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Enlightenment (Satori) In Japanese Zen Buddhism: Tangible and Worldly Repercussions of a Transcendent Experience

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 64 Sayı: 2, 743 - 776, 30.11.2023
https://doi.org/10.33227/auifd.1183290

Öz

Enlightenment, known as Satori in Japanese Buddhism, is of central importance as a doctrine that defines the ultimate goal to be achieved for all Buddhist schools. Zen Buddhism defines itself as the transmission of the enlightenment experience of Sakyamuni Buddha from mind to mind through the generations, thus placing enlightenment at its core. Along with this importance, there is no consensus on a definition, method, or feature of the enlightenment doctrine due to its nature. The main point emphasized in the tradition about the enlightenment is that this experience cannot be described in words, that it is an experience beyond language. However, the Zen tradition has a wide literature on enlightenment, it fundamentally accepts that enlightenment is a language-transcendent experience. In short, although enlightenment is accepted as the essence of the Zen tradition, its indefinability has led to it being interpreted as a transcendent experience that is lived but not explained.
Enlightenment is understood as a transcendent and abstract experience in general in Buddhist schools and in Zen. But it is possible to see the tangible expressions and worldly repercussions of enlightenment when we look at the history of Buddhism. While Buddhist and Zen literature often focuses on the ideal definitions/indefinability of enlightenment, it is often overlooked that in lived Zen, enlightenment has a visibility and a tangible representation in the daily lives of monks. This article deals with the understanding of enlightenment in the Zen tradition in this context. The main claim of the article is that although Japanese Zen masters have defined enlightenment as fundamentally indefinable, transcendent, and language-transcending, and have focused on the ideal enlightenment narratives in the Buddhist tradition, enlightenment was tangibly reflected in the lives of monks in the medieval Japanese Zen school, and that in lived Zen, enlightenment served as a tool for obtaining worldly benefits as well as spiritual authority. The subject and the claim are based on the works of Keizan Jōkin, who is considered to be the second most important figure in the Japanese Sōtō Zen school, Denkōroku, Keizan Shingi, and Zazen Yojinki.
Enlightenment is understood as a transcendent and abstract experience in general in Buddhist schools and in Zen. But it is possible to see the tangible expressions and worldly repercussions of enlightenment when we look at the history of Buddhism. While Buddhist and Zen literature often focuses on the ideal definitions/indefinability of enlightenment, it is often overlooked that in lived Zen, enlightenment has a visibility and a tangible representation in the daily lives of monks. This article deals with the understanding of enlightenment in the Zen tradition in this context. The main claim of the article is that although Japanese Zen masters have defined enlightenment as fundamentally indefinable, transcendent, and language-transcending, and have focused on the ideal enlightenment narratives in the Buddhist tradition, enlightenment was tangibly reflected in the lives of monks in the medieval Japanese Zen school, and that in lived Zen, enlightenment served as a tool for obtaining worldly benefits as well as spiritual authority. The subject and the claim are based on the works of Keizan Jōkin, who is considered to be the second most important figure in the Japanese Sōtō Zen school, Denkōroku, Keizan Shingi, and Zazen Yojinki.

Kaynakça

  • “The Sutra on the Profundity of Filial Love.” Çev. Keiyo Arai. Apocryphal Scriptures. California: BDK America, 2005.
  • Adolphson, Mikael S.. “Institutional Diversity and Religious Integration: The Establishment of Temple Networks in the Heian Age.” Heian Japan, Center and Peripheries, ed. Mikael S. Adolphson, içinde 212-244. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 2007.
  • Arai, Paula. “The Zen of Rags.” Zen and Material Culture, ed. Pamela D. Winfield ve Steven Heine, içinde 229-257. New York: Oxford University Press, 2017.
  • Aśvaghosa. The Awakening of Faith. California: Numata Center for Buddhist Translation and Research, 2005.
  • Baroni, Helen J., The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Zen. New York: The Rosen Publishing Group, 2002.
