The Security of the European Union After Brexit: Opportunities and Risks Within the Axis of Turkey, the United Kingdom and the United States of America

Yıl 2023, , 97 - 110, 02.05.2023

Durmuş Ali Koltuk , İsmail Utku Cantürk

https://doi.org/10.25294/auiibfd.1173206

Öz

Since the Brexit referandum’s positive result has led the United Kingdom (UK) to leave the European Union (EU), the member states are peering towards an uncertain future in terms of European Security. The loss of an important security ally such as the United Kingdom is leading the Union into a period full of various strategic opportunities and risks. This work focuses on analysing the potential strategic partnerships the EU can establish with Turkey, the UK and the United States (US), in order to secure the Union’s security and defence needs. In this context, the main research questions of the work can be listed as such: What do the political and military dynamics brought by the Brexit mean for the future of EU’s security? Is the EU capable and self-sufficient for the future of its military security and defence? How could forming bilateral security dialogues and engaging in military cooperation with Turkey, the UK and the US benefit the EU in terms of security? According to these, the main hypotheses of this work are that the EU is not self-sufficient in maintaining its military security and defence, and that it is critical for the EU’s security to establish deepened bilateral security dialogues with the three actors mentioned above. To defend these hypotheses, the scope of the analyses and discussions in this work encompasses the current state of EU’s bilateral relations with Turkey, the UK and the US, future projections and EU’s self-defence capacity.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Brexit, European Union, Turkey, United Kingdom, United States of America, Security.

Brexit Sonrası Avrupa Birliği’nin Güvenliği: Türkiye, Birleşik Krallık ve ABD Ekseninde Doğacak Fırsatlar ve Riskler

Öz

Birleşik Krallık, 1 Şubat 2020’de yürürlüğe giren Çekilme Anlaşması ile resmen Avrupa Birliği’nden (AB) ayrılmıştır. Brexit sonucunda önemli bir askeri müttefikini kaybeden AB, güvenliğinde birçok farklı değişkenin etkin rol oynayabileceği belirsiz bir geleceğe doğru ilerlemektedir. Bu belirsiz gelecek içerisinde birçok önemli fırsat ve risk bulunmaktadır. Bu çalışma, Brexit sonrası dönemde, AB’nin dış güvenliği ve savunmasının sağlanmasında Türkiye, Birleşik Krallık ve Amerika Birleşik Devletleri’nin (ABD) önemini tartışmaktadır. Çalışmanın temel araştırma soruları şu şekilde sıralanabilir: Brexit’in getirdiği siyasi ve askeri dinamikler, AB güvenliğinin geleceği için ne ifade etmektedir? AB askeri güvenlik ve savunmasının geleceği için kendine yetebilir bir aktör müdür? Türkiye, Birleşik Krallık ve ABD ile kurulacak ikili güvenlik diyalogları ve askeri işbirlikleri, AB güvenliğinin sağlanmasına yönelik nasıl katkılar sunabilecektir? Bu kapsamda çalışmanın temel hipotezleri, AB’nin kısa ve orta vadede askeri güvenliğini ve savunmasını sağlamada kendine yetebilecek bir aktör olmadığı ve söz konusu üç aktör ile NATO ekseninde derinleştirilebilecek ikili güvenlik diyaloglarının AB güvenliğinin geleceği için kritik olduğudur. Söz konusu hipotezleri savunmak için AB’nin Türkiye, Birleşik Krallık ve ABD ile ikili ilişkilerindeki mevcut durum, gelecek projeksiyonları ve AB’nin kendi kendini savunabilme kapasitesi, çalışmada gerçekleştirilen analiz ve tartışmaların kapsamını oluşturmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Brexit, Avrupa Birliği, Türkiye, Birleşik Krallık, Amerika Birleşik Devletleri, Güvenlik.

Kaynakça

• ABC News, “Australia to get nuclear-powered submarines, will scrap $90b program to build French-designed subs”. https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-09-15/allied-naval-united-states-biden-australia-nuclear-submarines/100465628 (erişim tarihi: 01.11.2021).
• Adar, S., & Toygür, İ. (2020). Turkey, the EU and the Eastern Mediterranean Crisis. Militarization of Foreign Policy and Power Rivalry. Centre for Applied Turkey Studies, (62): 1-4. https://doi.org/10.18449/2020C62.
