Araştırma Makalesi
BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 66 Sayı: 2, 1153 - 1178, 30.11.2025
https://doi.org/10.33227/auifd.1725866

Öz

Kaynakça

  • Adalı, Selim F., ve Ali T. Görgü, çev. Bâbil Yaratılış Destanı –Enuma Eliş-. İstanbul: Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları, 2016.
  • Akyar, Nevfel. Eski İran’da Rahipler. İstanbul: Kabalcı Yayınevi, 2023.
  • Alıcı, Mehmet. Kadim İran’da Din: Monoteizmden Düalizme Mecûsî Tanrı Anlayışı. İstanbul: Ayışığı Kitapları, 2012.
  • Allberry, C. R. C. A Manichaean Psalm-Book. Stuttgart: Kohlhammer, 1938.
  • Andreas, Friedrich Carl. Mitteliranische Manichaica aus Chinesisch-Turkestan. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 1932.
  • Asha, Rāham. Ādarbād son of Mahrspend: New Lights on His Life and on Some of His Works. Tahran: Merkez-i Dāʼiret el-maʻārif-i İnsānī, 1382.
  • Asha, Rāham. Šak-ud-Gumānīh-Vizār: The Doubt-Removing Book of Mardānfarrox. Paris: Alain Mole, 2015.
  • Asha, Rāham. The Doubt-expelling Book of Mardānfarrox: Šak-ud-gumānīh-vizār. Mumbai, 2004.
  • Schaff, Philip. Augustin: The Writings Against the Manichaeans and Against the Donatists. New York: Grand Rapids, 1890.
  • Augustine, Aurelius. Sancti Avreli Avgvstini Contra Felicem. Ed. Joseph Zycha. Prag: F. Tempsky, 1892.
  • Augustine, Aurelius. The De Haeresibus of Saint Augustine. Çev. Liguori G. Müller. Washington: Catholic University of America Press, 1956.
  • Blois, François de ve Nicholas Sims-Williams, ed. Dictionary of Manichaean Texts. 4 c. Turnhout: Brepols, 2006.
  • Boyce, Mary. A Reader in Manichaean Middle Persian And Parthian Texts with Notes. Leiden: Brill, 1975.
  • Cereti, Carlo. La letteratura pahlavi: Introduzioni ai testi con riferimenti alla storia degli studi e alla tradizione manoscritta. Milano: Mimesis, 2001.
  • Cereti, Carlo. “Mardānfarrox ī Ohrmazddādān’s Škand Gumānīg Wizār on Judaism and Christianity”. Nāme-i İrān-i Bāstān 12:1-2 (2014): 47-66.
  • Cereti, Carlo. “Some Notes on the Škand Gumanig Wizār”. Languages of Iran: Past and Present, ed. Dieter Weber, içinde 1-15. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, 2005.
  • Cereti, Carlo. “The Škand Gumānīg Wizār”. Encyclopædia Iranica, http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/shkand-gumanig-wizar.
  • Cumont, Franz. Recherches sur le Manichéisme: I. La cosmogonie Manichéenne d’après Théodore bar Khôni. Bruxelles: H. Lamentin, 1908.
  • Darmesteter, James, çev. “The Zend-Avesta Part I: The Vendidad”. The Sacret Books Of the East, ed. Max Müller, içinde 4:1-237. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1880.
  • Darmesteter, James, çev. “The Zend-Avesta Part II: The Sîrôzahs, Yasts, and Nyâyis”. The Sacred Books of the East, ed. Max Müller, içinde 23:1-381. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1882.
  • El-Nedīm, Ebü’l-Ferec Muhammed b. Ebî Ya‘kūb İshak b. Muhammed b. İshak. El-Fihrist. Çev. Ramazan Şeşen. İstanbul: Yazma Eserler Kurumu, 2019.
  • Ephraim Syrus. S. Ephraim’s Prose Refutations of Mani, Marcion and Bardaisan. Tah. C. W. Mitchell. 1 c. London, Oxford: Williams and Northgate, 1912.
  • Epiphanius of Salamis. The Panarion of Epiphanius of Salamis Books II and III. De Fide. Çev. Frank Williams. Leiden, Boston: Brill, 2013.
  • Evans, Erin. The Books of Jeu and the Pistis Sophia as Handbooks to Eternity: Exploring the Gnostic Mysteries of the Ineffable. Leiden, Boston: Brill, 2015.
  • Gardner, Iain, ed. The Kephalaia of the Teacher. Leiden, New York, Köln: Brill, 1995.
  • Gardner, Iain, ve Samuel N. C. Lieu, ed. Manichaean Texts from the Roman Empire. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004.
  • Good, John Theodore. “Zoroastrian Philosophy in the Islamic World”. Doktora Tezi, University of Toronto, Toronto, 2023.
  • Henning, Walter B. “A Sogdian Fragment of the Manichaean Cosmogony”. Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 2:2 (1948): 306-18.
  • Jackson, A. V. Williams. Researches in Manichaeism with Special Reference to the Turfan Fragments. New York: Columbia University Press, 1932.
  • Jackson, A. V. Williams. “The So-Called Injunctions of Mani, Translated from the Pahlavi of Denkart 3, 200”. The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland 2 (1924): 213-27.
  • Jamasp-Asana, J. M., ed. Pahlavi Texts I-II. Bombay: Iranian Culture Foundation, 1897.
  • Jamasp-Asana, J. M. ve E. W. West. Shikand-Gumanik Vijar: The Pazand-Sanskrit Text (of Neryosang). Bombay: Goverment Central Book Depot, 1887.