  • Bodiford, William M.. “The Growth of the Sōtō Zen Tradition in Medieval Japan.” PhD Thesis, Yale University, New Heaven, 1989.
  • Bodiford, William M.. Sõtõ Zen in Medieval Japan. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1993.
  • Clouds Thick, Whereabouts Unknown: Poems by Zen Monks of China. Çev. Charles Egan. New York: Columbia University Press, 2010.
  • Collcutt, Martin. “Zen and the Gozan.” The Cambridge History of Japan, ed. Kozo Yamamura, içinde 3:583-652. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2006.
  • Deal, William E. ve Brian Ruppert, A Cultural History of Japanese Buddhism. West Sussex: Wiley Blackwell, 2015.
  • Dōgen. Shōbōgenzō The True Dharma-Eye Treasury. Vol:1. Çev. Gudo Wafu Nishijima ve Chodo Cross. California: BDK America, 2007.
  • Dōgen. Shōbōgenzō: The True Dharma-Eye Treasury. Vol:2. Çev. Gudo Wafu Nishijima ve Chodo Cross. California: Numata Center for Buddhist Translation and Research, 2008.
  • Dōgen’s Extensive Record: A Translation of the Eihei Kōroku. Çev. Taigen Dan Leighton ve Shohaku Okumura. Boston: Wisdom Publications, 2010.
  • Dumoulin, Heinrich. A History of Zen Buddhism. Çev. Paul Peachey. New York: Pantheon Books, 1963.
  • Dumoulin, Heinrich. Zen Buddhism: A History Japan. Çev. James W. Heisig ve Paul Knitter. Indiana: World Wisdom, 2005.
  • Eisai. “A Treatise on Letting Zen Flourish.” Çev. Gishin Tokiwa. Zen Texts içinde 59-238. California: Numata Center for Buddhist Translation and Research, 2005.
  • Eliot, Charles. Japanese Buddhism. London; Routledge, 2005.
  • Faure, Bernard. “Quand l’Habit Fait Le Moine: The Symbolism of the “Kāśaya” in Sōtō Zen.” Cahiers d’Extrême-Asie, 8 (1995): 335-369.
  • Faure, Bernard. The Rhetoric of Immediacy: A Cultural Critique of Chan/Zen Buddhism. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1994.
  • Faure, Bernard. Visions of Power; Imagining Medieval Japanese Buddhism. Çev. Phyllis Brooks. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1996.
  • Gethin, Rupert. The Foundation of Buddhism. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998.
  • Gimello, Robert M., “Bodhi.” Encyclopedia of Buddhism, 1:50-53.
  • Gimello, Robert M., “Satori (Awakening).” Encyclopedia of Buddhism, 2:754.
  • Graham, Patricia J. “The Importance of Imports: Ingen’s Chinese Material Culture of Manpukuji.” Zen and Material Culture, ed. Pamela D. Winfield ve Steven Heine, içinde 137-164. New York: Oxford University Press, 2017.
  • Harada, Hiromichi. “Shinshin datsuraku kō.” Indogaku Bukkyogaku Kenkyu, 40:2 (1992): 744-750.
  • Heine, Steven. From Chinese Chan to Japanese Zen: A Remarkable Century of Transmission and Transformation. New York:Oxford University Press, 2017.
  • Heine, Steven. “Thy Rod and Thy Staff, They Discomfort Me”. Zen and Material Culture, ed. Pamela D. Winfield ve Steven Heine, içinde 1-37. New York: Oxford University Press, 2017.
  • Hori, Victor Sōgen. “Zen Kōan Capping Phrase Books: Literary Study and the Insight “Not Founded Words or Letters.”’ Zen Classics: Formative Texts in the History of Zen Buddhism, ed. Steven Heine ve Dale S.Wright, içinde 171-214. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006.
  • Hori, Victor Sōgen. Zen Sand: The Book of Capping Phrases for Kōan Practices. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 2003.