• Al Jazeera, “Why did Turkey lift its veto on Finland and Sweden joining NATO?”. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/6/29/why-did-turkey-lift-its-veto-on-finland-sweden-joining-nato-explainer (erişim tarihi 30.06.2022).
• Amaro, S., “Europe needs to start thinking more like the U.S. on security, former German vice chancellor says”. https://www.cnbc.com/2021/10/01/europe-needs-to-start-thinking-more-like-the-us-on-security-former-german-vice-chancellor-says.html (erişim tarihi: 01.11.2021).
• Altuntaş, A., & Demirci, Z., “İsveç ve Finlandiya, Türkiye ile imzalanan üçlü memorandumdan memnun”. https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/dunya/isvec-ve-finlandiya-turkiye-ile-imzalanan-uclu-memorandumdan-memnun/2625209 (erişim tarihi: 30.06.2022).
• Bartels, H., “Germany’s armed forces are going to be fully equipped again fort he tasks they face”. https://www.german-times.com/germanys-armed-forces-are-going-to-be-fully-equipped-again-for-the-tasks-they-face/ (erişim tarihi: 18.12.2021).
• BBC, “Belarus border crisis: How are migrants getting there?”. https://www.bbc.com/news/59233244 (erişim tarihi: 08.04.2022).
• BBC, “Ukraine war in maps: Tracking the Russian invasion”. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-60506682 (erişim tarihi: 08.04.2022).
• Bond, I., “Post-Brexit Foreign, Security and Defence Co-operation: We Don’t Want to Talk About It”. https://www.cer.eu/publications/archive/policy-brief/2020/post-brexit-foreign-security-and-defence-co-operation-we-dont (erişim tarihi: 05.12.2021).
• CBS News, “Finland and Sweden officially apply to join NATO despite Russia’s warnings”, 18 Mayıs 2022, https://www.cbsnews.com/news/finland-and-sweden-nato-applications/ (erişim tarihi 30.06.2022).
• Centre for European Reform, “Has Germany Become Europe’s Locomotive?”. https://www.cer.eu/insights/has-germany-become-europes-locomotive (erişim tarihi: 18.12.2021).
• Cianciara, A. K., & Szymański, A. (2019). Differentiated integration: towards a new model of European Union-Turkey relations?. Turkish Studies, 21(2): 254-273. https://doi.org/10.1080/14683849.2019.1618190
• CNN, “France’s Macron says Australian Prime Minister lied to him on submarine deal”. https://edition.cnn.com/2021/10/31/australia/macron-morrison-australia-france-submarine-deal-intl-hnk/index.html (erişim tarihi: 01.11.2021).
• Council on Foreign Relations, “Belarus in Crisis”. https://www.cfr.org/event/belarus-crisis (erişim tarihi: 13.12.2021).
• Crozier, M., Huntington, S. P., & Watanuki, J. (1975). The Crisis of Democracy: On the Governability of Democracies. New York University Press, New York.
• Cunha, A., “Post-Brexit EU Defence Policy: Is Germany Leading towards a European Army?”. https://www.e-ir.info/2020/07/05/post-brexit-eu-defence-policy-is-germany-leading-towards-a-european-army/ (erişim tarihi: 30.01.2023).
• Debusmann Jr, B., “What weapons will US give Ukraine – and how much will they help?”. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-60774098 (erişim tarihi 08.04.2022).
• Deni, J. R. (2020). Rejuvenating transatlantic relations. The military dimension. S. R. Soare (Ed.), Turning the Tide. How to rescue transatlantic relations. EU Institute of Security Studies, Paris, 33-43.
• Deutsche Welle, “Germany approves over €1 billion in arms deals to Middle East”. https://www.dw.com/en/germany-approves-over-1-billion-in-arms-deals-to-middle-east/a-56118758 (erişim tarihi: 18.12.2021).
• Deutsche Welle, “Poland plans to bolster military amid threats from Belarus, Russia”. (erişim tarihi: 12.12.2021).
