An Alternative View to the Development of Priesthood in Ancient Israel

Yıl 2017, , 31 - 61, 01.08.2017

Kürşad Demirci Tolga Savaş Altınel

https://doi.org/10.1501/Ilhfak_0000001471

Öz

In the Torah, it is mentioned that God chose the Levites, among children of Israel in the Mount Sinai, to serve Himself and that the Kohens/Priests (descendants of Aaron), who represented a branch of the Levites, had priority for this service. So, the Jewish tradition affirms that the priesthood among children of Israel was formed with Aaron’s blessing by Moses in Mount Sinai. During the time of Zadok, the chief priest of the First Temple, the priesthood became institutionalized and acquired its mature form during the period of the Second Temple. However, the critical studies on the Holy Bible indicate that the phases of the system of priesthood in the history of children of Israel had a course different from what this traditional interpretation of the Tanakh entails. Relying on the findings of these studies, this article revisits the process of the development of the priesthood, as accepted in the Jewish tradition, and suggests that there were three priest hearths, namely, descendants of Zadok, Moses and Aaron. The article argues that the priests of the Second Temple, descendants of Zadok constructed the traditional narrative of the development of the priesthood based on lineage, which underlined the privileged status of this group, and suppressed the memory of the roles of descendants of Moses and Aaron for this service

Anahtar Kelimeler

Kohen, Mushites, Zadok, Aaron, Priest

Erken Dönem İsrailoğulları Tarihinde Rahipliğin Gelişim Sürecine Alternatif Bir Bakış

Öz

Tevrat’ta Tanrı’nın, Sina’da İsrailoğulları arasından Levilileri özel olarak kendi hizmetine seçtiği ve Levililerin bir kolu olan kohenlerin de (Harun soyu) bu hizmetin ayrıcalıklı boyu kabul edildiği bilgisi yer almaktadır. Buna göre Yahudi geleneği, İsrailoğullarında rahiplik uygulamasının, Harun’un Sina’da Musa tarafından kutsanmasıyla tesis edildiğini ileri sürmektedir. Daha sonra Birinci Mabed’in Başkoheni Ṣadoḳ döneminde rahiplik kurumsallaşmış, İkinci Mabed döneminde son halini almıştır. Ancak Kitab-ı Mukaddes eleştirisi kapsamında yapılan çalışmalar, İsrailoğulları tarihinde rahiplik sistemine ait evrelerin Tanaḫ’ın bu geleneksel yorumundan farklı biçimde geliştiğine işaret etmektedir. Bu makale, söz konusu eleştirilerden yararlanarak erken dönem İsrailoğulları tarihinde, Ṣadoḳīler, Musacılar ve Harunîler diye isimlendirilebilecek üç rahip ocağının varlığına işaret etmekte ve Yahudi geleneğinde kabul gördüğü şekliyle kohenliğin gelişim sürecini yeniden yorumlamaktadır. Makalenin temel iddiası, İkinci Mabed rahipleri olan Ṣadoḳīlerin, Musacıları ve Harunîleri soy esaslı rahiplik sistemi içinde erittikleri ve esas payeyi kendilerine veren bir soy üstünlüğüyle rahipliğin geleneksel yorumunun mimarı oldukları şeklindedir