  • John of Damascus. Saint John of Damascus Writings, Tah. Frederic H. Chase. Washington: The Catholic University of America Press, 1999.
  • König, Götz. “From Manichaeism to Zoroastrianism: On the History of the Teaching of the ‘Two Principles’”. Entangled Religions 11:2 (2020): 1-28.
  • Lieu, Samuel N. C. “Polemics against Manichaeism as a subversive cult in Sung China (A.D. c. 960- c. 1200)”. Bulletin of the John Rylands University Library of Manchester 62:1 (1979): 132-67.
  • MacKenzie, Neil. “Mani’s ‘Šābuhragān’”. Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 42:3 (1979): 500-534.
  • MacKenzie, Neil. “Mani’s ‘Šābuhragān’ II”. Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 43:2 (1980): 288-310.
  • Mardanfarrox. “Sikand-Gûmânîk Vigâr”. Çev. E. W. West. The Sacred Book of the East, ed. Max Müller, içinde 24:115-252. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1880.
  • Menasce, Jean-Pierre de, ed. Le Troisième Livre du Dēnkart. Paris: Librairie C. Klincksieck, 1973.
  • Menasce, Jean-Pierre de. Une apologétique mazdéenne du IXe siécle : Škand-gumānīk vičār. La solution décisive des doutes. Fribourg en Suisse: Librairie de l’Université, 1945.
  • Özbay, Betül. Huastuanift; Manihaist Uygurların Tövbe Duası. Ankara: Türk Dil Kurumu Yayınları, 2017.
  • Polotsky, Hans Jakob. Manichäische Homilien. Stuttgart: W. Kohlhammer, 1934.
  • Puech, Henri-Charles. Le manichéisme: Son fondateur, sa doctrine. Paris: Civilisations du Sud, 1949.
  • Reck, Christiane. “Šābuhragān”. Encyclopædia Iranica, https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/sabuhragan/.
  • Reeves, John C. “Manichaean Citations from the Prose Refutations of Ephrem”. Emerging From Darkness: Studies in the Recovery of Manichaean Sources, Ed. Paul Mirecki ve Jason BeDuhn, içinde 217-88. Leiden: Brill, 1997.
  • Römer, Cornelia, ve Ludwig Koenen, ed. Codex Manichaicus Coloniensis (The Cologne Mani-Codex). Çev. Judith M. Lieu ve Samuel N. C. Lieu. Cambridge: Brepols, 2024.
  • Salemann, C. “Ein Bruchstük manichaeischen Scrifttum im Asiatischen Museum, mit einem Facsimile”. Mémoires Academie imperial des Sciences de St. Pétersbourg 6:6 (1904): 1-26.
  • Sanjana, Peshotanji Behramji, ed. The Dinkard. V. Bombay: The Duftur Ashkara, 1888.
  • Säve-Söderbergh, Torgny. Studies in the Coptic Manichaean Psalm-Book: Prosody and Mandaean parallels. Uppsala: Vilhelm Ekmans Universitetsfond, 1949.
  • Schmidt, Carl, ed. Pistis Sophia. Çev. Violet Macdermot. Leiden: Brill, 1978.
  • Sundermann, Werner. “Das Manichäerkapitel des Skand Gumānīg Wizār in der Darstellung und Deutung Jean de Menasces”. Augustine and Manichaeism in the Latin West : Proceedings of the Fribourg Utrecht International Symposium of the International Assocation of Manichaean Studies (IAMS), ed. Johannes van Oort, Otto Wermelinger, ve Gregor Wurst, içinde 325-37. Leiden, Boston, Köln: Brill, 2001.
  • Sundermann, Werner. Mittelpersische und Parthische Kosmogonische und Parabeltexte der Manichäer. Berlin: Verlag der Akademie der Wissenschaften, 1973.
  • Taillieu, Dieter. “Glossary to the Zoroastrian Middle Persian polemics against Manichaeism”. Dictionary of Manichaean Texts, ed. François de Blois ve Nicholas Sims-Williams, içinde 2:121-45. Brepols, 2006.
  • Taillieu, Dieter. “Negende-eeuwse Zoroastrische anti-Manicheïsche polemieken in Shkand-gumanig wizar en Denkard.” Doktora Tezi, KU Leuven University, Leuven, 2004.
  • Tardieu, Michel. Manichaeism. Çev. M. B. DeBevoise. Urbana, Chicago: University of Ilinois Press, 2008.
  • Theodore bar Konai. Liber Scholiorum. Tah. A. Scher, 2 c. Paris: Carolus Poussielgue, 1910.
  • Theodore bar Konai. Livre des Scolies (recension de Séert). Çev. Robert Hespel ve Rene Draguet. 2 c. 1982.
  • Vevaina, Yuhan Sohrab-Dinshaw. “The Hermeneutics of Political Violence in Sasanian Iran: the Death of Mani and the Seizure of Manichaean Property”. Sasanian Studies: Late Antique Iranian World 1:1 (2022): 291-322.
  • West, E. W., çev. “Selections of Zadsparam”. Sacred Books of the East, ed. Max Müller, içinde 5:153-88. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1880.
  • West, E. W., çev. “The Bundahish”. Sacred Books of the East, ed. Max Müller, içinde 5:1-152. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1880.
  • Zaehner, Robert C. Zurvan: A Zoroastrian Dilemma. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1955.