• Dimitriadi, A., Kaya, A., Kale, B., & Zurabishvili, T. (2018). EU-Turkey Relations and Irregular Migration: Transactional Cooperation in the Making. FEUTURE, (16): 1-25. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.2602644
• Erem, O., “Ukrayna savaşı: Rus sermayesi Türkiye’ye yönelebilir mi?”. https://www.bbc.com/turkce/haberler-turkiye-61001117 (erişim tarihi: 08.04.2022).
• Euractiv, “Turkey’s participation request in EU military project apprehended as ‘Trojan horse’”. https://www.euractiv.com/section/defence-and-security/news/turkeys-participation-request-in-eu-military-project-apprehended-as-trojan-horse/ (erişim tarihi: 18.12.2021).
• Euronews, “Türkiye, İsveç ve Finlandiya arasında imzalanan anlaşmanın tam metni”. https://tr.euronews.com/2022/06/28/turkiye-isvec-ve-finlandiya-arasinda-imzalanan-anlasmanin-tam-metni (erişim tarihi 28.06.2022).
• European Commission, “Delivering the European Green Deal”. https://ec.europa.eu/info/strategy/priorities-2019-2024/european-green-deal/delivering-european-green-deal_en (erişim tarihi: 18.12.2021).
• European Commission, “SIS II – Second generation Schengen Information System”. https://knowledge4policy.ec.europa.eu/dataset/ds00009_en (erişim tarihi: 09.09.2022).
• European Commission, “The European Green Deal Investment Plan and Just Transition Mechanism explained”. https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/qanda_20_24 (erişim tarihi: 18.12.2021).
• European Council, “EU-China summit via video conference, 22 June 2020”. https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/meetings/international-summit/2020/06/22/ (erişim tarihi: 18.12.2021).
• Eurostat, “From where do we import energy?”. https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/cache/infographs/energy/bloc-2c.html#carouselControls?lang=en (erişim tarihi: 20.11.2021).
• Fathi, R., “Why the Australia-France submarine deal collapse was predictable”. https://theconversation.com/why-the-australia-france-submarine-deal-collapse-was-predictable-168526 (erişim tarihi: 01.11.2021).
• France 24, “Proposals for an EU army re-emerge after Afghan pullout – but many remain ‘hard to convince’”. https://www.france24.com/en/europe/20210902-proposals-for-an-eu-army-re-emerge-after-afghan-pullout-%E2%80%93-but-many-remain-hard-to-convince (erişim tarihi: 10.12.2021).
• Fukuyama, F., “Droning On in the Middle East”. https://www.americanpurpose.com/blog/fukuyama/droning-on/ (erişim tarihi: 18.12.2021).
• Gaub, F. (2020). Do you see what I see? American and European visions of the future. S. R. Soare (Ed.), Turning the Tide. How to rescue transatlantic relations. EU Institute of Security Studies, Paris, 18-32.
• Geneva Centre for Security Policy, “The post-Brexit EU-UK relationship; an opportunity or challenge for cyber security?”. https://www.gcsp.ch/global-insights/post-brexit-eu-uk-relationship-opportunity-or-challenge-cyber-security (erişim tarihi: 05.12.2021).
• Global Firepower, “Military Aircraft Strength (2021)”. https://www.globalfirepower.com/aircraft-total.php (erişim tarihi: 19.12.2021).
• Global Firepower, “NATO Member States Military Strength (2021)”. https://www.globalfirepower.com/countries-listing-nato-members.php (erişim tarihi: 18.12.2021).
• Goldenberg, R., “EU and NATO react harshly to Russia’s Ukraine invasion”. https://www.dw.com/en/eu-and-nato-react-harshly-to-russias-ukraine-invasion/a-60895079 (erişim tarihi: 08.04.2022).
• Herszenhorn, D. M., “Europe’s NATO problem”. https://www.politico.eu/article/europe-nato-problem-defense-procurement-training-research/ (erişim tarihi: 31.01.2023).
• Hever, S., “More weapons and fewer pastors: Germany’s new coalition has plans for Israel and Palestine”. https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/germany-israel-palestine-plans-new-government-more-weapons (erişim tarihi: 18.12.2021).
• Ikenberry, G. J. (1988-1989). Institutions, strategic restraint and the persistence of American postwar order. International Security, 23(3): 43-78. https://doi.org/10.2307/2539338
• International Churchill Society, “The Sinews of Peace (‘Iron Curtain Speech’). https://winstonchurchill.org/resources/speeches/1946-1963-elder-statesman/the-sinews-of-peace/ (erişim tarihi: 18.12.2021).
