Araştırma Makalesi
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Türk ve Avrupa Birliği Hukukunda Ürün Sorumluluğu

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 70 Sayı: 4, 973 - 1041, 05.01.2022
https://doi.org/10.33629/auhfd.988504

Öz

12.03.2021'de yürürlüğe giren 7223 sayılı Ürün Güvenliği ve Teknik Düzenlemeler Kanunu’nun 6. maddesinde ürün sorumluluğuna yer verilmiştir. Kanun koyucu bu hükümle, 85/374/AET Ürün Sorumluluğu Yönergesi’nde öngörülen ürün sorumluluğu rejimini Türk hukukuna aktarmayı amaçlamıştır. Ancak ürün sorumluluğunun bu Kanunda düzenlenmesi isabetsiz olmuştur. Zira Kanun, adı, amacı, kapsamı ve çoğunluk hükümleri itibariyle ürün güvenliğine ilişkindir. Bu isabetsizliğin sonucu olarak, terim ve tanımlar başta olmak üzere, 7223 sayılı Kanun pek çok yönden sorun arz etmektedir. Bu makalede, Kanunda düzenlenen ürün sorumluluğu Yönerge ile karşılaştırmalı olarak incelenip gerekli görülen yerlerde çözüm önerilerinde bulunulacaktır.

Destekleyen Kurum

TÜBİTAK

Proje Numarası

119K323

Teşekkür

Yazar, 119K323 no'lu "Yapay Zekâ ve Hukuk: Kişisel Verilerin Korunması, Sorumluluk Hukuku ve Fikrî Mülkiyet Hukuku Bağlamında Karşılaştırmalı Bir Araştırma" başlıklı proje kapsamında kendisine sağlanan finansal destek için TÜBİTAK ARDEB'e; yurtiçi ve yurtdışı araştırmaları sırasında kendisine sağlanan finansal destek için TÜBİTAK BİDEB'e teşekkür eder.

Kaynakça

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  • Başözen A., Medeni Usul Hukukunda İlk Görünüş İspatı (1. Baskı, Adalet 2010)
  • Borghetti J-S., La Responsabilité Du Fait Des Produits. Étude de Droit Comparé (1. Baskı, LGDJ 2004)
  • Dinç İ.D., Ürün Sorumluluk Sigortasında Rizikonun Konusu ve Teminatın Kapsamı (1. Baskı, On İki Levha Yayıncılık 2017)
  • Geistfeld M.A., Principles of Products Liability (2. Baskı, Foundation Press 2011)
  • Haagen C., Verantwortung für Künstliche Intelligenz: Ethische Aspekte und zivilrechtliche Anforderungen bei der Herstellung von KI-Systemen (1. Baskı, Nomos, 2021)
  • Havutçu A., Türk Hukukunda Örtülü Bir Boşluk: Üreticinin Sorumluluğu (1. Baskı, Seçkin Yayıncılık 2005)
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  • Keser Y., Ürün Sorumluluğu (1. Baskı, Seçkin Yayıncılık 2021)
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  • Koziol H., Apathy P. ve Koch B.A., Österreichisches Haftpflichtrecht: Gefährdungs-, Produkt- und Eingriffshaftung, Cilt III (3. Baskı, Jan Sramek Verlag 2014)
  • Kulaklı E., Ürün Sorumluluğu ve Ayıp Kavramı (1. Baskı, XII Levha 2009)
  • Kullmann H.J., ProdHaftG Gesetz über die Haftung für Fehlerhafte Produkte (6. Baskı, Erich Schmidt Verlag 2010)
  • Nomer H.N. ve Engin B.İ., Türk Borçlar Kanunu Şerhi Özel Borç İlişkileri, Cilt I: Satış Sözleşmesi (4. Baskı, Seçkin Yayıncılık 2018)
  • Oğuzman M.K. ve Öz M.T., Borçlar Hukuku Genel Hükümler, Cilt II (16. Baskı, Filiz Kitabevi 2021)
  • Okur S., Otonom Araçlarda Sözleşme Dışı Hukuki Sorumluluk Yapay Zeka Sorumluluk Doktrinine Mukayeseli Bir Katkı (1. Baskı, Adalet Yayınevi 2021)
  • Owen D.G. ve Davis M.J., Products Liability and Safety, Cases and Materials (7. Baskı, Foundation Press 2015)
  • Özlenen Çığ A., Ürün Sorumluluğu Sigortasında Teminatın Kapsamı (1. Baskı, Andıç Yayınları 2015)
  • Serozan R., Hukukta Yöntem (2. Baskı, Vedat Kitapçılık 2017)
  • Sirmen A.L., Eşya Hukuku (8. Baskı, Yetkin Yayınları 2020)
  • Straub W., Produktehaftung für Informationstechnologiefehler: EU-Produktehaftungsrichtlinie und schweizerisches Produktehaftungsgesetz (Schulthess Verlag 2002)
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  • Whittaker S. (ed.), The Development of Product Liability, (1. Baskı, Cambridge University Press 2010)
  • Amato C., ‘Product Liability and Product Security: Present and Future’, Liability for Artificial Intelligence and the Internet of Things - Münster Colloquia on EU Law and the Digital Economy IV (1. Baskı, Nomos, 2019)
  • Atamer Y.M., ‘Avrupa Topluluğu Hukukunda İmalatçının Sorumluluğu’, Ebru Ceylan (ed.), Tüketicinin Korunması Semineri (1. Baskı, Yetkin Yayınları 2007)
  • Baheti R. ve Gill H., ‘Cyber-Physical Systems’, Tariq Samad ve Anuradha Annaswamy (ed.), The Impact of Control Technology (1. Baskı, IEEE Controls Systems Society 2011)
  • Borghetti J-S., ‘How Can Artificial Intelligence Be Defective?’, Liability for Artificial Intelligence and the Internet of Things - Münster Colloquia on EU Law and the Digital Economy IV (1. Baskı, Nomos, 2019)
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Product Liability under Turkish and European Union Law