  • Imaeda, Aishin. “Dõgen.” Shapers of Japanese Buddhism, ed. Yusen Kashiwahara ve Koyu Sonoda, içinde 97-122. Tokyo: Kõsei Publishing Co., 1994.
  • Imaeda, Aishin. “Eisai”. Shapers of Japanese Buddhism, ed. Yusen Kashiwahara ve Koyu Sonoda, içinde 76-86. Tokyo: Kõsei Publishing Co., 1994.
  • Japanese-English Buddhist Dictionary: Nichi-Ei Bukkyo Jiten. Tokyo: Kenkyusha Printing Co., 1965.
  • Karataş, Hüsamettin. “Nichiren Budizmi.” Doktora Tezi, Ankara Üniversitesi, Ankara, 2012.
  • Keizan. “Tōkokuki.” Çev. William M. Bodiford. Religions of Japan in Practice, ed. J. Tanabe, içinde 501-522. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1999.
  • Keizan. “Zazen Yojinki; Advice on the Practice of Zazen.” Çev. Steven Heine. Zen Texts, içinde 265-275. Berkeley: Numata Center for Buddhist Translation and Research, 2005.
  • Keizan. Denkōroku: The Record of the Transmission of the Light. California:Shasta Abbey, 2001.
  • Keizan. Zen Master Keizan’s Monastic Regulations. Çev. Ichimura Shohei. Washington: North American Institute of Zen and Buddhist Studies, 1994.
  • Keown, Damien. A Dictionary of Buddhism, New York: Oxford University Press, New York, 2003.
  • Koike, Kakujun. “Keizanki no tokushitsu ni tsuite.” Indogaku Bukkyogaku Kenkyu 8:1 (1960): 61-67.
  • Kochi, Eigaku. “Satorushō no yōfuyō ni tsuite.” Indogaku Bukkyogaku Kenkyu 3:2 (1955): 540-541.
  • Matsuo, Kenji. A History of Japanese Buddhism. Kent: Global Oriental, 2007.
  • McRae, John R.. Northern School and Formation of Early Ch’an Buddhism. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1987.
  • Mcrae, John. R., “Shen-hui and the Teaching of Sudden Enlightenment in Early Ch’an Buddhism.” Sudden and Gradual Approaches to Enlightenment in Chinese Thought, ed. Peter N. Gregory, içinde 227-278. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers, 1987.
  • McRae, John. R., Seeing Through Zen Encounter, Transformation, and Genealogy in Chinese Chan Buddhism. Los Angeles: University of California Press, 2003.
  • Muller, Charles. “Genzeriyaku.” Dijital Dictionary of Buddhism, http://www.buddhism-dict.net/cgi-bin/xpr-ddb.pl?61.xml+id(%27b6148-60b2%27) (10.06.2022).
  • Muller, Charles. “Kenshō.” Dijital Dictionary of Buddhism. http://www.buddhism-dict.net/cgi-bin/xpr-ddb.pl?61.xml+id(%27b6148-60b2%27) (06.06.2022).
  • Reader, Ian. Pratically Religious: Worldly Benefits and the Common Religion of Japan. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1998.
  • Records of the Transmission of the Lamp. Vol I: The Buddhas and Indian Patriarchs. Çev. Randolph S. Whitfield. Norderstedt Books on Demand, 2015.
  • Records of the Transmission of the Lamp. Vol II: The Early Masters. Çev. Randolph S. Whitfield. Norderstedt Books on Demand, 2015.
  • Records of the Transmission of the Lamp. Vol III: The Nanyue Huairang Lineage. Çev. Randolph S. Whitfield. Norderstedt Books on Demand, 2015.
  • Schlütter, Morten. How Zen Became Zen; The Dispute Over Enlightenment and the Formation of Chan Buddhism in Song-Dynasty China. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 2008.
  • Stone, Jacqueline I. “Medieval Tendai Hongaku Thought and the New Kamakura Buddhism.” Japanese Journal of Religious Studies 22:2/3 (1995): 17-48.