Zerdüştî Din Adamlarının Maniheizm Hakkında Bilgisi: Mardānfarrox’un Anti-Maniheist Polemiği Šak-ud-Gumānīh-Vizār

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 66 Sayı: 2, 1153 - 1178, 30.11.2025
https://doi.org/10.33227/auifd.1725866

Öz

Bu çalışma, dokuzuncu yüzyıl Zerdüştî din adamı ve bilgini Mardānfarrox tarafından kaleme alınan Šak-ud-Gumānīh-Vizār (ŠGW) adlı eserin Maniheizm’e yönelik eleştirilerini incelemekte ve ŠGW’nin 16. bölümünde yer alan Maniheist terminoloji ve kozmolojiye yönelik eleştirilere odaklanmakta, özellikle metnin ilk elli üç pasajını analiz etmektedir. Mardānfarrox’un Maniheist terminolojiye olan derin hakimiyeti, onun bu inançla olan yakın ilişkisini göstermektedir. Çalışma, yazarın Maniheizm’in ‘üç zaman’ öğretisine (başlangıç, karışım ve ayrışma) yönelik eleştirilerini ve bu öğretinin Zerdüştî kozmolojisiyle karşılaştırmasını detaylı bir şekilde incelemektedir. Maniheist kozmogonide önemli bir figür olan Kundag’ın etimolojik analizi ve makrokozmosun yaratılışındaki rolü, makalenin önemli bulgularından biridir. Mardānfarrox’un polemik stratejilerini ve Maniheizm’e yönelik temel ithamlarını (tutarsızlık, ahlaki sorumsuzluk, doğa karşıtlığı, mitolojik abartı ve Tanrı’nın gücünü sınırlandırma) sistematik bir şekilde ortaya koyan çalışma, Maniheist düalizmde iki ilkenin ontolojik eşitliği ve maddi dünyanın kötü olarak görülmesinin, Zerdüşt kozmolojisinin Ohrmazd’ın mutlak yaratıcı gücünü vurgulayan ve maddi dünyayı olumlu değerlendiren yaklaşımıyla tezat oluşturduğunu göstermektedir. Bu araştırma, Zerdüştî polemik literatürünün önemli bir örneğini nitel araştırma yöntemleri ile analiz ederek, dokuzuncu yüzyıl İran’ında dinler arası polemiklerin doğasını ve Zerdüştî düşünürlerinin rakip inanç sistemlerine yönelik eleştirel yaklaşımlarını anlamak açısından literatüre katkı sağlamaktadır.