• Jankowicz, M., “A Ukrainian TV host crowdfunded $20 million to buy Bayraktar drones. The company making them refused the money and said it’d donate the aircraft instead.”. https://www.businessinsider.com/bayraktar-firm-refuses-20m-says-will-donate-drones-to-ukraine-2022-6 (erişim tarihi: 29.06.2022).
• Jonathan Masters, “How NATO Will Change If Finland and Sweden Become Members”. https://www.cfr.org/in-brief/how-nato-will-change-if-finland-and-sweden-become-members (erişim tarihi: 30.06.2022).
• Kınıkoğlu, S., “Necessary friends: Turkey’s improving relationship with the West”. https://ecfr.eu/article/necessary-friends-turkeys-improving-relationship-with-the-west/ (erişim tarihi: 08.04.2022).
• Kupchan, C. A., “Europe’s Response to the U.S.-UK-Australia Submarine Deal: What to Know”. https://www.cfr.org/in-brief/europes-response-us-uk-australia-submarine-deal-what-know (erişim tarihi: 01.11.2021).
• Lau, S., Lynch, S. & Barigazzi, J., “EU rings alarm bell on China – but isn’t sure how to respond”. https://www.politico.eu/article/after-russia-debacle-eu-leaders-grow-wary-of-china-xi-jinping/ (erişim tarihi: 27.01.2023).
• Leonard, M., “The false promise of AUKUS”. https://ecfr.eu/article/the-false-promise-of-aukus/ (erişim tarihi: 01.11.2021).
• Mayer, M. (2018). China’s Rise as Eurasian Power: The Revival of the Silk Road and Its Consequences. Maximillian Mayer (Ed.), Rethinking the Silk Road: China’s Belt and Road Initiative and Emerging Eurasian Relations. Springer Nature Singapore Pte. Ltd., Singapur, 1-42.
• Ministère de l'Europe et des Affaires étrangères, “Elysée Treaty”. https://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/en/country-files/germany/france-and-germany/elysee-treaty/ (erişim tarihi: 10.12.2021).
• Ministère de l'Europe et des Affaires étrangères, “Franco-German Treaty of Aachen”. https://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/en/country-files/germany/france-and-germany/franco-german-treaty-of-aachen/ (erişim tarihi: 10.12.2021).
• NATO, “A SHORT HISTORY OF NATO”. https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/declassified_139339.htm (erişim tarihi: 01.11.2021).
• NATO, “NATO 2030: United for a New Era”. https://www.nato.int/nato_static_fl2014/assets/pdf/2020/12/pdf/201201-Reflection-Group-Final-Report-Uni.pdf (erişim tarihi: 27.01.2023).
• NATO, “NATO Allies agree to further strengthen and sustain support for Ukraine”. https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/news_194319.htm (erişim tarihi: 08.04.2022).
• NATO, “Opening remarks by NATO Secretary General Jens Stoltenberg on NATO 2030 and the importance of strengthening the transatlantic bond in the next decade and beyond”. https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/opinions_181208.htm (erişim tarihi: 18.12.2021).
• Ott, A. (2020). EU-Turkey cooperation in migration matters: a game changer in a multi-layered relationship?. F. Ippolito, G. Borzoni & F. Casolari (Ed.), Bilateral Relations in the Mediterranean. Edward Elgar Publishing Limited, Gloucestershire, 184-213.
• Pape, R. (2005). Soft balancing against the United States. International Security, 30(1): 7-45. https://doi.org/10.1162/0162288054894607
• Patnaik, P. (1982). On the Economic Crisis of World Capitalism. Social Scientist, 10(5): 19-41. https://doi.org/10.2307/3520256
• Perot, E., “The Aukus agreement, what repercussions for the European Union?”. https://www.robert-schuman.eu/en/european-issues/0608-the-aukus-agreement-what-repercussions-for-the-european-union (erişim tarihi: 13.09.2022).
• Politico, “The EU can steam ahead on Franco-German locomotive”. https://www.politico.eu/article/the-eu-can-steam-ahead-on-franco-german-locomotive/ (erişim tarihi: 18.12.2021).