  • Stone, Jacqueline I. “Original Enlightenment (Hongaku).” Encyclopedia of Buddhism. 2:618-621.
  • Stone, Jacqueline I. Original Enlightenment and the Transformation of Medieval Japanese Buddhism. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1999.
  • Susuz Aygül, Merve. “Japonya’da Kamakura Dönemi (1185-1333) Budist Okulları ve Manastır Kurumu.” Din ve Felsefe Araştırmaları 3:6 (Aralık 2020): 209-231.
  • Susuz Aygül, Merve. “Orta Çağ Sōtō Zen Budizminde Manastır Hayatı ve Dindarlık.” Doktora Tezi, Marmara Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, İstanbul, 2021.
  • The Blue Cliff Record. Çev. Thomas Cleary. California: Numata Center for Buddhist Translation and Research, 1998.
  • The Gateless Gate, The Classic Book of Zen Koans. Çev. Koun Yamada, Boston:Wisdom Publications, 2004.
  • The Platform Sutra of the Sixth Patriarch. Çev. John R. McRae. California: BDK America, 2000.
  • The Vimalakirti Sutra. Çev. Burton Watson. New York: Columbia University Press, 1997.
  • Toshihide, Akamatsu ve Philip Yampolsky. “Muromachi Zen and the Gozan System.” Japan in the Muromachi Age, ed. John Whitney Hall ve Toyoda Takeshi, içinde 313-330. Berkeley: University of Berkeley, 1977.
  • Waka, Shirato. “Inherent Enlightenment (“Hongaku shisō”) and Saichō’s Acceptance of the Bodhisattva Precepts.” Japanese Journal of Religious Studies 14:2/3 (1987): 113-127.
  • Williams, Paul. “Nagarjuna.” Encyclopedia of Buddhism. 2:581-582.
  • Williams, Paul. Mahāyāna Buddhism: Doktrinal Foundations. 2.Baskı. New York: Routledge, 2009.
  • Winfield, Pamela D. “Materializing the Zen Monastery.” Zen and Material Culture, ed. Pamela D. Winfield ve Steven Heine, içinde 37-70. New York: Oxford University Press, 2017.
  • Wright, Dale S. What is Buddhist Enlightenment. New York: Oxford University Press, 2016.

Japon Zen Budizmi’nde Aydınlanma (Satori): Aşkın Bir Deneyimin Somut ve Dünyevi Yansımaları

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 64 Sayı: 2, 743 - 776, 30.11.2023
https://doi.org/10.33227/auifd.1183290

Öz

Aydınlanma, Japon Budizmi’ndeki adıyla Satori, bütün Budist okulları için ulaşılması gereken nihai hedefi belirten doktrin olarak merkezi öneme sahiptir. Zen Budizmi kendini Sakyamuni Buddha’nın yaşadığı aydınlanma deneyiminin zihinden zihne nesiller boyunca aktarılması olarak tanımlayarak aydınlanmayı özüne yerleştirir. Bu önemi ile birlikte doğası gereği aydınlanma doktrininin üzerinde konsensüs sağlanmış bir tanımı, yöntemi ve özelliği bulunmamaktadır. Aydınlanma doktrini ile ilgili anlatıların üzerinde durduğu temel nokta bu deneyimin kelimelerle anlatılamayacağı, dilin ötesinde bir deneyim olduğu yönündedir. Zen geleneği de aydınlanma ile ilgili geniş bir literatüre sahip olmasına rağmen temelde aydınlanmanın dil ötesi/dil üstü bir deneyim olduğunu kabul eder. Aydınlanmanın Zen geleneğinin özü olarak kabul edilmesine rağmen tanımlanamaz oluşu onun yaşanılan fakat anlatılamayan aşkın bir deneyim olarak anlaşılmasına neden olmuştur.