Kaynakça

  • Adalı, Selim F., ve Ali T. Görgü, çev. Bâbil Yaratılış Destanı –Enuma Eliş-. İstanbul: Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları, 2016.
  • Akyar, Nevfel. Eski İran’da Rahipler. İstanbul: Kabalcı Yayınevi, 2023.
  • Alıcı, Mehmet. Kadim İran’da Din: Monoteizmden Düalizme Mecûsî Tanrı Anlayışı. İstanbul: Ayışığı Kitapları, 2012.
  • Allberry, C. R. C. A Manichaean Psalm-Book. Stuttgart: Kohlhammer, 1938.
  • Andreas, Friedrich Carl. Mitteliranische Manichaica aus Chinesisch-Turkestan. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 1932.
  • Asha, Rāham. Ādarbād son of Mahrspend: New Lights on His Life and on Some of His Works. Tahran: Merkez-i Dāʼiret el-maʻārif-i İnsānī, 1382.
  • Asha, Rāham. Šak-ud-Gumānīh-Vizār: The Doubt-Removing Book of Mardānfarrox. Paris: Alain Mole, 2015.
  • Asha, Rāham. The Doubt-expelling Book of Mardānfarrox: Šak-ud-gumānīh-vizār. Mumbai, 2004.
  • Schaff, Philip. Augustin: The Writings Against the Manichaeans and Against the Donatists. New York: Grand Rapids, 1890.
  • Augustine, Aurelius. Sancti Avreli Avgvstini Contra Felicem. Ed. Joseph Zycha. Prag: F. Tempsky, 1892.
  • Augustine, Aurelius. The De Haeresibus of Saint Augustine. Çev. Liguori G. Müller. Washington: Catholic University of America Press, 1956.
  • Blois, François de ve Nicholas Sims-Williams, ed. Dictionary of Manichaean Texts. 4 c. Turnhout: Brepols, 2006.
  • Boyce, Mary. A Reader in Manichaean Middle Persian And Parthian Texts with Notes. Leiden: Brill, 1975.
  • Cereti, Carlo. La letteratura pahlavi: Introduzioni ai testi con riferimenti alla storia degli studi e alla tradizione manoscritta. Milano: Mimesis, 2001.
  • Cereti, Carlo. “Mardānfarrox ī Ohrmazddādān’s Škand Gumānīg Wizār on Judaism and Christianity”. Nāme-i İrān-i Bāstān 12:1-2 (2014): 47-66.
  • Cereti, Carlo. “Some Notes on the Škand Gumanig Wizār”. Languages of Iran: Past and Present, ed. Dieter Weber, içinde 1-15. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, 2005.
  • Cereti, Carlo. “The Škand Gumānīg Wizār”. Encyclopædia Iranica, http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/shkand-gumanig-wizar.
  • Cumont, Franz. Recherches sur le Manichéisme: I. La cosmogonie Manichéenne d’après Théodore bar Khôni. Bruxelles: H. Lamentin, 1908.
  • Darmesteter, James, çev. “The Zend-Avesta Part I: The Vendidad”. The Sacret Books Of the East, ed. Max Müller, içinde 4:1-237. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1880.
  • Darmesteter, James, çev. “The Zend-Avesta Part II: The Sîrôzahs, Yasts, and Nyâyis”. The Sacred Books of the East, ed. Max Müller, içinde 23:1-381. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1882.
  • El-Nedīm, Ebü’l-Ferec Muhammed b. Ebî Ya‘kūb İshak b. Muhammed b. İshak. El-Fihrist. Çev. Ramazan Şeşen. İstanbul: Yazma Eserler Kurumu, 2019.
  • Ephraim Syrus. S. Ephraim’s Prose Refutations of Mani, Marcion and Bardaisan. Tah. C. W. Mitchell. 1 c. London, Oxford: Williams and Northgate, 1912.
  • Epiphanius of Salamis. The Panarion of Epiphanius of Salamis Books II and III. De Fide. Çev. Frank Williams. Leiden, Boston: Brill, 2013.
  • Evans, Erin. The Books of Jeu and the Pistis Sophia as Handbooks to Eternity: Exploring the Gnostic Mysteries of the Ineffable. Leiden, Boston: Brill, 2015.
  • Gardner, Iain, ed. The Kephalaia of the Teacher. Leiden, New York, Köln: Brill, 1995.
  • Gardner, Iain, ve Samuel N. C. Lieu, ed. Manichaean Texts from the Roman Empire. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004.
  • Good, John Theodore. “Zoroastrian Philosophy in the Islamic World”. Doktora Tezi, University of Toronto, Toronto, 2023.
  • Henning, Walter B. “A Sogdian Fragment of the Manichaean Cosmogony”. Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 2:2 (1948): 306-18.
  • Jackson, A. V. Williams. Researches in Manichaeism with Special Reference to the Turfan Fragments. New York: Columbia University Press, 1932.
  • Jackson, A. V. Williams. “The So-Called Injunctions of Mani, Translated from the Pahlavi of Denkart 3, 200”. The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland 2 (1924): 213-27.
  • Jamasp-Asana, J. M., ed. Pahlavi Texts I-II. Bombay: Iranian Culture Foundation, 1897.
  • Jamasp-Asana, J. M. ve E. W. West. Shikand-Gumanik Vijar: The Pazand-Sanskrit Text (of Neryosang). Bombay: Goverment Central Book Depot, 1887.
