BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

The Significance of the Rama Avatar in Hindu Religious Thought

Yıl 2014, Cilt: 55 Sayı: 1, 17 - 34, 01.04.2014
https://doi.org/10.1501/Ilhfak_0000001403

Öz

Hinduism is the third biggest religion in the world with approximately a billion adherents after Christianity and Islam. Being also one of the oldest metaphysical disciplines, Hindusim has continued its existence until today mainly because its sacred texts have been preserved for centuries. The doctrines in the scriptures, the legendary figures who are presented as their embodiment, and their life stories have been considerably influential on the Hindus’ religious and intellectual lives. Foremost among those figures is Rama, who, as an incarnation/avatar of god Vishnu, represents the ideal Hindu with his exemplary life. This significant role of Rama is presented in detail in Ramayana, one of the great Hindu epics. This article offers an account of exemplary characteristics of Rama avatāra as described in Ramayana and discusses the value of Rama for the Hindu religion. This study uses the Ramayana text ascribed to Valmiki and its critical edition made by U. P. Shah and G. H. Bhatt in 1960-1975, which is regarded as the most esteemed version of epic in scholarly circles

Kaynakça

  • Abtay, Shivram V. Sanskrit Hindi Şabdakoş. [byy]: Aşok Prakaşan, 2007.
  • Bahadur, Şayam. Prabhat Brihat Hindi Şabdakoş. 2 c. Prabhat Prakaşan, 2010.
  • Basent, Annie & Bhagavan Das. Sanatana Dharma. Chennai: Vasanta Press, 1940.
  • Bayur, Y. H. Hindistan Tarihi (I-III). Ankara: TTK Basımevi, 1946.
  • Benares, India. Sanatana Dharma. Benares: Tara Printing Works, 1903.
  • Bhandarkar, R. G. Vaisnavism, Saivism and Minor Religious Systems. Varanasi: Indological Book House, tsz.
  • Bharadvaja, K. A Philosophical Study of the Concept of Vişnu in the Puranas. Delhi: Pitambar Publishing Company, 1981.
  • Brockington, John. “The Concept of Dharma in the Ramayana,” Patrick Olivelle (ed.), Dharma Studies in its Semantic, Cultural and Religious History (Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers, 2009) içinde, ss.233-248.
  • Brooks, Douglas Renfrew. The Secret of the Three Cities: An Introduction to Hindu Shakta Tantrism. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1990.
  • Chaurasia, R. Shyam. History of Ancient India: Earliest Times to 1000 A. D. Delhi: Atlantic Publishers, 2008.
  • Creel, Austin B. “Dharma as an Ethical Category Relating to Freedom and Responsibility,” Journal of Philosophy East and West 22:2 (1972), ss.155-168.
  • Dalal, Roshen. The Religions of India. New Delhi: Penguin Books, 2006.
  • Ghurye, G. Sadashiv. Gods and Men. Mombay, 1962.
  • Gonda, Jan. Ancient Indian Kingship from the Religious Point of View. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1966.
  • Hindery, Roderick. “Hindu Ethics in the Ramayana,” The Journal of Religious Ethics 4:2 (1976), ss.290-311.
  • Hopkins, Washburn E. “The Original Ramayana,” Journal of the American Oriental Society 46 (1926), ss.217-238.
  • Jacobi, Hermann. Das Ramayana. Bonn: F. Cohen, 1893.
  • Kane, Pandurang Vaman. History of Dharmasastra (Ancient and Medieval Religious and Civil Law in India). 5 c. Poona: Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute, 1930-1962.
  • Kapadia, H. “The Adhyatma Ramayana,” Journal of the Oriental Institute 14 (1964), ss.164- 170.
  • Khan, Benjamin. The Concept of Dharma in Valmiki Ramayana. Delhi: Munshi Ram Manohar Lal, 1965.
  • Kinsley, David. “Avatara,” The Encyclopedia of Religion, ed. Mircea Eliade (New York: Macmillan Publishing Company, 1986), c.2, s.14.
  • Klostermaier, Klaus. A Survey of Hinduism. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, 1989.
  • Lutgendorf, Philip. The Life of a Text: Performing the ‘Ramcaritmanas’ of Tulsidas. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1991.
  • Maghad, K. Narayan Prasad. Şri Vişnu Aur Unke Avatara. Delhi: Vani Prakaşan, 2001.
  • Mani, Vettam. Puranic Encyclopedia. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers, 1975.
  • Manickam, Thomas. “The Idea of Liberation in Ramayana,” Journal of Dharma 22:2 (1997), ss.155-164.
  • Narayan, R. K. The Ramayana. New York: Penguin, 2006.
  • Parrinder, Geoffrey. Avatar and Incarnation: the Divine in Human Form in the World’s Religions. Oxford: Oneworld Publications, 1997.
  • Pavitranand, Svami. Dharma Kyo. Kalkuta: Prakşan Vibhag, 1984.
  • Saksena, R. B. Evolution of Awadhi. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, 1971.
  • Sampurnananda, D. Hindu Deva Parivar ka Vikas. Allahabad: Maya Press, 1964.
  • Sharma, Arvind. “On Hindu, Hindustan, Hinduism and Hindutva,” Numen 49:1 (2002), ss.1- 36.
  • Tapasyananda,Swawi. Adhyatma Ramayana. Kalkuta: Advaita Press, 2006).
  • Tulsidas, Goswami. Sri Ramcharitmanas, ed. Ashok Kaushik. Delhi: Star Publications, 1994.
  • Valmiki. Srimad Valmiki Ramayana. Gorakhpur: Gita Press, 2008.
  • Valmiki Ramayaṇa (I-VII). Critical Edition, general eds. U. P. Shah and G. H. Bhatt. Baroda: Oriental Institute, 1960-1975.
  • Whaling, Frank. The Rise of the Religious Significance of Rama. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, 1980).
  • Williams, M. Monier. A Sanskrit-English Dictionary. 2 c. Varanasi: Indica Books, 2008.
  • Winternitz, Maurice. A History of Indian Literature. 3 c. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers, 1981.
  • Yitik, Ali İhsan. Hint Dinleri. İzmir: İzmir İlahiyat Vakfı Yayınları, 2005.
  • ---------. “Hinduizm’de Din ve Din Anlayışı: Dharma Kavramı,” Dinler Tarihi Araştırmaları II (Ankara: Dinler Tarihi Derneği Yayınları, 2000) içinde, ss.309-318.
  • Yitik, Ali İhsan & Hammet Arslan. “Vedalar ve Kaynağı Üzerine,” Milel ve Nihal: İnanç, Kültür ve Mitoloji Araştırmaları Dergisi 8:1 (2011), ss.225-250.
  • Zaehner, R. C. Hinduism. London: Oxford University Press, 1962.