Aydınlanma Budist okullarının genelinde ve Zen’de aşkın ve soyut bir deneyim olarak anlaşılmasına rağmen Budizm tarihine baktığımızda aydınlanmanın somut ifadelerini ve dünyevi yansımalarını görmek mümkündür. Budist ve Zen literatürü sıkça aydınlanmanın ideal tanımları/tanımlanamazlığı üzerinde dururken yaşanılan Zen’de aydınlanmanın keşişlerin gündelik hayatında bir görünürlüğünün, somut bir karşılığının bulunduğu çoğu zaman göz ardı edilmektedir. Bu makale bu bağlamda Zen geleneğinin aydınlanma anlayışını ele almaktadır. Makalenin temel iddiası, Japon Zen üstatları aydınlanmayı temelde tanımlanamaz, aşkın, dil ötesi bir deneyim olarak tanımlamış ve Budist gelenekteki ideal aydınlanma anlatılarına yoğunlaşmış olmakla birlikte Ortaçağ Japon Zen okulunda aydınlanmanın keşişlerin hayatında somut olarak karşılık bulduğu ve yaşanılan Zen’de aydınlanmanın manevi otorite yanında dünyevi menfaatler elde etme aracı olarak da işlev gördüğüdür. Konu ve iddia Japon Sōtō Zen okulunun ikinci önemli ismi olarak kabul edilen Keizan Jōkin’in Denkōroku, Keizan Shingi ve Zazen Yojinki eserleri temelinde ele alınmaktadır.
Aydınlanma, Japon Budizmi’ndeki adıyla Satori, bütün Budist okulları için ulaşılması gereken nihai hedefi belirten doktrin olarak merkezi öneme sahiptir. Zen Budizmi kendini Sakyamuni Buddha’nın yaşadığı aydınlanma deneyiminin zihinden zihne nesiller boyunca aktarılması olarak tanımlayarak aydınlanmayı özüne yerleştirir. Bu önemi ile birlikte doğası gereği aydınlanma doktrininin üzerinde konsensüs sağlanmış bir tanımı, yöntemi ve özelliği bulunmamaktadır. Aydınlanma doktrini ile ilgili anlatıların üzerinde durduğu temel nokta bu deneyimin kelimelerle anlatılamayacağı, dilin ötesinde bir deneyim olduğu yönündedir. Zen geleneği de aydınlanma ile ilgili geniş bir literatüre sahip olmasına rağmen temelde aydınlanmanın dil ötesi/dil üstü bir deneyim olduğunu kabul eder. Aydınlanmanın Zen geleneğinin özü olarak kabul edilmesine rağmen tanımlanamaz oluşu onun yaşanılan fakat anlatılamayan aşkın bir deneyim olarak anlaşılmasına neden olmuştur.
Aydınlanma Budist okullarının genelinde ve Zen’de aşkın ve soyut bir deneyim olarak anlaşılmasına rağmen Budizm tarihine baktığımızda aydınlanmanın somut ifadelerini ve dünyevi yansımalarını görmek mümkündür. Budist ve Zen literatürü sıkça aydınlanmanın ideal tanımları/tanımlanamazlığı üzerinde dururken yaşanılan Zen’de aydınlanmanın keşişlerin gündelik hayatında bir görünürlüğünün, somut bir karşılığının bulunduğu çoğu zaman göz ardı edilmektedir. Bu makale bu bağlamda Zen geleneğinin aydınlanma anlayışını ele almaktadır. Makalenin temel iddiası, Japon Zen üstatları aydınlanmayı temelde tanımlanamaz, aşkın, dil ötesi bir deneyim olarak tanımlamış ve Budist gelenekteki ideal aydınlanma anlatılarına yoğunlaşmış olmakla birlikte Ortaçağ Japon Zen okulunda aydınlanmanın keşişlerin hayatında somut olarak karşılık bulduğu ve yaşanılan Zen’de aydınlanmanın manevi otorite yanında dünyevi menfaatler elde etme aracı olarak da işlev gördüğüdür. Konu ve iddia Japon Sōtō Zen okulunun ikinci önemli ismi olarak kabul edilen Keizan Jōkin’in Denkōroku, Keizan Shingi ve Zazen Yojinki eserleri temelinde ele alınmaktadır.