  • John of Damascus. Saint John of Damascus Writings, Tah. Frederic H. Chase. Washington: The Catholic University of America Press, 1999.
  • König, Götz. “From Manichaeism to Zoroastrianism: On the History of the Teaching of the ‘Two Principles’”. Entangled Religions 11:2 (2020): 1-28.
  • Lieu, Samuel N. C. “Polemics against Manichaeism as a subversive cult in Sung China (A.D. c. 960- c. 1200)”. Bulletin of the John Rylands University Library of Manchester 62:1 (1979): 132-67.
  • MacKenzie, Neil. “Mani’s ‘Šābuhragān’”. Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 42:3 (1979): 500-534.
  • MacKenzie, Neil. “Mani’s ‘Šābuhragān’ II”. Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 43:2 (1980): 288-310.
  • Mardanfarrox. “Sikand-Gûmânîk Vigâr”. Çev. E. W. West. The Sacred Book of the East, ed. Max Müller, içinde 24:115-252. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1880.
  • Menasce, Jean-Pierre de, ed. Le Troisième Livre du Dēnkart. Paris: Librairie C. Klincksieck, 1973.
  • Menasce, Jean-Pierre de. Une apologétique mazdéenne du IXe siécle : Škand-gumānīk vičār. La solution décisive des doutes. Fribourg en Suisse: Librairie de l’Université, 1945.
  • Özbay, Betül. Huastuanift; Manihaist Uygurların Tövbe Duası. Ankara: Türk Dil Kurumu Yayınları, 2017.
  • Polotsky, Hans Jakob. Manichäische Homilien. Stuttgart: W. Kohlhammer, 1934.
  • Puech, Henri-Charles. Le manichéisme: Son fondateur, sa doctrine. Paris: Civilisations du Sud, 1949.
  • Reck, Christiane. “Šābuhragān”. Encyclopædia Iranica, https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/sabuhragan/.
  • Reeves, John C. “Manichaean Citations from the Prose Refutations of Ephrem”. Emerging From Darkness: Studies in the Recovery of Manichaean Sources, Ed. Paul Mirecki ve Jason BeDuhn, içinde 217-88. Leiden: Brill, 1997.
  • Römer, Cornelia, ve Ludwig Koenen, ed. Codex Manichaicus Coloniensis (The Cologne Mani-Codex). Çev. Judith M. Lieu ve Samuel N. C. Lieu. Cambridge: Brepols, 2024.
  • Salemann, C. “Ein Bruchstük manichaeischen Scrifttum im Asiatischen Museum, mit einem Facsimile”. Mémoires Academie imperial des Sciences de St. Pétersbourg 6:6 (1904): 1-26.
  • Sanjana, Peshotanji Behramji, ed. The Dinkard. V. Bombay: The Duftur Ashkara, 1888.
  • Säve-Söderbergh, Torgny. Studies in the Coptic Manichaean Psalm-Book: Prosody and Mandaean parallels. Uppsala: Vilhelm Ekmans Universitetsfond, 1949.
  • Schmidt, Carl, ed. Pistis Sophia. Çev. Violet Macdermot. Leiden: Brill, 1978.
  • Sundermann, Werner. “Das Manichäerkapitel des Skand Gumānīg Wizār in der Darstellung und Deutung Jean de Menasces”. Augustine and Manichaeism in the Latin West : Proceedings of the Fribourg Utrecht International Symposium of the International Assocation of Manichaean Studies (IAMS), ed. Johannes van Oort, Otto Wermelinger, ve Gregor Wurst, içinde 325-37. Leiden, Boston, Köln: Brill, 2001.
  • Sundermann, Werner. Mittelpersische und Parthische Kosmogonische und Parabeltexte der Manichäer. Berlin: Verlag der Akademie der Wissenschaften, 1973.
  • Taillieu, Dieter. “Glossary to the Zoroastrian Middle Persian polemics against Manichaeism”. Dictionary of Manichaean Texts, ed. François de Blois ve Nicholas Sims-Williams, içinde 2:121-45. Brepols, 2006.
  • Taillieu, Dieter. “Negende-eeuwse Zoroastrische anti-Manicheïsche polemieken in Shkand-gumanig wizar en Denkard.” Doktora Tezi, KU Leuven University, Leuven, 2004.
  • Tardieu, Michel. Manichaeism. Çev. M. B. DeBevoise. Urbana, Chicago: University of Ilinois Press, 2008.
  • Theodore bar Konai. Liber Scholiorum. Tah. A. Scher, 2 c. Paris: Carolus Poussielgue, 1910.
  • Theodore bar Konai. Livre des Scolies (recension de Séert). Çev. Robert Hespel ve Rene Draguet. 2 c. 1982.
  • Vevaina, Yuhan Sohrab-Dinshaw. “The Hermeneutics of Political Violence in Sasanian Iran: the Death of Mani and the Seizure of Manichaean Property”. Sasanian Studies: Late Antique Iranian World 1:1 (2022): 291-322.
  • West, E. W., çev. “Selections of Zadsparam”. Sacred Books of the East, ed. Max Müller, içinde 5:153-88. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1880.
  • West, E. W., çev. “The Bundahish”. Sacred Books of the East, ed. Max Müller, içinde 5:1-152. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1880.
  • Zaehner, Robert C. Zurvan: A Zoroastrian Dilemma. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1955.