• Pongsudhirak, T., “Southeast Asia’s New-Old Cold War”. https://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/us-china-new-cold-war-southeast-asia-by-thitinan-pongsudhirak-2022-02 (erişim tarihi: 31.01.2023).
• Rees, W. (2017). America, Brexit and the security of Europe. The British Journal of Politics and International Relations, 00(0): 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1177/1369148117711400
• Reiners, W., & Turhan, E. (2021). Current Trends and Future Prospects for EU-Turkey Relations: Conditions for a Cooperative Relationship. W. Reiners & E. Turhan (Ed.), EU-Turkey Relations. Theories, Institutions and Policies. Palgrave Macmillan ve Springer Nature Switzerland, Cham, 397-432.
• Reuters, “EU to aim for rapid deployment force without U.S. help by 2025, document says”. https://www.reuters.com/business/aerospace-defense/eu-aim-rapid-deployment-force-without-us-assets-by-2025-document-says-2021-11-16/ (erişim tarihi: 10.12.2021).
• Rossomando, “How Poland Just Lost to Russia in a Massive Wargame (And What It Means)”. https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/how-poland-just-lost-russia-massive-wargame-and-what-it-means-178578 (erişim tarihi: 12.12.2021).
• Sabah, “Finlandiya ve İsveç’in NATO üyeliğine Türkiye’den ilk veto”, 19 Mayıs 2022, https://www.sabah.com.tr/dunya/finlandiya-ve-isvecin-nato-uyeligine-turkiyeden-ilk-veto-5998362 (erişim tarihi: 30.06.2022).
• Sabbagh, D., “UK to announce fresh military aid package for Ukraine”, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/apr/07/uk-and-ukrainian-ministers-meet-to-plan-next-round-of-military-aid (erişim tarihi 08.04.2022).
• Saha, P., “From ‘Pivot to Asia’ to Trump’s ARIA: What drives the US’ Current Asia policy?”. https://www.orfonline.org/research/from-pivot-to-asia-to-trumps-aria-what-drives-the-us-current-asia-policy-61556/ (erişim tarihi: 01.11.2021).
• Sheahan, M., & Marsh, S., “Germany to increase defence spending in response to ‘Putin’s war’ – Scholz”. https://www.reuters.com/business/aerospace-defense/germany-hike-defense-spending-scholz-says-further-policy-shift-2022-02-27/ (erişim tarihi: 08.04.2022).
• Siddi, M., Karjalainen, T., & Jokela, J. (2022). Differentiated Cooperation in the EU’s Foreign and Security Policy: Effectiveness, Accountability, Legitimacy. The International Spectator. Italian Journal of International Affairs, 57(1): 107-123. https://doi.org/10.1080/03932729.2022.2026683
• Soare, S. R. (2020). Introduction: The fragile, unbreakable transatlantic bond. S. R. Soare (Ed.), Turning the Tide: How to rescue transatlantic relations. European Union Institute for Security Studies, Paris, 6-17.
• Soare, S. R. (2020). Partners in need or partners in deed? How EU-NATO cooperation shapes transatlantic relations. Turning the Tide: How to rescue transatlantic relations. European Union Institute for Security Studies, Paris, 44-59.
• Solaker, G., “Türkiye-ABD ilişkileri: Masada neler var?”. https://www.dw.com/tr/t%C3%BCrkiye-abd-ili%C5%9Fkileri-masada-neler-var/a-61404135 (erişim tarihi: 08.04.2022).
• Solaker, G., “Türkiye Rusya yaptırımlarına katılır mı?”. https://www.dw.com/tr/t%C3%BCrkiye-rusya-yapt%C4%B1r%C4%B1mlar%C4%B1na-kat%C4%B1l%C4%B1r-m%C4%B1/a-61123014 (erişim tarihi: 08.04.2022).
• Soylu, R., “Ukraine received 50 Turkish Bayraktar TB2 drones since Russian invasion”. https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/russia-ukraine-war-tb2-bayraktar-drones-fifty-received (erişim tarihi: 29.06.2021).
• Sobarini, E., Dadang, D., Rajab, A., & Waluyo, S. D. (2021). AUKUS Pact in the Perspective of Security Dilemma. International Journal of Social Science And Human Research, 4(12): 3981-3985. https://doi.org/10.47191/ijsshr/v4-i12-74
• Statista, “Where Support Is Highest For An EU Army”. https://www.statista.com/chart/16756/percentage-of-respondents-who-support-the-creation-of-an-eu-army/ (erişim tarihi: 10.12.2021).