Hindu Dinî Geleneğinde Rama Avatarasının Örnekliği

Yıl 2014, Cilt: 55 Sayı: 1, 17 - 34, 01.04.2014
https://doi.org/10.1501/Ilhfak_0000001403

Öz

Hinduizm, yaklaşık bir milyar takipçisiyle Hıristiyanlık ve İslam’dan sonra en fazla mensubu bulunan dindir. Asırlar boyunca varlığını korumuş olan Hinduism, aynı zamanda en eski metafizik disiplinlerden biridir. Bunun temelinde, Hindu kutsal metinlerinin yüzyıllardır muhafaza edilmiş olması yatmaktadır. Kutsal metinlerde yer alan öğretilerin yanı sıra bu öğretileri örnek yaşantılarıyla somutlaştıran bazı şahıslar ve onlara ait hayat hikâyeleri de Hinduların dinî ve düşünsel yapısını önemli ölçüde etkilemiştir. Bu tür anlatıların başında tanrı Vişnu’nun bedenlenmesi (avatara) kabul edilen Rama gelir. Örnek yaşantısıyla ideal bir Hindu’yu temsil eden Rama avatarasının kahramanlığı, insan ilişkilerinde ve idarecilikteki üstün özellikleri, Ramayana adlı müstakil bir destanda etraflıca işlenmektedir. Bu makalede söz konusu hikâye ele alınmış, Rama’nın Hindu dini açısından taşıdığı değer ve örnekliği çeşitli yönleriyle tartışılmıştır. Çalışmada Valmiki’ye atfedilen Ramayana metni ve bu metnin akademik çevrelerde en muteber edisyonu olarak kabul edilen 1960-1975 tarihlerinde U. P. Shah ve G. H. Bhatt tarafından yapılan edisyonu esas alınmıştır