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 70 Sayı: 4, 973 - 1041, 05.01.2022
https://doi.org/10.33629/auhfd.988504

Öz

Product liability has been regulated by art. 6 of the Law on Product
Safety and Technical Regulations (No. 7223), which entered into force on
12.03.2021. With this provision, the Turkish legislator has aimed to adapt the
product liability regime provided by the 85/374/EEC Directive on Product
Liability. However, it has been problematic to regulate product liability in this
Law. Law no. 7223 is mainly related to product safety as it is clear from its
name, purpose, scope, and majority provisions. As a result, Law no. 7223
poses many problems regarding product liability, including the terminology
and definitions. This article aims to evaluate the product liability in
comparison with the Directive and suggest solutions, where found necessary

Proje Numarası

119K323

Kaynakça

  • Akçura Karaman T., Üreticinin Ayıplı Ürününün Sebep Olduğu Zararlar Nedeniyle Üçüncü Kişilere Karşı Sorumluluğu (1. Baskı, Vedat Kitapçılık 2008)
  • Aydos O.S., Ürün Sorumluluğu (1. Baskı, Adalet Yayınevi 2009)
  • Başözen A., Medeni Usul Hukukunda İlk Görünüş İspatı (1. Baskı, Adalet 2010)
  • Borghetti J-S., La Responsabilité Du Fait Des Produits. Étude de Droit Comparé (1. Baskı, LGDJ 2004)
  • Dinç İ.D., Ürün Sorumluluk Sigortasında Rizikonun Konusu ve Teminatın Kapsamı (1. Baskı, On İki Levha Yayıncılık 2017)
  • Geistfeld M.A., Principles of Products Liability (2. Baskı, Foundation Press 2011)
  • Haagen C., Verantwortung für Künstliche Intelligenz: Ethische Aspekte und zivilrechtliche Anforderungen bei der Herstellung von KI-Systemen (1. Baskı, Nomos, 2021)
  • Havutçu A., Türk Hukukunda Örtülü Bir Boşluk: Üreticinin Sorumluluğu (1. Baskı, Seçkin Yayıncılık 2005)
  • Hess H-J., Produktehaftpflichtgesetz (PrHG) Bundesgesetz über die Produktehaftpflicht vom 18. Juni 1993 (3rd edn, Stämpfli Verlag 2016)
  • Honsell H., Isenring B. ve Kessler M.A., Schweizerisches Haftpflichtrecht (5. Baskı, Schultess Juristische Medien AG 2013)
  • Jaeger T. ve Metzger A., Open Source Software (5. Baskı, C. H. BECK 2020)
  • Kara İ., İmalatçının Ürün Sorumluluğu (1. Baskı, Yetkin Yayınları 2021)
  • Katzenmeier C. ve Voigt T., Berliner Kommentare ProdHaftG (7. Baskı, Erich Schmidt Verlag 2020)
  • Kälin O., Der Sachbegriff im Schweizerischen ZGB (Schultess Juristische Medien AG 2002)
  • Keser Y., Ürün Sorumluluğu (1. Baskı, Seçkin Yayıncılık 2021)
  • Kırca Ç., Ürün Sorumluluğu (1. Baskı, Banka ve Ticaret Hukuku Araştırma Enstitüsü 2007)
  • Koziol H., Apathy P. ve Koch B.A., Österreichisches Haftpflichtrecht: Gefährdungs-, Produkt- und Eingriffshaftung, Cilt III (3. Baskı, Jan Sramek Verlag 2014)
  • Kulaklı E., Ürün Sorumluluğu ve Ayıp Kavramı (1. Baskı, XII Levha 2009)
  • Kullmann H.J., ProdHaftG Gesetz über die Haftung für Fehlerhafte Produkte (6. Baskı, Erich Schmidt Verlag 2010)
  • Nomer H.N. ve Engin B.İ., Türk Borçlar Kanunu Şerhi Özel Borç İlişkileri, Cilt I: Satış Sözleşmesi (4. Baskı, Seçkin Yayıncılık 2018)
