Adaptation of the Short-Form of State Self-Esteem Scale into Turkish: A Study of Validity and Reliability

Öz

State self-esteem focuses on the relatively short-term fluctuations in feelings of self-worth experienced by individuals. The purpose of this study was to examine the psychometric properties of the Short-Form of the State Self-Esteem Scale (SSES-S) in adult Turkish sample. The confirmatory factor analysis, internal consistency, validity, and measurement invariance of the SSES-S in the context of gender through multi-group confirmatory factor analysis (MGCFA) were evaluated with the participation of 405 adult individuals (73.33% female, mean age: 24.53 years). Finally, the test-retest reliability of the SSES-S was tested with 25 participants (88% female, mean age: 22.92 years). The confirmatory of three different factorial structures of the SSES-S was examined and the results of the CFAs showed that the 10-item, three-factor structure of the SSES-S had the best goodness-of-fit values in the Turkish sample. Reliability analyses showed that the SSES-S was within an acceptable reliability range. Convergent validity, criterion-related validity, and discriminant validity indicate that the SSES-S is a valid measurement tool. Furthermore, the findings of the MGCFA confirmed the measurement invariance of the SSES-S in the context of gender. The results confirm that the SSES-S, which consists of 10 items and three factors, is reliable and valid in the Turkish adult sample.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• state self-esteem
• self-esteem scale
• self-concept
• adaptation
• validity

Durumluluk Benlik Saygısı Ölçeği Kısa Formu'nun Türkçeye Uyarlanması: Geçerlik ve Güvenirlik Çalışması

Öz

Durumluluk benlik saygısı, bireylerin öz-değer duygularında yaşadıkları görece kısa süreli dalgalanmalara odaklanmaktadır. Bu çalışmanın amacı, Durumluluk Benlik Saygısı Ölçeği Kısa Formu'nun (DBSÖ-K) psikometrik özelliklerini Türkiye örnekleminde incelemektir. DBSÖ-K'nin doğrulayıcı faktör analizi, iç tutarlılığı, geçerliği ve cinsiyet bağlamında ölçme değişmezliği çoklu-grup doğrulayıcı faktör analizi (ÇGDFA) ile 405 yetişkin bireyin (%73,33' ükadın, yaş ortalaması: 24.53) katılımı ile değerlendirilmiştir. Son olarak DBSÖ-K'nin test-tekrar test güvenirliği 25 katılımcı ile (%88'i kadın, yaş ortalaması: 22.92) test edilmiştir. DBSÖ-K'nin üç farklı faktör yapısının doğruluğu incelenmiş ve analizler elde edilen sonuçlarda, Türk örnekleminde DBSÖ-K'nin 10 maddeli, üç faktörlü yapısının en iyi uyum iyiliği değerlerine sahip olduğu görülmüştür. Güvenirlik analizleri DBSÖ-K'nin kabul edilebilir bir güvenirlik aralığında olduğunu göstermiştir. Yakınsak geçerlik, ölçüt bağıntılı geçerlik ve ayırt edici geçerlik DBSÖ-K'nin geçerli bir ölçüm aracı olduğunu göstermektedir. Öte yandan, ÇGDFA bulguları DBSÖ-K'nin cinsiyet bağlamında ölçme değişmezliğini doğrulamıştır. Sonuçlar, 10 maddeden ve üç faktörden oluşan DBSÖ-K'nin yetişkin Türkiye örnekleminde güvenilir ve geçerli olduğunu doğrulamaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• durumluluk benlik saygısı
• benlik saygısı ölçeği
• benlik kavramı
• uyarlama
• geçerlik