The Knowledge of Zoroastrian Clergymen About Manichaeism: Mardānfarrox’s Anti-Manichaean Polemics Šak-ud-Gumānīh-Vizār

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 66 Sayı: 2, 1153 - 1178, 30.11.2025
https://doi.org/10.33227/auifd.1725866

Öz

This study examines the criticisms of Manichaeism contained in Šak-ud-Gumānīh-Vizār (ŠGW), an important work written by the ninth-century Zoroastrian cleric and scholar Mardānfarrox. It focuses on the critiques directed at Manichaean terminology and cosmology found in Chapter 16 of ŠGW, specifically analyzing the first fifty-three passages of the text. Mardānfarrox's profound command of Manichaean terminology suggests a close relationship with this faith. The study thoroughly investigates the author's critique of the Manichaean doctrine of the 'three times' (beginning, mixture, and separation) and contrasts this doctrine with Zoroastrian cosmology. The etymological analysis of Kundag, an important figure in Manichaean cosmogony, and his role in the creation of the macrocosm, is one of the article’s significant findings. The work systematically outlines Mardānfarrox's polemical strategies and his central accusations against Manichaeism (inconsistency, moral irresponsibility, opposition to nature, mythological exaggeration, and limiting the power of God). It demonstrates that the ontological equality of the two principles in Manichaean dualism and the negative view of the material world contrast sharply with the Zoroastrian approach, which emphasizes Ohrmazd's absolute creative power and positively values the material world. This research contributes to the literature by using qualitative research methods to analyze a significant example of Zoroastrian polemical literature, thus enhancing the understanding of the nature of inter-religious polemics and the critical approaches of Zoroastrian thinkers toward rival belief systems in ninth-century Iran.