  • Oğuzman M.K. ve Öz M.T., Borçlar Hukuku Genel Hükümler, Cilt II (16. Baskı, Filiz Kitabevi 2021)
  • Okur S., Otonom Araçlarda Sözleşme Dışı Hukuki Sorumluluk Yapay Zeka Sorumluluk Doktrinine Mukayeseli Bir Katkı (1. Baskı, Adalet Yayınevi 2021)
  • Owen D.G. ve Davis M.J., Products Liability and Safety, Cases and Materials (7. Baskı, Foundation Press 2015)
  • Özlenen Çığ A., Ürün Sorumluluğu Sigortasında Teminatın Kapsamı (1. Baskı, Andıç Yayınları 2015)
  • Serozan R., Hukukta Yöntem (2. Baskı, Vedat Kitapçılık 2017)
  • Sirmen A.L., Eşya Hukuku (8. Baskı, Yetkin Yayınları 2020)
  • Straub W., Produktehaftung für Informationstechnologiefehler: EU-Produktehaftungsrichtlinie und schweizerisches Produktehaftungsgesetz (Schulthess Verlag 2002)
  • Şahan G., Bilgisayar Programı İmâl Sözleşmesi (1. Baskı, Yetkin Yayınları 2016)
  • Taschner H.C. ve Frietsch E., Produkthaftungsgesetz und EG-Produkthaftungsrichtlinie: Kommentar (2. Baskı, Beck 1990)
  • van Dam C., European Tort Law (2. Baskı, Oxford University Press 2013)
  • Wagner G., ‘ProdHaftG § 3 Fehler’, Münchener Kommentar zum BGB (8. Baskı, C.H. Beck 2020)
  • Whittaker S. (ed.), The Development of Product Liability, (1. Baskı, Cambridge University Press 2010)
  • Amato C., ‘Product Liability and Product Security: Present and Future’, Liability for Artificial Intelligence and the Internet of Things - Münster Colloquia on EU Law and the Digital Economy IV (1. Baskı, Nomos, 2019)
  • Atamer Y.M., ‘Avrupa Topluluğu Hukukunda İmalatçının Sorumluluğu’, Ebru Ceylan (ed.), Tüketicinin Korunması Semineri (1. Baskı, Yetkin Yayınları 2007)
  • Baheti R. ve Gill H., ‘Cyber-Physical Systems’, Tariq Samad ve Anuradha Annaswamy (ed.), The Impact of Control Technology (1. Baskı, IEEE Controls Systems Society 2011)
  • Borghetti J-S., ‘How Can Artificial Intelligence Be Defective?’, Liability for Artificial Intelligence and the Internet of Things - Münster Colloquia on EU Law and the Digital Economy IV (1. Baskı, Nomos, 2019)
  • Borghetti J-S., ‘Product Liability in France’, Piotr Machnikowski (ed.), European Product Liability An Analysis of the State of the Art in the Era of New Technologies (1. Baskı, Intersentia 2017)
  • Comandé G., ‘Product Liability in Italy’, Piotr Machnikowski (ed.), European Product Liability: An Analysis of the State of the Art in the Era of New Technologies (1. Baskı, Intersentia 2017)
  • Fairgrieve D. et al., ‘Product Liability Directive’, Piotr Machnikowski (ed.), European Product Liability: An Analysis of the State of the Art in the Era of New Technologies (1. Baskı, Intersentia 2017)
  • Green M.D. ve Cardi J., ‘Product Liability in United States of America’, Piotr Machnikowski (ed)., European Product Liability An Analysis of the State of the Art in the Era of New Technologies (1. Baskı, Intersentia 2017)
  • Keirse A.L.M., ‘Product Liability in the Netherlands’, Piotr Machnikowski (ed.), European Product Liability An Analysis of the State of the Art in the Era of New Technologies (1. Baskı, Intersentia 2017)
