde olduğu gibi Türkiye’de de ulusaşırı göçmenler içinde Filipinli dadılar artmaktadır. Bu
toplumsal cinsiyetli göç paterni içinde Filipinli dadılar, Türkiye’ye 1990’lardan itibaren bağımsız olarak gelmeye
başlamış, ancak 2000’lerin sonlarından itibaren aracı firmalara yönelmişlerdir. Bu çalışma, Filipinli dadıların
buraya gelişlerinde aracı firmaların rollerine ve dadıların aracı firmalar yoluyla nasıl temsil edildiklerine
odaklanmaktadır. Böylece işgücü piyasasının yeni yapısının ve bu yapı içinde Filipinli dadıların durumunun
anlaşılması amaçlanmaktadır. Bu bağlamda Filipinli dadıların Türkiye’de iş bulmalarına aracılık eden firmaların
sahipleriyle derinlemesine görüşmeler yapılmış ve bu konuda hizmet veren internet siteleri incelenmiştir. Elde
edilen bulgulardan yola çıkarak, Filipinli dadı talebinin sadece İstanbul’da değil, Türkiye geneline genişlediği,
bu durum nedeniyle kısa sürede çok sayıda aracı firmanın ortaya çıktığı, bunda Filipinli dadı çalıştırmanın aileler
açısından bir hizmet ihtiyacı olduğu kadar bir itibar unsuru haline gelmesinin etkili olduğu anlaşılmıştır. Ayrıca
firmalar Filipinli dadıların kamusal görünümlerini, piyasanın talebine göre şekillendirmektedirler. Bu durum
çoğunlukla toplumsal cinsiyet rollerinin piyasa eliyle pekiştirilmesine ve kadınların kamusal benlik inşalarına
doğrudan müdahale anlamına gelmektedir. Bununla birlikte Türkiye’de firmaların ulusaşırı ağlarının genişlemesi
ve piyasada hem kadın işveren sayısının hem de göçmen kadın istihdamının artması da söz konusudur. 