Kaynakça

1. Ab Rahman, Z., Mohd Noor, A. Y., Kashim, M. I. A. M., Saari, C. Z., Hasan, A. Z., Pa'ad, N. S., Ridzuan, A. R., Sham, F. M., & Mohammed, A. F. (2020). Critical review of the relationship between resilience, self-esteem and religiosity among the tabligh during the fight of COVID-19. Journal of Critical Review, 7(5), 1136-1144.
2. Bozorgpour, F., & Salimi, A. (2012). State self-esteem, loneliness and life satisfaction. Procedia: Social & Behavioral Sciences, 69, 2004–2008. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.12.157
3. Brito, T. R. de S., Pereira, C. R., Santos, F. Á. dos, & Nery, N. N. de F. (2023). Measuring the general and specific domains of self-esteem: The Short-form of the State Self-Esteem Scale. Psychological Reports, 126(6), 3123-3149. https://doi.org/10.1177/00332941221077909
4. Browne, M. W., & Cudeck, R. (1993). Alternative ways of assessing model fit. In K. A. Bollen & J. S. Long (Eds.), Testing structural equation models (ss. 136–162). Sage Publications.
5. Chang, A. M., & Mackenzie, A. E. (1998). State self-esteem following stroke. Stroke, 29(11), 2325–2328. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.str.29.11.2325
6. Chau, J. P., Thompson, D. R., Chang, A. M., & Woo, J. (2012). Psychometric properties of the Chinese version of State Self‐Esteem Scale: An analysis of data from a cross‐sectional survey of patients in the first four months after stroke. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 21(21-22), 3268–3275. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2702.2011.03724.x
7. Chen, F. F. (2007). Sensitivity of goodness of fit indexes to lack of measurement invariance. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 14(3), 464–504. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705510701301834
8. Chen, X., Huang, Y., Xiao, M., Luo, Y., Liu, Y., Song, S., Gao, X., & Chen, H. (2021). Self and the brain: Self-concept mediates the effect of resting-state brain activity and connectivity on self-esteem in school-aged children. Personality and Individual Differences, 168, 110287. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2020.110287