  • Koch B.A., ‘Product Liability 2.0: Mere Update or New Version?’, Sebastian Lohsse, Reiner Schulze ve Dirk Staudenmayer (ed.), Liability for Artificial Intelligence and the Internet of Things - Münster Colloquia on EU Law and the Digital Economy IV (1. Baskı, Nomos, 2019)
  • ——, ‘Product Liability in Austria’, Piotr Machnikowski (ed.), European Product Liability An Analysis of the State of the Art in the Era of New Technologies (1. Baskı, Intersentia 2017)
  • Lenze S., ‘German Product Liability Law: Between European Directives, American Restatements and Common Sense’, Duncan Fairgrieve (ed.), Product Liability in Comparative Perspective (1. Baskı, Cambridge University Press 2009)
  • Machnikowski P., ‘Conclusions’, Piotr Machnikowski (ed.), European Product Liability An Analysis of the State of the in the Era of New Technologies (1. Baskı, Intersentia 2017)
  • Magnus U., ‘Product Liability in Germany’, Piotr Machnikowski (ed.), European Product Liability An Analysis of the State of the Art in the Era of New Technologies (1. Baskı, Intersentia 2017)
  • Mildred M., ‘The Development Risks Defence’ in Duncan Fairgrieve (ed), Product Liability in Comparative Perspective (Cambridge University Press 2005)
  • Oliphant K. ve Wilcox V., ‘Produt Liability in England and Wales’, Piotr Machnikowski (ed.), European Product Liability An Analysis of the State of the Art in the Era of New Technologies (1. Baskı, Intersentia 2017)
  • Roberto V., ‘Produktehaftpflicht Und Software’ in Alexander Brunner, Manfred Rehbinder and Bernd Stauder (ed.), JKR 2000 Jahrbuch des Schweizerischen Konsumentenrechts Annuaire de Droit Suisse de la Consommation (1. Baskı, Stämpfli Verlag AG 2000)
  • Spindler G., ‘User Liability and Strict Liability in the Internet of Things and for Robots’, Liability for Artificial Intelligence and the Internet of Things - Münster Colloquia on EU Law and the Digital Economy IV (1. Baskı, Nomos, 2019)
  • Taschner H.C., ‘Product Liability: Basic Problems in a Comparative Law Perspective’, Duncan Fairgrieve (ed.), Product Liability in Comparative Perspective (1. Baskı, Cambridge University Press 2006)
  • Wagner G., ‘Robot Liability’, Sebastian Lohsse, Reiner Schulze ve Dirk Staudenmayer (ed.), Liability for Artificial Intelligence and the Internet of Things - Münster Colloquia on EU Law and the Digital Economy IV (1. Baskı, Nomos, 2019)
  • Winiger B., ‘Product Liability in Switzerland’, Piotr Machnikowski (ed.), European Product Liability: An Analysis of the State of the Art in the Era of New Technologies (1. Baskı, Intersentia 2017)
  • Alheit K., ‘The Applicability of the EU Product Liability Directive to Software’ (2001) 34 Comparative and International Law Journal of Southern Africa 188
  • Atamer Y.M. ve Kurtulan Güner G., ‘Ürün Güvenliği ve Teknik Düzenlemeler Kanunu Ile İmalatçının Sorumluluğu Konusu Türk Hukuku Açısından Çözülmüş Müdür?’ (2021) 70 Ankara Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi 543
  • Borghetti J-S., ‘Civil Liability for Artificial Intelligence: What Should Its Basis Be?’ [2019] La Revue des Juristes de Sciences Po 94