Kaynakça

  • Akalın, A. (2016) “Biz Lejyonerleriz!”: İstanbul’daki Filipinli Ev İşçileri. İçinde Özhan-Koçak, D. ve Koçak, O. K. (ed.), İstanbul Kimin Şehri? Kültür, Tasarım, Seyirlik ve Sermaye, Metis Yayınları, İstanbul.
  • Barber, P.G. (2004) “Contradictions of Class and Consumption When the Commodity is Labour”, Anthropologica 46, 203- 218.
  • Bauer, G.; Österle, A. (2016) “Mid and Later Life Care Work Migration: Patterns of Re-Organising Informal Care Obligations in Central and Eastern Europe”, Journal of Aging Studies 37, 81–93.
  • Brown, R. H. (2016) “Re-examining the Transnational Nanny”, International Feminist Journal of Politics, 18 (2), 210-229.
  • Browne, C. V.; Braun, K. L. (2007) “Globalization, Women’s Migration, and the Long-Term-Care Work Force”, The Gerontologist, 48 (1), 16–24.
  • Carlos, R. D. (2010) Filipino Careworkers in Ageing Japan: Trends, Trajectories and Policies. Migration: A World in Motion. Conference Paper, 18-20 Şubat 2010, University of Maastricht, Maastricht, Netherlands.
  • Chant, S.; McIlwaine, C. (1995) Women of a Lesser Cost: Female Labour, Foreign Ex-change and Philippine Development. Pluto, Londra.
  • Chant, S.; Radcliffe. S. (1992) Migration and Development: The Importance of Gender. İçinde Chant S. (ed), Gender and Migration in Developing Countries, Bellhaven Press, Londra ve New York, 1-29.
  • Ehrenreich, B.; Hochschild, A. (2003) Global Woman: Nannies, Maids and Sex Workers in the New Economy, Henry Holt and Company, Metropolitan Books, New York.
  • Encias-Franco, J. (2016) “Filipino Women Migrant Workers and Overseas Employment Policy: An Analysis from Women’s Rights Perspective”, Asian Politics & Policy, 8 (3), 494-501.
  • FitzGerald-Murphy, M. (2014) “Global Care Chains, Commodity Chains, and the Valuation of Care: A Theoretical Discussion”, American International Journal of Social Science, 3 (5), 191-199
  • Glenn, E. N. (1992) “From Servitude to Service Work: Historical Continuities in the Racial Division of Paid Reproductive Labor”, The University of Chicago Press,18 (1), 1-43.
  • Grieco, E. M.; Boyd, M. (2003) Women and Migration: Incorporating Gender into International Migration Theory, Florida State University, College of Social Sciences, Centre for the Population Studies, Working Paper Series, 98-139
  • Goli, M. V. (2009) The Philippine Women of Canada’s Lıve-in Caregiver Program: Ethical Issues and Perspectives. Master of Public Health, Simon Fraser University.
  • Hoang, L. A.; Yeoh, B. S. E. (2011) “Breadwinning Wives and “Left-Behind” Husbands: Men and Masculinities in the Vietnamese Transnational Family”, Gender& Society, 25 (6), 717-739.
  • Hochschild, A. R. (2000) Global Care Chains and Emotional Surplus Value. İçinde T. Giddens, ve W. Hutton (Ed.), On the Edge: Globalization and the New Millennium, 130–146. SAGE, Londra
  • Hondagneu-Sotelo, P. (2000) The International Division of Caring and Cleaning Work Care Work. İçinde Harrington, M. H. (ed.), Gender, Class and the Welfare State, Routledge, New York, 149–62
  • Houstoun, M., Kramer, R. G.; Barrett, J. M. (1984) “Female Predominance in Immigration to the United States Since 1930: A First Look”, International Migration Review, 18 (4), 908-963
  • Filipino Ethnicity and Background (2018). https://www.health.qld.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0031/159583/filipino-pregprof.pdf, 01.09.2018
  • King, R. (2002) “Towards a New Map of European Migration”, International Journal of Population Geography, 8, 89-106
  • Kofman, E. (1999) “Female ‘Birds of Passage’ a Decade Later: Gender and Immigration in the European Union”, International Migration Review, 33 (2), 269-299
  • Kofman, E.; England, K. 1997. “Citizenship and International Migration: Taking Account of Gender, Sexuality and Race”, Environment and Planning A, 29, 191–194
  • Kofman, E.; Sales, R. (1996) Geography of Gender and Welfare in Europe. İçinde Garcia, D. M. ve Monk, J. (ed.), Women of the European Union: The Politics of Work and Daily Lives, Routledge, Londra, 31–60
  • Koyuncu, Ç. (2018) Evdeki Yabancı: Ankara’daki Gürcü Bakıcı Kadınların Gündelik Hayat Mücadeleleri ve Taktikleri. Basılmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Başkent Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Halkla İlişkiler ve Tanıtım Anabilim Dalı, Ankara
  • Liebert, C. (2008) “We are the Jews of Today”: Filipino Domestic Workers in Israel and The Language of Diaspora”, HAGAR Studies in Culture, Polity and Identities, 8(1), 105-128
  • Lutz, H. (Ed.) (2008) Migration and Domestic Work: A European Perspective on a Global Theme. Aldershot: Ashgate
  • Lutz, H., Palenga-Mollenbeck, E. (2012) “Care Workers, Care Drain, and Care Chains: Reflections on Care, Migration, and Citizenship”, Social Politics. 19 (1), 15-37
  • Lyon, D. (2006) “The Organization of Care Work in Italy: Gender and Migrant Labor in the New Economy”, Indiana Journal of Global Legal Studies, 13 (1), 207–224
  • Mahler, S.; Pessar, P. (2001) “Gendered Geographies of Power: Analyzing Gender Across Transnational Spaces”, Identities 7, 441–459
  • Mohanty, C. T. (2003) Feminism without Borders: Decolonizing Theory, Practicing Solidarity. Duke University Press, Durham
  • Pedraza, S. (1991) “Women and Migration: The Social Consequences of Gender”, Annual Review of Sociology, 17, 303-325
  • Peng, Y., Wong, O. M. H. (2016) “Who Takes Care of My Left-Behind Children? Migrant Mothers and Caregivers in Transnational Child Care”, Journal of Family Issues, 37 (14), 2021–2044
  • Pratt, G. (1999) “From Registered Nurse to Registered Nanny: Discursive Geographies of Filipina Domestic Workers in Vancouver”, Economic Geography, 75, 215- 236
  • Raghuram, P. (2012) “Global Care, Local Configurations-Challenges to Conceptualizations of Care”, Global Networks, 12 (2), 155–174
  • Redlova, P. (2013) “Employment of Filipinas as Nannies in the Context of Post-Socialist Czech Republic”, Urban People, 15 (2), 185-215
  • Rodriguez, R. (2010) Migrants for Export: How the Philippines Brokers Labor to the World, University of Minnesota PresS, USA
  • Salazar-Parrenas, R. (2000) “Migrant Filipina Domestic Workers and the International Division of Reproductive Labour”, Gender and Society, 14 (4), 560–81
  • Salazar-Parrenas, R. (2001) Servants of Globalization. Stanford University Press, USA
  • Salazar-Parrenas, R. (2008) The Force of Domesticity: Filipina Migrants and Globalization. New York University Press, New York
  • Sharma, R. (2011) “Gender and International Migration: The Profile of Female Migrants from India”, Social Scientist, 39 (3/4), 37-63
  • Uluslararası Çalışma Örgütü (ILO). (2013) Domestic Workers Across the World: Global and Regional Statistics and the Extent of Legal Protection. International Labour Office, Genevre
  • Ünlütürk-Ulutaş, Ç.; Kalfa, A. (2009) “Göçün Kadınlaşması ve Göçmen Kadınların Örgütlenme Deneyimleri”, Fe Dergi: Feminist Eleştiri, 1 (2), 13-28
  • Williams, F. (2016) “Converging Variations in Migrant Care Work in Europe”, Journal of European Social Policy, 22 (4), 363- 376
  • Wright, C. (1995) “Gender Awareness in Migration Theory: Synthesizing Actor and Structure in Southern Africa”, Development and Change, 26 (4), 771–92
  • Yeates, N. (2004) “Global Care Chains”, International Feminist Journal of Politics, 6 (3), 369-391
  • Yeates, N. (2009) Globalizing Care Economies And Migrant Workers: Explorations in Global Care Chains. Palgrave Macmillan, New York
  • Yeates, N. (2014) Global Care Chains: Bringing in Transnational Reproductive Laborer Households. İçinde Dunaway, W. A. (ed), Gendered Commodity Chains, Stanford University Press, USA, 175-189
  • Yeoh, B., Willis, K. (2005) “Singaporeans in China: Transnational Women Elites and The Negotiation of Gendered Identities”, Geoforum, 36, 211–222
  • Yeoh, B.S.A., Huang, S.; Gonzalez, J. (1999) “Migrant Female Domestic Workers: Debating the Economic, Social and Political Impacts in Singapore”, International Migration Review, 33, 114–136
Toplam 49 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Beşeri Coğrafya
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Ayla Deniz

Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Ekim 2018
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2018 Cilt: 16 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Deniz, A. (2018). Türkiye’ye Filipinli Dadı Göçü: Aracı Firmaların Rolünü Anlamak. Coğrafi Bilimler Dergisi, 16(2), 289-301. https://doi.org/10.1501/Cogbil_0000000203