Stealth Democracy: A Vıew on the Relationship Between the Crisis of Representative Democracy and Demand for Direct Democracy

Öz

This study provides a brief examination of the concept of “stealth democracy” developed by John R. Hibbing and Elizabeth Theiss-Morse. Stealth democracy is a view on the prevalent and dominant perspective in the scholarly literature on democracy that (i) representative democracy is in a crisis, and thus (ii) there is a growing demand for direct democracy. Hibbing and Theiss-Morse acknowledge that representative democracy is in a crisis. However, contrary to the prevalent view in academia, they maintain that the crisis of representative democracy is overcome by allowing less direct citizen involvement for political decision making processes, but more expert opinion in the policy formation process. They therefore build their understanding of stealth democracy on the basis of a less participatory but a more elitist perspective. In this sense, the aim of this study is to examine the concept of stealth democracy, to the best of our knowledge, on which there has been no comprehensive study in the Turkish-written scholarly literature by focusing on the perspectives to which it provided itself as an alternative and to provide a brief critique of the concept with the aim of building a foundation for further research.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Democracy,stealth democracy,representative democracy,direct democracy,deliberative democracy

Gizli Demokrasi: Temsili Demokrasi Krizi ve Doğrudan Demokrasi Talebi Arasındaki İlişkiye Yönelik Bir Görüş

Öz

Bu çalışma[1], John R. Hibbing ve Elizabeth Theiss-Morse tarafından geliştirilen “gizli demokrasi” kavramı üzerine kısa bir inceleme sunmaktadır. Gizli demokrasi, demokrasi üzerine akademik literatürde yaygın ve baskın konumda olan (i) temsili demokrasinin bir kriz içerisinde olduğu, ve bu nedenle de, (ii) özellikle doğrudan katılıma yönelik giderek artan oranda bir talep olduğu iddiasına yönelik bir görüştür[2]. Hibbing ve Theiss-Morse, temsili demokrasinin bir kriz içerisinde olduğunu kabul etmektedirler. Bununla birlikte, akademideki yaygın görüşün aksine, temsili demokrasi krizinin aşılmasının politik karar alma süreçlerine daha az doğrudan vatandaş katılımı ve siyasa oluşturma sürecinde daha çok uzman görüşüne yer verme ile sağlanabileceğini savunmaktadırlar. Gizli demokrasi anlayışını da böylece daha az katılımcı fakat daha çok elitist bir temel üzerine inşa etmektedirler. Bu bağlamda, bu çalışmanın amacı, bilgimiz dahilinde, Türkçe akademik literatürde henüz üzerine yazılmış kapsamlı bir çalışma yer almayan gizli demokrasi kavramının, kendini alternatifi olarak sunduğu yaklaşımlara odaklanarak, kısa bir incelemesini ve sonraki akademik çalışmalara esas oluşturması amacıyla temel ve kısa bir eleştirisini sunmaktır.

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[1] Bu çalışmanın erken bir taslağı, 1-4 Kasım 2017 tarihleri arasında Isparta Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesinde düzenlenen, “KAYFOR 15: Dijital Çağda Kamu Yönetimi ve Politikaları” ana temalı uluslararası kongrede sözlü bildiri olarak sunulmuştur. Bildirinin tam metni ise bahsedilen konferans tam metin bildiri kitabı da dahil olmak üzere hiçbir yerde yayımlanmamıştır. Bu çalışma, bahsedilen kısa taslak bildiri özetinin; yeni, geliştirilmiş ve zenginleştirilmiş bir makale halidir. Özet bildiri metni için bkz. http://sempozyum.sdu.edu.tr/kayfor15/tr/images/Kayfor15BookofAbstracts.pdf, erişim tarihi 4 Mayıs 2018.

Yazar, makalenin son şeklini almasındaki değerli katkıları için dergi editörü ve (kimliği saklı tutulmuş) üç hakeme teşekkür eder ve makaleyle ilgili her türlü akademik sorumluluğun bizzat kendisine ait olduğunu kabul eder.

[2] Gizli demokrasi için makalenin başlığında “görüş” ibaresinin kullanılmış olması bilinçli bir tercihtir. Makalenin ilgili bölümlerinde de belirtildiği gibi, bu tercihin yapılmasının ilk nedeni gizli demokrasinin bir kuram ya da yaklaşım olarak kabul edilip edilemeyeceğinin tartışmalı olmasıdır. ABD’de yapılan, ulusal kamuoyu araştırması ve odak grup çalışmalarından elde edilen bulgulara dayalı bir durum tespitinden yola çıkarak bir demokrasi anlayışı veya kuramına ulaşmak sorunlu ve tartışmalıdır. İkinci neden de, çalışmada da sunulmaya çalışıldığı üzere, Hibbing ve Morse’un demokrasi üzerine oluşturdukları görüş ve önerilerinin aslında “yeni” veya “orijinal” olmadığıdır. Bu iki sebeple bu çalışmada, gizli demokrasinin akademik literatürdeki yerini belirlemek için “görüş” ibaresi kullanılmıştır. 

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Demokrasi,gizli demokrasi,temsili demokrasi,doğrudan demokrasi,müzakereci demokrasi

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