  • Casey B., ‘Robot Ipsa Loquitur’ (2019) 108 The Georgetown Law Journal 225
  • Çelt D.Ö., ‘Ürün Sorumluluğunda Yaşanan Güncel Gelişme: 7223 Sayılı Ürün Güvenliği ve Teknik Düzenlemeler Kanunu’ (2021) 7 Anadolu Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi 73
  • Fairgrieve D. ve Howells G., ‘Rethinking Product Liability: A Missing Element in the European Commission’s Third Review of the European Product Liability Directive’ (2007) 70 The Modern Law Review 962
  • Fairgrieve D., Howells G. ve Pilgerstorfer M., ‘The Product Liability Directive: Time to Get Soft’ (2013) 4 Journal of European Tort Law 1
  • Gemignani M.C., ‘Product Liability and Software’ (1981) 8 Rutgers Computer & Technology Law Journal 173
  • Gurney J.K., ‘Sue My Car Not Me: Products Liability and Accidents Involving Autonomous Vehicles’ [2013] University of Illinois Journal of Law, Technology & Policy 247
  • Hacker P., ‘Europæische und Nationale Regulierung von Künstlicher Intelligenz’ (2020) 30 NJW 2141
  • Howells G., ‘Product Liability for Nanotechnology’ [2009] Journal of Consumer Policy 381
  • Kanışlı E., ‘Ürün Güvenliği ve Teknik Düzenlemeler Kanunu (ÜGTDK) Uyarınca Üreticinin Sorumluluğu’ (2020) 78 İstanbul Hukuk Mecmuası 1413
  • Karner E., ‘Liability for Medical Robots and Autonomous Medical Devices’, Essays in Honour of Helmut Koziol (1. Baskı, Jan Sramek Verlag 2020)
  • Kim S., ‘Crashed Software: Assessing Product Liability for Software Defects in Automated Vehicles’ (2018) 16 Technnology Review 300
  • Koch B.A., ‘The Development Risk Defence of the EC Product Liability Directive’ (2018) 20 Pharmaceuticals Policy and Law 163
  • Koçhisarlıoğlu C. ve Söğütlü Erişgin Ö., ‘Hayvanın Hukukî Konumu’ (1691) 8 Yaşar Üniversitesi Elektronik Dergisi: Prof. Dr. Aydın Zevkliler’e Armağan 33
  • Liivak T., ‘Liability of a Manufacturer of Fully Autonomous and Connected Vehicles under the Product Liability Directive’ (2018) 4 International Comparative Jurisprudence 178
  • Navas S., ‘Producer Liability for AI-Based Technologies in the European Union’ (2020) 9 International Law Research 77
  • Owen D.G., ‘Manufacturing Defects’ (2002) 52 Santa Clara Law Review 851
  • Özsunay E., ‘Türk Hukukunda Gerçek Bir Boşluk “Yapımcının Sorumluluğu”’ (1979) X BATİDER 97
  • Patti F.P., ‘The European Road to Autonomous Vehicles’ (2019) 43 Fordham International Law Journal 125
  • Paul A.G., ‘Ausservertragliche Haftung für Open Source Software’
  • Reese J., ‘Produkthaftung und Produzentenhaftung für Hard- Und Software’ (1994) 31 DStR 1121
  • Straub W., ‘Software Als Produkt’ [2012] Jusletter
  • Tarman Z.D., ‘Türk Hukukunda İmalatçının Sorumluluğuna Genel Bir Bakış’ (2007) LXV İÜHFM 299
  • Traille J-P., ‘The EEC Directive of July 25, 1985 on Liability for Defective Products and Its Application to Computer Programs’ (1993) 9 Computer Law and Security Report 214
  • Ünal A. ve Kalkan A., ‘Türk Hukukunda Ürün Sorumluluğu Üzerine Olan ve Olması Gereken Hukuka Dair Genel Düşünceler’ (2019) 11 TAAD 45
  • Vihul L., ‘The Liability of Software Manufacturers for Defective Products’ 1