Kaynakça

  • Adalı, Selim F., ve Ali T. Görgü, çev. Bâbil Yaratılış Destanı –Enuma Eliş-. İstanbul: Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları, 2016.
  • Akyar, Nevfel. Eski İran’da Rahipler. İstanbul: Kabalcı Yayınevi, 2023.
  • Alıcı, Mehmet. Kadim İran’da Din: Monoteizmden Düalizme Mecûsî Tanrı Anlayışı. İstanbul: Ayışığı Kitapları, 2012.
  • Allberry, C. R. C. A Manichaean Psalm-Book. Stuttgart: Kohlhammer, 1938.
  • Andreas, Friedrich Carl. Mitteliranische Manichaica aus Chinesisch-Turkestan. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 1932.
  • Asha, Rāham. Ādarbād son of Mahrspend: New Lights on His Life and on Some of His Works. Tahran: Merkez-i Dāʼiret el-maʻārif-i İnsānī, 1382.
  • Asha, Rāham. Šak-ud-Gumānīh-Vizār: The Doubt-Removing Book of Mardānfarrox. Paris: Alain Mole, 2015.
  • Asha, Rāham. The Doubt-expelling Book of Mardānfarrox: Šak-ud-gumānīh-vizār. Mumbai, 2004.
  • Schaff, Philip. Augustin: The Writings Against the Manichaeans and Against the Donatists. New York: Grand Rapids, 1890.
  • Augustine, Aurelius. Sancti Avreli Avgvstini Contra Felicem. Ed. Joseph Zycha. Prag: F. Tempsky, 1892.
  • Augustine, Aurelius. The De Haeresibus of Saint Augustine. Çev. Liguori G. Müller. Washington: Catholic University of America Press, 1956.
  • Blois, François de ve Nicholas Sims-Williams, ed. Dictionary of Manichaean Texts. 4 c. Turnhout: Brepols, 2006.
  • Boyce, Mary. A Reader in Manichaean Middle Persian And Parthian Texts with Notes. Leiden: Brill, 1975.
  • Cereti, Carlo. La letteratura pahlavi: Introduzioni ai testi con riferimenti alla storia degli studi e alla tradizione manoscritta. Milano: Mimesis, 2001.
  • Cereti, Carlo. “Mardānfarrox ī Ohrmazddādān’s Škand Gumānīg Wizār on Judaism and Christianity”. Nāme-i İrān-i Bāstān 12:1-2 (2014): 47-66.
  • Cereti, Carlo. “Some Notes on the Škand Gumanig Wizār”. Languages of Iran: Past and Present, ed. Dieter Weber, içinde 1-15. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, 2005.
  • Cereti, Carlo. “The Škand Gumānīg Wizār”. Encyclopædia Iranica, http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/shkand-gumanig-wizar.
  • Cumont, Franz. Recherches sur le Manichéisme: I. La cosmogonie Manichéenne d’après Théodore bar Khôni. Bruxelles: H. Lamentin, 1908.
  • Darmesteter, James, çev. “The Zend-Avesta Part I: The Vendidad”. The Sacret Books Of the East, ed. Max Müller, içinde 4:1-237. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1880.
  • Darmesteter, James, çev. “The Zend-Avesta Part II: The Sîrôzahs, Yasts, and Nyâyis”. The Sacred Books of the East, ed. Max Müller, içinde 23:1-381. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1882.
  • El-Nedīm, Ebü’l-Ferec Muhammed b. Ebî Ya‘kūb İshak b. Muhammed b. İshak. El-Fihrist. Çev. Ramazan Şeşen. İstanbul: Yazma Eserler Kurumu, 2019.
  • Ephraim Syrus. S. Ephraim’s Prose Refutations of Mani, Marcion and Bardaisan. Tah. C. W. Mitchell. 1 c. London, Oxford: Williams and Northgate, 1912.
  • Epiphanius of Salamis. The Panarion of Epiphanius of Salamis Books II and III. De Fide. Çev. Frank Williams. Leiden, Boston: Brill, 2013.
  • Evans, Erin. The Books of Jeu and the Pistis Sophia as Handbooks to Eternity: Exploring the Gnostic Mysteries of the Ineffable. Leiden, Boston: Brill, 2015.
  • Gardner, Iain, ed. The Kephalaia of the Teacher. Leiden, New York, Köln: Brill, 1995.
  • Gardner, Iain, ve Samuel N. C. Lieu, ed. Manichaean Texts from the Roman Empire. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004.
  • Good, John Theodore. “Zoroastrian Philosophy in the Islamic World”. Doktora Tezi, University of Toronto, Toronto, 2023.
  • Henning, Walter B. “A Sogdian Fragment of the Manichaean Cosmogony”. Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 2:2 (1948): 306-18.
  • Jackson, A. V. Williams. Researches in Manichaeism with Special Reference to the Turfan Fragments. New York: Columbia University Press, 1932.
  • Jackson, A. V. Williams. “The So-Called Injunctions of Mani, Translated from the Pahlavi of Denkart 3, 200”. The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland 2 (1924): 213-27.
  • Jamasp-Asana, J. M., ed. Pahlavi Texts I-II. Bombay: Iranian Culture Foundation, 1897.
  • Jamasp-Asana, J. M. ve E. W. West. Shikand-Gumanik Vijar: The Pazand-Sanskrit Text (of Neryosang). Bombay: Goverment Central Book Depot, 1887.
  • John of Damascus. Saint John of Damascus Writings, Tah. Frederic H. Chase. Washington: The Catholic University of America Press, 1999.
  • König, Götz. “From Manichaeism to Zoroastrianism: On the History of the Teaching of the ‘Two Principles’”. Entangled Religions 11:2 (2020): 1-28.
  • Lieu, Samuel N. C. “Polemics against Manichaeism as a subversive cult in Sung China (A.D. c. 960- c. 1200)”. Bulletin of the John Rylands University Library of Manchester 62:1 (1979): 132-67.