Kaynakça

  • “The Sutra on the Profundity of Filial Love.” Çev. Keiyo Arai. Apocryphal Scriptures. California: BDK America, 2005.
  • Adolphson, Mikael S.. “Institutional Diversity and Religious Integration: The Establishment of Temple Networks in the Heian Age.” Heian Japan, Center and Peripheries, ed. Mikael S. Adolphson, içinde 212-244. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 2007.
  • Arai, Paula. “The Zen of Rags.” Zen and Material Culture, ed. Pamela D. Winfield ve Steven Heine, içinde 229-257. New York: Oxford University Press, 2017.
  • Aśvaghosa. The Awakening of Faith. California: Numata Center for Buddhist Translation and Research, 2005.
  • Baroni, Helen J., The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Zen. New York: The Rosen Publishing Group, 2002.
  • Bodiford, William M.. “The Growth of the Sōtō Zen Tradition in Medieval Japan.” PhD Thesis, Yale University, New Heaven, 1989.
  • Bodiford, William M.. Sõtõ Zen in Medieval Japan. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1993.
  • Clouds Thick, Whereabouts Unknown: Poems by Zen Monks of China. Çev. Charles Egan. New York: Columbia University Press, 2010.
  • Collcutt, Martin. “Zen and the Gozan.” The Cambridge History of Japan, ed. Kozo Yamamura, içinde 3:583-652. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2006.
  • Deal, William E. ve Brian Ruppert, A Cultural History of Japanese Buddhism. West Sussex: Wiley Blackwell, 2015.
  • Dōgen. Shōbōgenzō The True Dharma-Eye Treasury. Vol:1. Çev. Gudo Wafu Nishijima ve Chodo Cross. California: BDK America, 2007.
  • Dōgen. Shōbōgenzō: The True Dharma-Eye Treasury. Vol:2. Çev. Gudo Wafu Nishijima ve Chodo Cross. California: Numata Center for Buddhist Translation and Research, 2008.
  • Dōgen’s Extensive Record: A Translation of the Eihei Kōroku. Çev. Taigen Dan Leighton ve Shohaku Okumura. Boston: Wisdom Publications, 2010.
  • Dumoulin, Heinrich. A History of Zen Buddhism. Çev. Paul Peachey. New York: Pantheon Books, 1963.
  • Dumoulin, Heinrich. Zen Buddhism: A History Japan. Çev. James W. Heisig ve Paul Knitter. Indiana: World Wisdom, 2005.
  • Eisai. “A Treatise on Letting Zen Flourish.” Çev. Gishin Tokiwa. Zen Texts içinde 59-238. California: Numata Center for Buddhist Translation and Research, 2005.
  • Eliot, Charles. Japanese Buddhism. London; Routledge, 2005.
  • Faure, Bernard. “Quand l’Habit Fait Le Moine: The Symbolism of the “Kāśaya” in Sōtō Zen.” Cahiers d’Extrême-Asie, 8 (1995): 335-369.
  • Faure, Bernard. The Rhetoric of Immediacy: A Cultural Critique of Chan/Zen Buddhism. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1994.
  • Faure, Bernard. Visions of Power; Imagining Medieval Japanese Buddhism. Çev. Phyllis Brooks. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1996.
  • Gethin, Rupert. The Foundation of Buddhism. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998.
  • Gimello, Robert M., “Bodhi.” Encyclopedia of Buddhism, 1:50-53.
  • Gimello, Robert M., “Satori (Awakening).” Encyclopedia of Buddhism, 2:754.
  • Graham, Patricia J. “The Importance of Imports: Ingen’s Chinese Material Culture of Manpukuji.” Zen and Material Culture, ed. Pamela D. Winfield ve Steven Heine, içinde 137-164. New York: Oxford University Press, 2017.