Kaynakça

  • Abtay, Shivram V. Sanskrit Hindi Şabdakoş. [byy]: Aşok Prakaşan, 2007.
  • Bahadur, Şayam. Prabhat Brihat Hindi Şabdakoş. 2 c. Prabhat Prakaşan, 2010.
  • Basent, Annie & Bhagavan Das. Sanatana Dharma. Chennai: Vasanta Press, 1940.
  • Bayur, Y. H. Hindistan Tarihi (I-III). Ankara: TTK Basımevi, 1946.
  • Benares, India. Sanatana Dharma. Benares: Tara Printing Works, 1903.
  • Bhandarkar, R. G. Vaisnavism, Saivism and Minor Religious Systems. Varanasi: Indological Book House, tsz.
  • Bharadvaja, K. A Philosophical Study of the Concept of Vişnu in the Puranas. Delhi: Pitambar Publishing Company, 1981.
  • Brockington, John. “The Concept of Dharma in the Ramayana,” Patrick Olivelle (ed.), Dharma Studies in its Semantic, Cultural and Religious History (Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers, 2009) içinde, ss.233-248.
  • Brooks, Douglas Renfrew. The Secret of the Three Cities: An Introduction to Hindu Shakta Tantrism. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1990.
  • Chaurasia, R. Shyam. History of Ancient India: Earliest Times to 1000 A. D. Delhi: Atlantic Publishers, 2008.
  • Creel, Austin B. “Dharma as an Ethical Category Relating to Freedom and Responsibility,” Journal of Philosophy East and West 22:2 (1972), ss.155-168.
  • Dalal, Roshen. The Religions of India. New Delhi: Penguin Books, 2006.
  • Ghurye, G. Sadashiv. Gods and Men. Mombay, 1962.
  • Gonda, Jan. Ancient Indian Kingship from the Religious Point of View. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1966.
  • Hindery, Roderick. “Hindu Ethics in the Ramayana,” The Journal of Religious Ethics 4:2 (1976), ss.290-311.
  • Hopkins, Washburn E. “The Original Ramayana,” Journal of the American Oriental Society 46 (1926), ss.217-238.
  • Jacobi, Hermann. Das Ramayana. Bonn: F. Cohen, 1893.
  • Kane, Pandurang Vaman. History of Dharmasastra (Ancient and Medieval Religious and Civil Law in India). 5 c. Poona: Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute, 1930-1962.
  • Kapadia, H. “The Adhyatma Ramayana,” Journal of the Oriental Institute 14 (1964), ss.164- 170.
  • Khan, Benjamin. The Concept of Dharma in Valmiki Ramayana. Delhi: Munshi Ram Manohar Lal, 1965.
  • Kinsley, David. “Avatara,” The Encyclopedia of Religion, ed. Mircea Eliade (New York: Macmillan Publishing Company, 1986), c.2, s.14.
  • Klostermaier, Klaus. A Survey of Hinduism. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, 1989.
  • Lutgendorf, Philip. The Life of a Text: Performing the ‘Ramcaritmanas’ of Tulsidas. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1991.
  • Maghad, K. Narayan Prasad. Şri Vişnu Aur Unke Avatara. Delhi: Vani Prakaşan, 2001.
  • Mani, Vettam. Puranic Encyclopedia. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers, 1975.
  • Manickam, Thomas. “The Idea of Liberation in Ramayana,” Journal of Dharma 22:2 (1997), ss.155-164.
  • Narayan, R. K. The Ramayana. New York: Penguin, 2006.
  • Parrinder, Geoffrey. Avatar and Incarnation: the Divine in Human Form in the World’s Religions. Oxford: Oneworld Publications, 1997.
  • Pavitranand, Svami. Dharma Kyo. Kalkuta: Prakşan Vibhag, 1984.
  • Saksena, R. B. Evolution of Awadhi. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, 1971.
  • Sampurnananda, D. Hindu Deva Parivar ka Vikas. Allahabad: Maya Press, 1964.
  • Sharma, Arvind. “On Hindu, Hindustan, Hinduism and Hindutva,” Numen 49:1 (2002), ss.1- 36.
  • Tapasyananda,Swawi. Adhyatma Ramayana. Kalkuta: Advaita Press, 2006).
  • Tulsidas, Goswami. Sri Ramcharitmanas, ed. Ashok Kaushik. Delhi: Star Publications, 1994.
  • Valmiki. Srimad Valmiki Ramayana. Gorakhpur: Gita Press, 2008.
  • Valmiki Ramayaṇa (I-VII). Critical Edition, general eds. U. P. Shah and G. H. Bhatt. Baroda: Oriental Institute, 1960-1975.
  • Whaling, Frank. The Rise of the Religious Significance of Rama. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, 1980).
  • Williams, M. Monier. A Sanskrit-English Dictionary. 2 c. Varanasi: Indica Books, 2008.
  • Winternitz, Maurice. A History of Indian Literature. 3 c. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers, 1981.
  • Yitik, Ali İhsan. Hint Dinleri. İzmir: İzmir İlahiyat Vakfı Yayınları, 2005.
  • ---------. “Hinduizm’de Din ve Din Anlayışı: Dharma Kavramı,” Dinler Tarihi Araştırmaları II (Ankara: Dinler Tarihi Derneği Yayınları, 2000) içinde, ss.309-318.
  • Yitik, Ali İhsan & Hammet Arslan. “Vedalar ve Kaynağı Üzerine,” Milel ve Nihal: İnanç, Kültür ve Mitoloji Araştırmaları Dergisi 8:1 (2011), ss.225-250.
  • Zaehner, R. C. Hinduism. London: Oxford University Press, 1962.
Toplam 43 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Diğer ID JA44KK82CG
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Cemil Kutlutürk Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Nisan 2014
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2014 Cilt: 55 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

Chicago Kutlutürk, Cemil. “Hindu Dinî Geleneğinde Rama Avatarasının Örnekliği”. Ankara Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi 55, sy. 1 (Nisan 2014): 17-34. https://doi.org/10.1501/Ilhfak_0000001403.

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