9. Cheung, G. W., & Rensvold, R. B. (2002). Evaluating goodness-of-fit indexes for testing measurement invariance. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 9(2), 233–255. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15328007SEM0902_5
10. Cronbach, L. J. (1951). Coefficient alpha and the internal structure of tests. Psychometrika, 16(3), 297–334. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02310555
11. Curtis, E. A., Comiskey, C., & Dempsey, O. (2016). Importance and use of correlational research. Nurse Researcher, 23(6), 20-25. https://doi.org/10.7748/nr.2016.e1382
12. Çuhadaroğlu, F. (1986). Self-esteem in adolescents. [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. Hacettepe University. Türkiye.
13. De Ruiter, N. M. P. (2022). Practices in state self-esteem research: An analysis of enacted ontologies. Identity, 23(1), 67–90. https://doi.org/10.1080/15283488.2022.2130323
14. Dimitrov, D. (2012). Statistical methods for validation of assessment scale data in counseling and related fields. American Counseling Association.
15. Dolan, C. V. (2000). Investigating Spearman's hypothesis by means of multi-group confirmatory factor analysis. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 35(1), 21–50. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327906mbr3501_2
16. Efstathiou, G. (2018). Translation, adaptation and validation process of research instruments. In Springer eBooks (pp. 65–78). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319- 89899-5_7
17. Fleiss, J. L. (1986). The design and analysis of clinical experiments. John Wiley & Sons.
18. Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1), 39-50. https://doi.org/10.1177/002224378101800104
19. Furr, M. (2011). Scale construction and psychometrics for social and personality psychology. Sage.
20. Geukes, K., Nestler, S., Hutteman, R., Dufner, M., Küfner, A. C. P., Egloff, B., Denissen, J. J. A., & Back, M. D. (2017). Puffed-up but shaky selves: State self- esteem level and variability in narcissists. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 112(5), 769–786. https://doi.org/10.1037/pspp0000093
21. Gold, A. H., Malhotra, A., & Segars, A. H. (2001). Knowledge management: An organizational capabilities perspective. Journal of Management Information Systems, 18(1), 185–214. https://doi.org/10.1080/07421222.2001.11045669
22. González-Romá, V., Hernandez, A., & Gomez-Benito, J. (2006). Power and Type I error of the mean and covariance structure analysis model for detecting differential item functioning in graded response items. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 41(1), 29–53. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327906mbr4101_3
23. Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2009). Multivariate data analysis (7th ed.). Prentice-Hall.
24. Hair, J. F., Risher, J. J., Sarstedt, M., & Ringle, C. M. (2019). When to use and how to report the results of PLS-SEM. European Business Review, 31(1), 2–24. https://doi.org/10.1108/ebr-11-2018-0203
25. Heatherton, T. F., & Polivy, J. (1991). Development and validation of a scale for measuring state self-esteem. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 60(6), 895–910. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.60.6.895
26. Heatherton, T. F., & Wyland, C. L. (2003). Assessing self-esteem. In S. J. Lopez & C. R. Snyder (Eds.), Positive psychological assessment: A handbook of models and measures (pp. 219–233). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/10612-014
27. Hu, L. T., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6(1), 1–55. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118
28. Hutteman, R., Nestler, S., Wagner, J., Egloff, B., & Back, M. D. (2015). Wherever I may roam: Processes of self-esteem development from adolescence to emerging adulthood in the context of international student exchange. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 108(5), 767–783. https://doi.org/10.1037/pspp0000015
29. James, W. (1890). The principles of psychology. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
30. Jørgensen, M., Kristensen, S. M., & Breivik, K. (2023). Scar, vulnerability, or both? A longitudinal study of the association between depressive tendencies and global negative self-esteem from early adolescence to young adulthood with gender as a moderating factor. Personality and Individual Differences, 214, 112349. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2023.112349
31. Kalkbrenner, M. T., Perez, M. a. G., & Hubbard, J. S. (2023). Measurement invariance of scores on the somatic symptom Scale-8: National Sample of Non-Clinical Adults in the United States. Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development, 57(3), 263–275. https://doi.org/10.1080/07481756.2023.2243269
32. Kapadia, A., & Patki, S. (2024). Effect of fitspiration on state Self-Esteem among young adults. Identity, 24(1), 45–63. https://doi.org/10.1080/15283488.2023.2253828
33. Kernis, M. H. (2003). TARGET ARTICLE: Toward a conceptualization of optimal self-esteem. Psychological Inquiry, 14(1), 1–26. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327965pli1401_01
34. Kline, R. B. (2011). Convergence of structural equation modeling and multilevel modeling. The SAGE Handbook of Innovation in Social Research Methods, 562- 589. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781446268261.n31
35. Krauss, S., & Orth, U. (2022). Work experiences and self-esteem development: A meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. European Journal of Personality, 36(6), 849-869. https://doi.org/10.1177/08902070211027142
36. Kurnaz, M. F., Teke, E., & Günaydın, H. A. (2020). Relationship between self-esteem and life satisfaction: A meta-analysis study. Research on Education and Psychology, 4(2), 236-253.
37. Lei, F., & Lee, E.. (2021). Cross-cultural modification strategies for ınstruments measuring health beliefs about cancer screening: Systematic review. JMIR Cancer, 7(4), e28393. https://doi.org/10.2196/28393
38. Leung, G. Y. S., Ng, A. K. T., & Lau, H. Y. K. (2021). Effect of height perception on state Self-Esteem and cognitive performance in virtual reality. In Lecture notes in computer science (pp. 172–184). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-77932- 0_15
39. Lewis, N. (2020). Experiences of upward social comparison in entertainment contexts: Emotions, state self-esteem, and enjoyment. The Social Science Journal, 58(3), 339–354. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soscij.2019.04.011