  • Harada, Hiromichi. “Shinshin datsuraku kō.” Indogaku Bukkyogaku Kenkyu, 40:2 (1992): 744-750.
  • Heine, Steven. From Chinese Chan to Japanese Zen: A Remarkable Century of Transmission and Transformation. New York:Oxford University Press, 2017.
  • Heine, Steven. “Thy Rod and Thy Staff, They Discomfort Me”. Zen and Material Culture, ed. Pamela D. Winfield ve Steven Heine, içinde 1-37. New York: Oxford University Press, 2017.
  • Hori, Victor Sōgen. “Zen Kōan Capping Phrase Books: Literary Study and the Insight “Not Founded Words or Letters.”’ Zen Classics: Formative Texts in the History of Zen Buddhism, ed. Steven Heine ve Dale S.Wright, içinde 171-214. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006.
  • Hori, Victor Sōgen. Zen Sand: The Book of Capping Phrases for Kōan Practices. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 2003.
  • Imaeda, Aishin. “Dõgen.” Shapers of Japanese Buddhism, ed. Yusen Kashiwahara ve Koyu Sonoda, içinde 97-122. Tokyo: Kõsei Publishing Co., 1994.
  • Imaeda, Aishin. “Eisai”. Shapers of Japanese Buddhism, ed. Yusen Kashiwahara ve Koyu Sonoda, içinde 76-86. Tokyo: Kõsei Publishing Co., 1994.
  • Japanese-English Buddhist Dictionary: Nichi-Ei Bukkyo Jiten. Tokyo: Kenkyusha Printing Co., 1965.
  • Karataş, Hüsamettin. “Nichiren Budizmi.” Doktora Tezi, Ankara Üniversitesi, Ankara, 2012.
  • Keizan. “Tōkokuki.” Çev. William M. Bodiford. Religions of Japan in Practice, ed. J. Tanabe, içinde 501-522. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1999.
  • Keizan. “Zazen Yojinki; Advice on the Practice of Zazen.” Çev. Steven Heine. Zen Texts, içinde 265-275. Berkeley: Numata Center for Buddhist Translation and Research, 2005.
  • Keizan. Denkōroku: The Record of the Transmission of the Light. California:Shasta Abbey, 2001.
  • Keizan. Zen Master Keizan’s Monastic Regulations. Çev. Ichimura Shohei. Washington: North American Institute of Zen and Buddhist Studies, 1994.
  • Keown, Damien. A Dictionary of Buddhism, New York: Oxford University Press, New York, 2003.
  • Koike, Kakujun. “Keizanki no tokushitsu ni tsuite.” Indogaku Bukkyogaku Kenkyu 8:1 (1960): 61-67.
  • Kochi, Eigaku. “Satorushō no yōfuyō ni tsuite.” Indogaku Bukkyogaku Kenkyu 3:2 (1955): 540-541.
  • Matsuo, Kenji. A History of Japanese Buddhism. Kent: Global Oriental, 2007.
  • McRae, John R.. Northern School and Formation of Early Ch’an Buddhism. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1987.
  • Mcrae, John. R., “Shen-hui and the Teaching of Sudden Enlightenment in Early Ch’an Buddhism.” Sudden and Gradual Approaches to Enlightenment in Chinese Thought, ed. Peter N. Gregory, içinde 227-278. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers, 1987.
  • McRae, John. R., Seeing Through Zen Encounter, Transformation, and Genealogy in Chinese Chan Buddhism. Los Angeles: University of California Press, 2003.
  • Muller, Charles. “Genzeriyaku.” Dijital Dictionary of Buddhism, http://www.buddhism-dict.net/cgi-bin/xpr-ddb.pl?61.xml+id(%27b6148-60b2%27) (10.06.2022).