  • van Wees K. ve Brookhuis K., ‘Product Liability for ADAS; Legal and Human Factors Perspectives’ (2005) 5 EJTIR 357
  • Wagner G., ‘Produkthaftung Für Autonome Systeme’ (2017) 6 AcP 707
  • ——, ‘Robot, Inc.: Personhood for Autonomous Systems?’ (2019) 88 Fordham Law Review 591
  • ——, ‘Roboter als Haftungssubjekte? Konturen eines Haftungsrechts für autonome Systeme’, Zivilrechtliche und rechtsökonomische Probleme des Internet und der künstlichen Intelligenz (2019)
  • Wendt D.J. ve Oberländer R.M., ‘Produkt- und Produzentenhaftung bei selbstständig veränderlichen Systemen’ (2016) 4 InTeR Zeitschrift zum Innovations- und Technikrecht 58
  • Wolpert T.G., ‘Product Liability and Software Implicated in Personal Injury’ (1993) 60 Defense Counsel Journal 519
  • Wuyts D., ‘The Product Liability Directive - More than Two Decades of Defective Products in Europe’ (2014) 5 Journal of European Tort Law 1
  • Yongalık A., ‘“İstisnalar Dar Yorumlanır” Kuralı ve Değerlendirmesi’ (2011) 60 Ankara Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi
  • Analysis of the Economic Impact of the Development Risk Clause as Provided by Directive 85/374/EEC on Liability for Defective Products: Final Report’ (Fondazione Roselli 2004) Study for the European Commission
  • Alper G., ‘İşletme Nedeniyle Tehlike Sorumluluğu (TBK m. 71)’ ((yayımlanmamış) Doktora Tezi, İ.D. Bilkent Üniversitesi 2018)
  • Bertolini A., ‘Artificial Intelligence and Civil Liability’ (EU Policy Department C 2020)
  • Bertolini A., Episcopo F and Cherciu N-A, ‘Liability of Onlie Platforms’ (European Parliament 2021) Study PE 656.318
  • Case C-203/99, Veedfald v Århus Amtskommune [2001] ECR I-3569
  • ‘Liability for Artificial Intelligence and Other Emerging Digital Technologies’ (EU Expert Group on Liability and New Technologies - New Technologies Formation 2019)
  • N.W and others v Sanofi Pasteur MSD SNC and others C-621/15, 21/06/2017
  • ‘Product Liability 2.0: How to Make EU Rules Fit for Consumers in the Digital Age?’ (BEUC The European Consumer Organization 2020) Ref: BEUC-X-2020-024
  • ‘S. Rept. 105-32 - Product Liability Reform Act of 1997’ (US Senate 1997) Senate Report
  • TBMM Ürün Güvenliği ve Teknik Düzenlemeler Kanunu Tasarısı (1/934) ve Avrupa Birliği Uyum Komisyonu ile Sanayi, Ticaret, Enerji, Tabii Kaynaklar, Bilgi ve Teknoloji Komisyonu Raporları
  • Twigg-Flessner C., ‘Guiding Principles for Updating the Product Liability Directive for the Digital Age’ (European Law Institute 2021)
Toplam 100 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Hukuk
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Cemre Polat 0000-0003-1083-6090

Proje Numarası 119K323
Yayımlanma Tarihi 5 Ocak 2022
Gönderilme Tarihi 30 Ağustos 2021
Kabul Tarihi 1 Aralık 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2021 Cilt: 70 Sayı: 4

Kaynak Göster

Chicago Polat, Cemre. “Türk Ve Avrupa Birliği Hukukunda Ürün Sorumluluğu”. Ankara Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi 70, sy. 4 (Ocak 2022): 973-1041. https://doi.org/10.33629/auhfd.988504.
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