40. Linton, K. E., & Marriott, R. G. (1996). Self-esteem in adolescents: Validation of the state self-esteem scale. Personality and Individual Differences, 21(1), 85–90. https://doi.org/10.1016/0191-8869(96)83741-x
41. Liu, Q., Jiang, M., Li, S., & Yang, Y. (2021). Social support, resilience, and self- esteem protect against common mental health problems in early adolescence: A nonrecursive analysis from a two-year longitudinal study. Medicine, 100(4), e24334. https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000024334
42. Luciano, E. C., & Orth, U. (2017). Transitions in romantic relationships and development of self-esteem. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 112(2), 307–328. https://doi.org/10.1037/pspp0000109
43. Mahadevan, N., Gregg, A. P., & Sedikides, C. (2023). How does social status relate to self-esteem and emotion? An integrative test of hierometer theory and social rank theory. Journal of Experimental Psychology. General, 152(3), 632–656. https://doi.org/10.1037/xge0001286
44. Mann, M., Hosman, C. M., Schaalma, H. P., & De Vries, N. K. (2004). Self-esteem in a broad-spectrum approach for mental health promotion. Health Education Research, 19(4), 357-372. https://doi.org/10.1093/her/cyg041
45. Markus, H. R., & Kitayama, S. (1991). Culture and the self: Implications for cognition, emotion, and motivation. Psychological Review, 98(2), 224–253. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.98.2.224
46. McCain, J. L., Jonason, P. K., Foster, J. D., & Campbell, W. K. (2015). The bifactor structure and the “dark nomological network” of the State Self-Esteem Scale. Personality and Individual Differences, 72, 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2014.08.006
47. Meade, A. W., Johnson, E. C., & Braddy, P. W. (2008). Power and sensitivity of alternative fit indices in tests of measurement invariance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 93(3), 568-592.
48. Mouatsou, C., & Koutra, K. (2023). Emotion regulation in relation with resilience in emerging adults: The mediating role of self-esteem. Current Psychology, 42(1), 734–747. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-021-01427-x
49. Orth, U., & Luciano, E. C. (2015). Self-esteem, narcissism, and stressful life events: Testing for selection and socialization. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 109(4), 707–721. https://doi.org/10.1037/pspp0000049 Orth, U., & Robins, R. W. (2022). Is high self-esteem beneficial? Revisiting a classic question. American Psychologist, 77(1), 5–17. https://doi.org/10.1037/amp0000922
50. Orth, U., Robins, R. W., & Widaman, K. F. (2012). Life-span development of self- esteem and its effects on important life outcomes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 102(6), 1271–1288. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0025558
51. Parasuraman, A., Zeithaml, V. A., & Malhotra, A. (2005). E-S-QUAL: A multiple- item scale for assessing electronic service quality. Journal of Service Research, 7(3), 213-233. https://doi.org/10.1177/1094670504271156
52. Pendergast, L. L., Von Der Embse, N., Kilgus, S. P., & Eklund, K. R. (2017). Measurement equivalence: A non-technical primer on categorical multi-group confirmatory factor analysis in school psychology. Journal of School Psychology, 60, 65–82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsp.2016.11.002
53. Roberts, J. E., & Gamble, S. A. (2001). Current mood-state and past depression as predictors of self-esteem and dysfunctional attitudes among adolescents. Personality and Individual Differences, 30(6), 1023–1037. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0191-8869(00)00093-3
54. Rosenberg, M. (1965). Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES) [Database record]. APA PsycTests. https://doi.org/10.1037/t01038-000
55. Srivastava, S., & Beer, J. S. (2005). How self-evaluations relate to being liked by others: Integrating sociometer and attachment perspectives. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 89(6), 966–977. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.89.6.966
56. Swann, W. B., Jr., Chang-Schneider, C., & Larsen McClarty, K. (2007). Do people's self-views matter? Self-concept and self-esteem in everyday life. American Psychologist, 62(2), 84–94. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.62.2.84
57. Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2014). Using multivariate statistics (Ed. 6). Pearson.
58. Taber, K. S. (2017). The use of Cronbach’s Alpha when developing and reporting research instruments in science education. Research in Science Education, 48(6), 1273–1296. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11165-016-9602-2
59. Thomaes, S., Reijntjes, A., Orobio De Castro, B., Bushman, B. J., Poorthuis, A., & Telch, M. J. (2010). I like me if you like me: On the interpersonal modulation and regulation of preadolescents’ state self‐esteem. Child Development, 81(3), 811–825. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2010.01435.x
60. Tse, W. W.-Y., Lai, M. H. C., & Zhang, Y. (2023). Does strict invariance matter? Valid group mean comparisons with ordered-categorical items. Behavior Research Methods, 56(4), 3117–3139. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-023- 02247-6
61. Van Griethuijsen, R. a. L. F., Van Eijck, M. W., Haste, H., Brok, P. J. D., Skinner, N. C., Mansour, N., Gencer, A. S., & BouJaoude, S. (2014). Global patterns in students’ views of science and interest in science. Research in Science Education, 45(4), 581–603. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11165-014-9438-6
62. Vrabel, J. K., Zeigler-Hill, V., & Southard, A. C. (2018). Self-esteem and envy: Is state self-esteem instability associated with the benign and malicious forms of envy? Personality and Individual Differences, 123, 100–104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2017.11.001
63. Yu, M., Lin, H., Wang, G. G., Liu, Y., & Zheng, X. (2022). Is too much as bad as too little? The S-curve relationship between corporate philanthropy and employee performance. Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 39(4), 1511–1534. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10490-021-09775-9
64. Zaman, U., Florez-Perez, L., Farías, P., Abbasi, S., Khwaja, M. G., & Wijaksana, T. I. (2021). Shadow of your former self: Exploring project leaders’ post-failure behaviors (resilience, self-esteem and self-efficacy) in high-tech startup projects. Sustainability, 13(22), 12868. https://doi.org/10.3390/su132212868.