Anahtar Kelimeler

Kohen, Musacılar, Ṣadoḳ, Harun, Rahip

Kaynakça

• Aberbach, Moses ve Levy Smolar. “Aaron, Jeroboam, and the Golden Calves,” Journal of Biblical Literature 86:2 (1967), ss.129-140.
• Abū al-Fatḥ. The Kitāb al-Tārīkh of Abu ’l-Fatḥ. İngilizce’ye terc. Paul Stenhouse. Sydney: Mandelbaum Trust, University of Sydney, 1985.
• Aharoni, Yohanan ve S. D. Sperling. “Kenites,” Cecil Roth (ed.), Encylopaedia Judaica (Jerusalem: Kether Publishing House, 1994) içinde, c.12, ss.76-77.
• Allen, James P. “Heliopolis,” Donald B. Redford (ed.), The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001) içinde, c.2, ss.88- 89.
• Arslantaş, Nuh. İslâm Dünyasında Sâmirîler: Osmanlı Dönemine Kadar. İstanbul: İz Yayıncılık, 2008.
• The Babylonian Talmud. Ed. Rabbi Epstein. Londra: The Soncino Press, 1978.
• Ha-Bavli, Natan. Seder Olam Zuta: Dünyanın Kısa Tarihi. Terc. Nuh Arslantaş. Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu Yayınları, 2014.
• Budge, Ernest Alfred Wallis. From Fetish to God in Ancient Egypt. Londra: Oxford University Press, H. Milford, 1934.
• Bunson, Margaret R. Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt. New York: Facts on File, 2012.
• Cross, Frank Moore. Canaanite Myth and Hebrew Epic. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press, 1973.
• Deutsch, Gotthard ve Schulim Ochser. “Pehah,” Jewish Encyclopedia, c.9, s.581 http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/11988-pehah (3.11.2017)
• “Putiel,” Encyclopedia Judaicac.16, s.756.
• Friedman, Richard Elliot. Kitabı Mukaddes’i Kim Yazdı? Terc. Muhammed Tarakçı. İstanbul: Kabalcı Yayınevi, 2005.
• Ganor, Nissim R. Who were the Phoenicians? Tel Aviv: KIP - Kotarim International Publishing, 2009.
• Goodhugh, William ve William Cooke Taylor. The Bible Cyclopædia. Londra: John W. Parker, West Strand., 1841.
• Gürkan, Salime Leyla. Yahudilik. İstanbul: İSAM Yayınları, 2012.
• Hauer, Christian E. Jr. “Who was Zadok?” Journal of Biblical Literature 82:1 (1963), ss.89-94
• Hoffmeier, James K. Ancient Israel in Sinai: The Evidence for the Authenticity of the Wilderness Tradition. New York: Oxford University Press, 2005.
• ---------. Akhenaten and the Origins of Monotheism. New York: Oxford University Press, 2015.
• The Holy Bible: New International Version. Byy.: Biblica Inc., 2011.
• Homan, Michael M. “A Tensile Etymology for Aaron: ’ahărōn > ’ahălōn,” Biblische Notizen 95 (1998), ss.21-22.
• Josephus, Flavius. Complete Works. İngilizce’ye terc. William Whiston, Michigan: Kregel Publications, 1970.
• Kugler, Robert. “Priests and Levites,” Katharine Doob Sakenfeld (ed.), The New Interpreter’s Dictionary of the Bible (Nashville: Abingdon, 2006-2009) içinde, c.3, ss.596-614.
• Kurt, Ali. “Yahudi Kaynaklarında Kral Tipolojileri: Nebukadnezzar ve Koreş Örneği,” Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi 10:2 (2006), ss.417-443.
• Kutsal Kitap ve Deuterokanonik (Apokrif) Kitaplar. İstanbul: Kitabı Mukaddes Şirketi, 2003.
• Olyan, Saul. “Zadok’s Origins and the Tribal Politics of David,” Journal of Biblical Literature 101:2 (1982), ss.177-193.
• Reif, Stefan C. “What Enraged Phinehas?” Journal of Biblical Literature 90:2 (1971), ss.200-206.
• Rowley, Harold H. “Zadok and Nehushtan,” Journal of Biblical Literature 58:2 (1939), ss.113-141.
• Schley, Donald G. Shiloh: A Biblical City in Tradition and History. Sheffield: JSOT Press, 1989.
• Skehan, P. W. “Melchizedek,” New Catholic Encyclopedia (New York: McGraw- Hill; The Catholic University of America, 1967), c. 9, s. 474.
• Soulen, Richard N. ve R. Kendall Soulen. Handbook of Biblical Criticism. Kentucky: Westminster John Knox Press, 2001.
• VanderKam, James C. From Joshua to Caiaphas:High Priests After the Exile. Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 2004.
• De Vaux, Roland O. P. Ancient Israel: Its Life and Institutions. İngilizce’ye terc. John McHugh. Londra: Darton, Longman and Todd, 1961.
• Verbrugghe, Gerald P. ve John M. Wickersham. Berossos and Manetho, Introduced and Translated: Native Traditions in Ancient Mesopotamia and Egypt. Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press, 1996.
• Waterman, Leroy. “Moses the Pseudo Levite,” Journal of Biblical Literature 59:3 (1940), ss.397-404.
• Wellhausen, Julius. Prolegomena to the History of Israel. İngilizce’ye terc. J. Sutherland Black ve Allan Menzies. Edinburgh: Adam and Charles Black, 1885.
• Yitzhaki, Shlomo Raşi. The Complete Jewish Bible with Rashi’s Commentary. Ed. ve İngilizce’ye terc. Rabbi A. J. Rosenberg. chabad.org.
• Garroway, Joshua. “Who Assumed Melchizedek’s Priesthood?” thetorah.com. http://thetorah.com/who-assumed-melchizedeks-priesthood/ (17.06.2017).
• Hayward, Robert. “Melchizedek as Priest of the Jerusalem Temple in Talmud, Midrash, and Targum” http://www.templestudiesgroup.com/Papers/Robert_Hayward.pdf (13.11.2015).
• Hirsch, Emil G. “High Priest,” Jewish Encyclopedia, c.6, ss.389-393. The unedited full-text of the 1906 Jewish Encyclopedia, http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/7689-high-priest (3.11.2017).
• Hirsch, Emil G. ve George A. Barton. “Levi,” Jewish Encyclopedia, c.8, ss.20-21. The unedited full-text of the 1906 Jewish Encyclopedia, http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/9801-levi (3.11.2017).
• Posner, Menachem. “Who was Melchizedek?” http://www.chabad.org/parshah/article_cdo/aid/1326593/jewish/Who-Was- Melchizedek.htm (13.11.2015).
• “Tirshatha,” http://biblehub.com/topical/t/tirshatha.htm (01.12.2015).