• Svendsen, Ø. (2021). The Security and Defense Aspect of Brexit: Altering the Third Country Balance? M. Riddervold, J. Trondal & A. Newsome (Ed.), The Palgrave Handbook of EU Crises. Palgrave Macmillan ve Springer Nature Switzerland, Cham, 525-543.
• Sweeney, S., & Winn, N. (2021). Do or die? The UK, the EU, and internal / external security cooperation after Brexit. European Political Science, (21): 237-254. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41304-021-00322-0
• Tekin, F. (2021). Differentiated Integration: An Alternative Conceptualization of EU-Turkey Relations. W. Reiners & E. Turhan (Ed.), EU-Turkey Relations. Theories, Institutions and Policies. Palgrave Macmillan ve Springer Nature Switzerland, Cham, 157-181.
• The Economist, “Emmanuel Macron warns Europe: NATO is becoming brain-dead”. https://www.economist.com/europe/2019/11/07/emmanuel-macron-warns-europe-nato-is-becoming-brain-dead (erişim tarihi: 01.11.2021).
• The New York Times, “A European Army? The Germans and Dutch Take a Small Step”. https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/20/world/europe/germany-defense-spending-european-army.html (erişim tarihi: 12.12.2021).
• The New York Times, “Trump Discussed Pulling U.S. From NATO, Aides Say Amid New Concerns Over Russia”. https://www.nytimes.com/2019/01/14/us/politics/nato-president-trump.html (erişim tarihi: 18.12.2021).
• The Reality of Aid Network, “Biden’s Pivot to Asia amid China’s Expanding Influence”. https://realityofaid.org/bidens-pivot-to-asia/ (erişim tarihi: 01.11.2021).
• The White House, “Joint Leaders Statement on AUKUS”. https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2021/09/15/joint-leaders-statement-on-aukus/ (erişim tarihi: 01.11.2021).
• The World Bank, “Military expenditure (% of GDP) – European Union”. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/MS.MIL.XPND.GD.ZS?end=2020&locations=EU&start=2016 (erişim tarihi: 18.12.2021).
• Tokyay, M., “Austria rejects EU military cooperation with Turkey”. https://www.arabnews.com/node/1901761/middle-east (erişim tarihi: 19.12.2021).
• Trondal, J., Riddervold, M., & Newsome, A. (2021). Brexit: An Introduction. M. Riddervold, J. Trondal & A. Newsome (Ed.), The Palgrave Handbook of EU Crises. Palgrave Macmillan ve Springer Nature Switzerland, Cham, 507-510.
• United States Department of State, “Communist China and the Free World’s Future”. https://2017-2021.state.gov/communist-china-and-the-free-worlds-future-2/index.html (erişim tarihi: 18.12.2021).
• Wende, A. (2022). Emergence of AUKUS Pact As a Regional Bloc and Its Implications in Asia Contient. Jurnal Diplomasi Pertahanan, 8(1): 44-60. https://doi.org/10.33172/jdp.v8i1.886
• Whitman, R. G. (2020). Missing in action: The EU-UK foreign, security and defence policy relationship after Brexit. European View, 19(2): 222-229. https://doi.org/10.1177/1781685820975877
• Wilson, T. J. (2021). EU-UK criminal justice and security cooperation after Brexit: A perspective. Forensic Science International: Synergy, 3(100144): 1-3. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsisyn.2021.100144
• World Population Review, “Largest Air Forces in the World 2021”. https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/largest-air-forces-in-the-world (erişim tarihi: 19.12.2021).
• Yanık, T., “Baykar, Ukrayna’ya 3 adet Bayraktar TB2 SİHA hibe etti”. https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/gundem/baykar-ukraynaya-3-adet-bayraktar-tb2-siha-hibe-etti/2623979 (erişim tarihi: 29.06.2022).
• Yun, T., “What Russia’s invasion of Ukraine says about its military capabilities”. https://www.ctvnews.ca/world/what-russia-s-invasion-of-ukraine-says-about-its-military-capabilities-1.5833279 (erişim tarihi 08.04.2022).