  • Muller, Charles. “Kenshō.” Dijital Dictionary of Buddhism. http://www.buddhism-dict.net/cgi-bin/xpr-ddb.pl?61.xml+id(%27b6148-60b2%27) (06.06.2022).
  • Reader, Ian. Pratically Religious: Worldly Benefits and the Common Religion of Japan. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1998.
  • Records of the Transmission of the Lamp. Vol I: The Buddhas and Indian Patriarchs. Çev. Randolph S. Whitfield. Norderstedt Books on Demand, 2015.
  • Records of the Transmission of the Lamp. Vol II: The Early Masters. Çev. Randolph S. Whitfield. Norderstedt Books on Demand, 2015.
  • Records of the Transmission of the Lamp. Vol III: The Nanyue Huairang Lineage. Çev. Randolph S. Whitfield. Norderstedt Books on Demand, 2015.
  • Schlütter, Morten. How Zen Became Zen; The Dispute Over Enlightenment and the Formation of Chan Buddhism in Song-Dynasty China. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 2008.
  • Stone, Jacqueline I. “Medieval Tendai Hongaku Thought and the New Kamakura Buddhism.” Japanese Journal of Religious Studies 22:2/3 (1995): 17-48.
  • Stone, Jacqueline I. “Original Enlightenment (Hongaku).” Encyclopedia of Buddhism. 2:618-621.
  • Stone, Jacqueline I. Original Enlightenment and the Transformation of Medieval Japanese Buddhism. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1999.
  • Susuz Aygül, Merve. “Japonya’da Kamakura Dönemi (1185-1333) Budist Okulları ve Manastır Kurumu.” Din ve Felsefe Araştırmaları 3:6 (Aralık 2020): 209-231.
  • Susuz Aygül, Merve. “Orta Çağ Sōtō Zen Budizminde Manastır Hayatı ve Dindarlık.” Doktora Tezi, Marmara Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, İstanbul, 2021.
  • The Blue Cliff Record. Çev. Thomas Cleary. California: Numata Center for Buddhist Translation and Research, 1998.
  • The Gateless Gate, The Classic Book of Zen Koans. Çev. Koun Yamada, Boston:Wisdom Publications, 2004.
  • The Platform Sutra of the Sixth Patriarch. Çev. John R. McRae. California: BDK America, 2000.
  • The Vimalakirti Sutra. Çev. Burton Watson. New York: Columbia University Press, 1997.
  • Toshihide, Akamatsu ve Philip Yampolsky. “Muromachi Zen and the Gozan System.” Japan in the Muromachi Age, ed. John Whitney Hall ve Toyoda Takeshi, içinde 313-330. Berkeley: University of Berkeley, 1977.
  • Waka, Shirato. “Inherent Enlightenment (“Hongaku shisō”) and Saichō’s Acceptance of the Bodhisattva Precepts.” Japanese Journal of Religious Studies 14:2/3 (1987): 113-127.
  • Williams, Paul. “Nagarjuna.” Encyclopedia of Buddhism. 2:581-582.
  • Williams, Paul. Mahāyāna Buddhism: Doktrinal Foundations. 2.Baskı. New York: Routledge, 2009.
  • Winfield, Pamela D. “Materializing the Zen Monastery.” Zen and Material Culture, ed. Pamela D. Winfield ve Steven Heine, içinde 37-70. New York: Oxford University Press, 2017.
  • Wright, Dale S. What is Buddhist Enlightenment. New York: Oxford University Press, 2016.
Toplam 66 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Din Araştırmaları, Doğu Dinleri ve Gelenekleri Araştırmaları
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Merve Susuz Aygül 0000-0001-8880-9258

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Kasım 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Cilt: 64 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

Chicago Susuz Aygül, Merve. “Japon Zen Budizmi’nde Aydınlanma (Satori): Aşkın Bir Deneyimin Somut Ve Dünyevi Yansımaları”. Ankara Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi 64, sy. 2 (Kasım 2023): 743-76. https://doi.org/10.33227/auifd.1183290.

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