  • MacKenzie, Neil. “Mani’s ‘Šābuhragān’”. Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 42:3 (1979): 500-534.
  • MacKenzie, Neil. “Mani’s ‘Šābuhragān’ II”. Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 43:2 (1980): 288-310.
  • Mardanfarrox. “Sikand-Gûmânîk Vigâr”. Çev. E. W. West. The Sacred Book of the East, ed. Max Müller, içinde 24:115-252. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1880.
  • Menasce, Jean-Pierre de, ed. Le Troisième Livre du Dēnkart. Paris: Librairie C. Klincksieck, 1973.
  • Menasce, Jean-Pierre de. Une apologétique mazdéenne du IXe siécle : Škand-gumānīk vičār. La solution décisive des doutes. Fribourg en Suisse: Librairie de l’Université, 1945.
  • Özbay, Betül. Huastuanift; Manihaist Uygurların Tövbe Duası. Ankara: Türk Dil Kurumu Yayınları, 2017.
  • Polotsky, Hans Jakob. Manichäische Homilien. Stuttgart: W. Kohlhammer, 1934.
  • Puech, Henri-Charles. Le manichéisme: Son fondateur, sa doctrine. Paris: Civilisations du Sud, 1949.
  • Reck, Christiane. “Šābuhragān”. Encyclopædia Iranica, https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/sabuhragan/.
  • Reeves, John C. “Manichaean Citations from the Prose Refutations of Ephrem”. Emerging From Darkness: Studies in the Recovery of Manichaean Sources, Ed. Paul Mirecki ve Jason BeDuhn, içinde 217-88. Leiden: Brill, 1997.
  • Römer, Cornelia, ve Ludwig Koenen, ed. Codex Manichaicus Coloniensis (The Cologne Mani-Codex). Çev. Judith M. Lieu ve Samuel N. C. Lieu. Cambridge: Brepols, 2024.
  • Salemann, C. “Ein Bruchstük manichaeischen Scrifttum im Asiatischen Museum, mit einem Facsimile”. Mémoires Academie imperial des Sciences de St. Pétersbourg 6:6 (1904): 1-26.
  • Sanjana, Peshotanji Behramji, ed. The Dinkard. V. Bombay: The Duftur Ashkara, 1888.
  • Säve-Söderbergh, Torgny. Studies in the Coptic Manichaean Psalm-Book: Prosody and Mandaean parallels. Uppsala: Vilhelm Ekmans Universitetsfond, 1949.
  • Schmidt, Carl, ed. Pistis Sophia. Çev. Violet Macdermot. Leiden: Brill, 1978.
  • Sundermann, Werner. “Das Manichäerkapitel des Skand Gumānīg Wizār in der Darstellung und Deutung Jean de Menasces”. Augustine and Manichaeism in the Latin West : Proceedings of the Fribourg Utrecht International Symposium of the International Assocation of Manichaean Studies (IAMS), ed. Johannes van Oort, Otto Wermelinger, ve Gregor Wurst, içinde 325-37. Leiden, Boston, Köln: Brill, 2001.
  • Sundermann, Werner. Mittelpersische und Parthische Kosmogonische und Parabeltexte der Manichäer. Berlin: Verlag der Akademie der Wissenschaften, 1973.
  • Taillieu, Dieter. “Glossary to the Zoroastrian Middle Persian polemics against Manichaeism”. Dictionary of Manichaean Texts, ed. François de Blois ve Nicholas Sims-Williams, içinde 2:121-45. Brepols, 2006.
  • Taillieu, Dieter. “Negende-eeuwse Zoroastrische anti-Manicheïsche polemieken in Shkand-gumanig wizar en Denkard.” Doktora Tezi, KU Leuven University, Leuven, 2004.
  • Tardieu, Michel. Manichaeism. Çev. M. B. DeBevoise. Urbana, Chicago: University of Ilinois Press, 2008.
  • Theodore bar Konai. Liber Scholiorum. Tah. A. Scher, 2 c. Paris: Carolus Poussielgue, 1910.
  • Theodore bar Konai. Livre des Scolies (recension de Séert). Çev. Robert Hespel ve Rene Draguet. 2 c. 1982.
  • Vevaina, Yuhan Sohrab-Dinshaw. “The Hermeneutics of Political Violence in Sasanian Iran: the Death of Mani and the Seizure of Manichaean Property”. Sasanian Studies: Late Antique Iranian World 1:1 (2022): 291-322.
  • West, E. W., çev. “Selections of Zadsparam”. Sacred Books of the East, ed. Max Müller, içinde 5:153-88. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1880.
  • West, E. W., çev. “The Bundahish”. Sacred Books of the East, ed. Max Müller, içinde 5:1-152. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1880.
  • Zaehner, Robert C. Zurvan: A Zoroastrian Dilemma. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1955.
Toplam 61 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Karşılaştırmalı Dini Araştırmalar, Dini Araştırmalar (Diğer)
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Nevfel Akyar 0000-0002-2712-7576

Gönderilme Tarihi 24 Haziran 2025
Kabul Tarihi 17 Kasım 2025
Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Kasım 2025
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025 Cilt: 66 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

Chicago Akyar, Nevfel. “Zerdüştî Din Adamlarının Maniheizm Hakkında Bilgisi: Mardānfarrox’un Anti-Maniheist Polemiği Šak-ud-Gumānīh-Vizār”. Ankara Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi 66, sy. 2 (Kasım 2025): 1153-78. https://doi.org/10.33227/auifd.1725866.

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